21世紀研究生英語 綜合教程 答案 教師用書 2-2 西安交通大學

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1、Text A Using Popular Movies in Psychotherapy Ⅰ. Background information 1.Cinematherapy is a relatively new therapeutic approach being used by many psychotherapists and counselors. It is an extension of bibliotherapy, a technique developed by psychiatrist Carl Menninger, who assigned fiction and

2、nonfiction books to his patients to help them develop insight and coping strategies. When using a video tape, the individual can view certain segments and important scenes over and over again and use the message in the story to understand himself and his own life more accurately. Cinematherapy is a

3、 therapeutic intervention allowing clients to visually assess a film’s characters interaction with others, their environment, and personal issues, thereby developing a bridge from which positive therapeutic movement may be accomplished. The use of movies as a tool in traditional therapy, diagnostic

4、assistance in counselor training, and classroom guidance/small group counseling in schools has increased in popularity. Watching a movie or a scene unfold is a participatory process for a client. The client is, at some level, emotionally, physically, and cognitively involved in what is being viewed

5、and heard (Tyson, Foster, and Jones, 2000). Cinematherapy can be a powerful catalyst for healing and growth for anybody who is open to learning how movies affect us and to watching certain films with conscious awareness. Cinema therapy allows us to use the effect of imagery, plot, music, etc. in fi

6、lms on our psyche for insight, inspiration, emotional release or relief and natural change. Used as part of psychotherapy, cinema therapy is an innovative method based on traditional therapeutic principles. Even outside a therapist’s office, following certain guidelines for choosing films and watch

7、ing them consciously can support personal and spiritual growth. In the case of longstanding psychological problems this is only recommended in the context of psychotherapy. The use of film as a tool in therapy likely has a long history. Certainly its use predates the first books on the subject, wh

8、ich appeared in the mid 1990s. But with those first publications, awareness of the practice has spread, and now, more and more therapists recognize the serious value of what has come to be termed cinematherapy. Theoretical Context Watching a movie with conscious awareness can be similar to experi

9、encing a guided visualization. The therapeutic effect and the theoretical basis for both modalities are therefore closely related. In fact, the use of films in therapy allows us to draw from, and can be integrated into, a range of psychotherapeutic orientations-including depth psychotherapy, cogniti

10、vebehavior therapy and systems oriented therapy. Since films are metaphors, the depth psychologist can utilize movies in therapy similar to the way in which he/she might use stories, myths, fables, or dreams. The unconscious communicates its content to the conscious mind mostly in symbolic images.

11、 We can become aware of this communication through dreams and active imagination, which are windows to the unconscious: both convert the invisible forms of the unconscious into images that are perceptible to the conscious mind. Since films are consecutive images, feeling touched by a movie scene wit

12、h pleasant or unpleasant emotions shows client and therapist that this scene symbolically reflects relevant unconscious material. Just as with dreams, emotionally charged material becomes accessible to consciousness. The therapist is interested in learning about unconscious material because it often

13、 is in conflict with a client’s conscious ideas, intentions and goals. Exploring the effect of a film can break down the barriers between the two levels of the psyche and set up a genuine flow of communication between them. This helps the client to resolve neurotic conflicts with the unconscious, an

14、d thus to learn more about who they really are as authentic human beings. Negative reactions to a movie, a scene or a character can illuminate “shadow〞 material. By getting inspired, the client can learn to respond to life’s challenges and changes more successfully from a more present and authentic

15、inner place instead of reacting from old dysfunctional emotional and behavior patterns. Therapists who use cognitivebehavior therapy can utilize movies in combination with the established modalities of their field. Films can fulfill the role of a supportive device for understanding maladaptive cor

16、e beliefs and for cognitive restructuring. Cognitive insights tell clients what to do but affective insights give them the motivation to follow through. In addition films galvanize feelings, which increase the probability that clients will carry out new and desired behaviors. Watching movies at home

17、 serves as a bridge between therapy and life. Like any homework, this helps clinicians achieve better continuity of care and leads to greater selfreliance. Behavior modification treatment can be supported by watching movies where a character demonstrates courage in face of a challenge. The client b

18、ecomes motivated to copy the behavior seen on screen and is more open to successfully undergoing treatments such as “exposure with behavior avoidance prevention.〞 Systems oriented therapists can find support for their approach by choosing movies that communicate unfamiliar concepts of family or org

19、anizational systems and their dynamics as well as communication patterns. By utilizing readily grasped images, a film can introduce understanding, often better than can mere words. Guidelines · Start with a film that your client has already seen and that supports your treatment goal. If no appropr

20、iate movie comes to mind, use the literature, which offers movie recommendations for specific psychological problems (see bibliography). · Clarify your intent when assigning a film in which a client might mistake the role identification. Discuss positive and negative reactions to film. Use mater

21、ial according to your theoretical orientation. Some evocative questions are: How did the movie touch you, positively or negatively? If the film had a unique message for you, what was it? What new ideas for new behaviors did the movie introduce? Did you experience something that connected you with he

22、alth and wholeness, your inner wisdom or higher self as you watched the film? What other films can you identify that might take the discussion a step further? 2. Bibliotherapy a technique developed by psychiatrist Carl Menninger, who assigned fiction and nonfiction books to his patients to help t

23、hem develop insight and coping strategies, and an innovative therapy that utilizes books and storytelling to help people solve problems and cope with life. It is a family of techniques for structuring interaction between a facilitator and a participant based on mutual sharing of literature. Biblioth

24、erapy generally appears to be more successful as an adjunctive therapy, the basic procedures in conducting bibliotherapy are: (1) motivate the individual or individuals with introductory activities; (2) provide time for reading the material; (3) allow incubation time; (4) provide followup discussio

25、n time, using questions that will lead persons from literal recall of information through interpretation, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation of that information; and (5) conduct evaluation and direct the individual or individuals toward closure—this involves both evaluation by the prac

26、titioner and selfevaluation by the individual.2. Psychotherapy心理治療又稱精神治療，是以心理學理論為指導(dǎo)，運用心理學方法，幫助患者了解發(fā)病原因及有關(guān)影響因素，并通過治療者的言語、態(tài)度和患者對治療者的信任，對患者進行指導(dǎo)和暗示，喚起患者的積極情緒，以解除病癥、治療疾病，促進康復(fù)為目的的治療方法。 3. Bibliotherapy an innovative therapy that utilizes books and storytelling to help people solve problems and cope with

27、 life. It is a family of technique for structuring interaction between a facilitator and a participant based on mutual sharing of literature. Bibliotherapy generally appears to be more successful as an adjunctive therapy, which was developed by psychiatrist Carl Menninger, who assigned fiction and n

28、onfiction books to his patients to help them develop insight and coping strategies. 4. Cinematherapya form of therapy or selfhelp that uses movies, particularly videos, as therapeutic tools, and a relatively new therapeutic approach being used by many psychotherapists and counselors. It is an ext

29、ension of bibliotherapy. When using a video tape, the individual can view certain segments and important scenes over and over again and use the message in the story to understand himself and his own life more accurately. Cinematherapy provides a client with validation; knowing that someone else has

30、been through the same experiences and emotions may have a profound effect on their journey to change. Ⅱ. Language points 1. In cinematherapy, psychotherapists assign films to clients—movies in which the characters or plots are similar to the clients’ problems. (para.1) In cinematherapy, psychot

31、herapists use movies, notably videos, as therapeutic tools to psychiatric patients—movies in which the characters or plots are similar to the clients’ problems. 2. The goal is to help clients look at their situations from a novel perspective. (para.1 ) The goal of cinematherapy is to help patients

32、use the message in the story or novel to understand themselves and their own lives more accurately. 3. The approach owes its beginning to a clinical intervention known as bibliotherapy, a technique employed in the 1930s by psychiatrist Carl Menninger, ... (para.2) Cinematherapy is an extension of

33、 bibliotherapy, a clinical intervention; it is a technique developed in the 1930s by psychiatrist Carl Menninger, ... 4. ...who assigned fiction and nonfiction readings to hospitalized psychiatric patients to expand their horizons and redirect their attention. (para.2) ...who asked psychiatric pati

34、ents in the hospital to read fiction and nonfiction books to develop their insights and direct their attention to solve problems. hospitalize, ise v. send or admit (sb.) to hospital e.g. The injured were hospitalized quickly in an ambulance. 5. Cinematherapy is a similar intervention, but it be

35、nefits from many practical advantages that movies have when people watch TV more than they read books. (para.2) Cinematherapy is a similar clinical intervention to bibliotherapy, but it, like movies, benefits from many practical advantages because people generally are more interested in watching TV

36、than reading books. 6. “As an attorney, I’m doing all right.〞 (para.3 ) “Being a qualified lawyer, I am satisfied with my job, which is the best career for me...〞 7. Our teenage son is a handful. But the problem that got me here concerns my 21yearold daughter. (para.3 ) Our teenage son is lively

37、 and troublesome. But the reason that I come here is that I’m very concerned about my daughter aged 21. a handful (informal) person or animal that is difficult to control 8. This child, who was always going to be a doctor, just eloped with the assistant manager of an auto shop, ...(para.3 ) This c

38、hild, who always hoped to be a doctor, just ran away with the assistant manager of an automobile shop,... 9. I spent the past 21 years trying to convince my kids that education is the ticket to a quality life. (para.5 ) During the period of the past 21 years, I have always tried to persuade my chil

39、dren to believe that if they want to live a better life, they should receive a higher education. 10. “...but how do you keep quiet when a person you love is about to ruin her chances?〞 (para.5) “...but it is impossible for you to keep silent when a person you love is about to lose her chances?〞 11

40、. In this case, I said there were aspects of her story that reminded me of “One True Thing,〞 ... (para.6) In this example, I said there were aspects of her story that made me remember the movie “One True Thing,〞... 12. ...a picture about a mother and her estranged daughter who are reconciled as the

41、 mother is dying of cancer. (para.6 ) ...a film about the relationship between a mother who is dying of cancer and her unfriendly daughter becomes intimate again. estrange sb. (from sb.) cause (sb. formerly loving or friendly) to become unfriendly to sb. e.g. She’s estranged from her husband. rec

42、oncile v. cause to become friends again e.g. We were finally reconciled when she was in tears and apologized. 13. But it went beyond that. (para.7 ) But it has more significant meaning. go beyond exceed e.g. This year’s sales figures go beyond all our expectations. The matter has gone beyond a

43、 joke. 14. I asked Beverley how the story spoke to her situation. (para.8) I asked Beverley how the story was similar to her situation and had a profound effect on it. 15. “It’s so much easier to be happy,〞 she said, “if you can choose to love the things you have instead of thinking about what yo

44、u are missing.〞(para.8) She said: if you choose to love the things you own rather than to think about something that you have lost, you will feel happy easier. 16. The reasons are easy to see. In the current therapy environment, it is important to get at critical issues as quickly as possible. (par

45、a.10) It’s easy to understand the reasons. In today’s psychotherapy, it is important to find out the most decisive and influential problems as quickly as possible. 17. Virtually all our assignments are for videotapes, rather than firstrun movies. (para.11) Particularly, we use videotapes as therap

46、eutic tools and ask clients to view them instead of firstrun movies. 18. When we are caught up in the plot of a movie, we do not pay as much attention to character development. (para.11) When we are absorbed in the events of the story of a movie, we do not pay as much attention to character develo

47、pment. 19. In understanding that change, it is essential that clients project themselves into the film. (para.12) In understanding that change of characters in a story, it is essential that clients use the message in the story to understand themselves and their own lives more accurately. 20. They

48、 identify with one or more of the characters and ask how they would have acted in the circumstances of the film. (para.12 ) Clients regard themselves as sharing the characteristics or fortunes of one or more of the characters and consider how they would have done in the circumstances of the film. 2

49、1. However, the main reason I wanted him to see the picture was that I did not think he was completely conscious of how life with his own father had shaped his behavior. (para. 13) However, the main reason I wanted him to view the movie was that I did not think he was completely aware of how his own

50、 father had greatly influenced his behavior. conscious of sth. aware; noticing e.g. The killer was conscious of his guilt. They were conscious that they were being watched. 22. Films are grist for the therapy mill, topics for conversation. (para.16 ) Films are very profitable in psychotherapy a

51、s topics are necessary and useful for conversation. grist to/for the/ sb.’s mill useful or profitable, esp. in addition to or as a contribution to sth. large e.g. I never refuse odd jobs to supplement my income—it’s all grist for the mill. 23. From an aesthetic standpoint, some are not ideal; cri

52、tics, in fact, hate a number of the movies we use most often. (para.16) From an aesthetic point of view, some films we use are not ideal; critics, in fact, dislike many movies we most often want clients to watch. 24. That is of no consequence. (para.16 ) That is not important. 25. In my willingnes

53、s to venture into his world without lecturing him regarding his film choice, I set the stage for more productive conversations in the future. (para.16 ) I was willing to take the risk of understanding his mind without scolding him concerning his film choice. I prepare for more useful conversations s

54、elected from movies in the future. 26. As most children say, “That’s just makebelieve.〞 (para.18 ) As most children say, “That’s just sth imagined and pretended.〞 makebelieve n. things thus imagined e.g. The little girl is very innocent and she always lives in a world of makebelieve. 27. The

55、re is something reassuring about watching a person in a situation similar to our own, trying to make sense out of a world that is beyond comprehension. (para.20) When we happen to watch a person in a situation similar to our own in films, there is something removing our fears or doubts and helping u

56、s try to understand things that we couldn’t understand before. reassure sb. about sth. remove sb.’s fears or doubts; make sb confident again e.g. The police reassured her about her child’s safety. A glance in the mirror reassured him that his tie wasn’t crooked. make sense of understand sth d

57、ifficult or apparently meaningless e.g. Can you make sense of what she said? I can’t completely make sense of this poem. 28. ...we experience filmchanging insights that had eluded us before we happened to watch a particular movie. (para.20) ...we experience filmchanging insights that had escap

58、ed our memory before we happened to watch a particular movie. 29. What she did not realize was that, the more she described him as godlike, the more I was convinced I could never measure up. (para.21) She didn’t realize that the more she described him as a wonderful man like God in his qualities,

59、the more I was sure I could never reach his excellence. measure up (to sth.) to reach the standard required or expected e.g. The discussions didn’t measure up to my expectations. 30. I left the theater that day feeling as if an unbearable weight had been lifted from my shoulders. (para.22) When

60、 I left the theater that day, I felt as if I had unloaded the burden of worry and had no sense of failure any longer. Ⅲ. Key to the exercises 1. Reading comprehension (1) This essay mainly discusses cinematherapy. The psychotherapist is using popular movies in psychotherapy, which is very helpf

61、ul. (2) The goal is to help clients look at their situations from a novel perspective, because we sometimes understand ourselves best while listening to a story about another person. (3) Bibliotherapy is a technique employed in the 1930s by psychiatrist Carl Menninger, who assigned fiction and non

62、fiction readings to hospitalized psychiatric patients to expand their horizons and redirect their attention. Cinematherapy is a similar intervention, but it benefits from many practical advantages that movies have when people watch TV more than they read books. (4) “One True Thing〞: a movie about a

63、n estranged daughter Renee Zellweger and her mother Meryl Streep who is dying of cancer, proved useful in treating a woman who entered psychotherapy in hopes of improving her relationship with her 21yearold daughter. (5) In the current therapy environment, it is important to get at critical issue

64、s as quickly as possible. Films can do that better than almost any other art medium because they are emotionally rich, treat relevant themes, and are easy to obtain at the neighborhood video store. It is much more likely that busy people will spend two hours watching a film. (6) Because, first, we

65、want clients to watch films in an environment that is therapeutically friendly. Second, it is sometimes necessary to watch a picture several times to mine the therapeutic gold. With videotapes, it is just a matter of rewinding and playing again. Finally, viewing a movie therapeutically is different

66、from seeing it merely for pleasure. When we are absorbed in the plot of a movie, we do not pay as much attention to character development. The heart and soul of cinematherapy is in noting how characters change during the course of the story. (7) The author asked him to see the picture because he was not completely conscious of how life with his own father had shaped his behavior; after seeing the movie, he used the word “abusive〞 for the first time. It was a key change and very essential to tre