2020年高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí) 名詞學(xué)案

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1、 課題名稱 名詞 教學(xué)目標(biāo)：了解名詞的各種用法。 重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)：名次與冠詞的綜合運(yùn)用 一、 高考考查內(nèi)容定位 名詞在高考中占有重要地位?？疾閮?nèi)容主要有：抽象名詞具體化、名詞的可數(shù)與不可數(shù)問題、名詞作定語、名詞所有格、名詞詞義辨析以及常見名詞的固定搭配等。此外，還涉及很多冠詞與名詞共同考查的問題。 二、高考考查內(nèi)容揭密 （一）抽象名詞的具體化與冠詞 1.抽象名詞具體或特定時(shí)，前面應(yīng)有不定冠詞。 （1）表示某種特性、狀態(tài)、行為的具體表現(xiàn)，常用a/an+抽象名詞；a/an+adj.+抽象名詞的形式表示具體行為、一個(gè)方面。如： A pity/

2、pleasure/surprise/success/failure/shame/an honor等； A bright future, a strong character, a great help, a length of one metre ,a waste of time, a height of fifty feet ,a knowledge of English等。 （2）狀態(tài)、思維行為的一次、一種、一類、一頓，常與have/take/get等詞搭配。 如：take a look/have a sleep/have a …life/die a death/get a high

3、 opinion/make an apology/take a great interest等。 [經(jīng)典考題]It is often said that ______teachers have _______very easy life. (2020;2020·北京卷)A. 不填；不填 B. 不填；a C. the； 不填 D. the ；a [解析] B 根據(jù)句意：（人們）常說老師過著簡(jiǎn)樸的生活。抽象名詞life在此處明顯被具體化了，因此，第二空與前后構(gòu)成have a very easy life過著簡(jiǎn)樸的生活。第一空為名詞的復(fù)數(shù)表示的類指。 （3）表

4、示具有某種特性、狀態(tài)、特點(diǎn)、情感、情緒的人和事等。 She is a success in cause but a failure in marriage. 她在事業(yè)上是個(gè)成功者，但在婚姻上卻是個(gè)失敗者。 2.抽象名詞有前置或后置修飾語時(shí)，前面用不定冠詞，使之具體化。如： A happy life, a good education in that university, a wide knowledge of nature 等。 [注意]：抽象名詞表示泛指時(shí)一般不與冠詞連用。如：what fun, fine weather, common knowledge, foreign tr

5、ade。但如受of 短語修飾或在上下文中給予限定特指時(shí)，則在名詞前加the [經(jīng)典考題] If you grow up in _____large family ,you are more likely to develop_____ ability to get on well with______ others.(2020;2020·江西卷) A./;an ; the B. a ;the ;/ C. the ;an ;the D. a ;the ;the [解析] B 抽象名詞ability被后置定語to get on well with _______othe

6、rs 修飾，故抽象名詞ability須具體化表特指即在其前加the 。而下文的others 強(qiáng)調(diào)泛指。第一空其實(shí)也是泛指“一個(gè)大家庭”。 （二）名詞的數(shù)和所有格 名詞的數(shù)主要包括名詞的可數(shù)與不可數(shù)、可數(shù)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)問題、名詞的類指以及名詞復(fù)數(shù)的使用。 1.可數(shù)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù) （1）可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式的基本變化： （2）不可數(shù)名詞一般沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式，若計(jì)量時(shí)，通常使用“數(shù)詞或a/an/many+單位詞+of +不可數(shù)名詞”。如：There are two pieces of work for you to do: to buy a bowl of rice and to make three

7、 cups of tea.有兩項(xiàng)工作給你做：去買一碗米飯，去沏三杯茶。 [經(jīng)典考題]The head office of the bank is in Beijing, but is has ______all over the country.（2020;2020·遼寧卷） A. companies B. branches C. organizations D. businesses [解析]B 本題是一個(gè)多點(diǎn)考查題。既考查了名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式的不同變化，又考查了名詞的辨析。以輔音字母加Y結(jié)尾的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)：變Y為i再加es;以-ch, -sh,-s,-x等結(jié)尾的名詞的

8、復(fù)數(shù)：在其后加-es，少數(shù)直接加-s。再根據(jù)名意可知：這家銀行的總部在北京，但它在世界各地都有很多分部。四個(gè)名詞中branches有“分部、分店、支流”的意思，合句意。 [經(jīng)典考題]He gained his_______ by printing ______of famous writers. A. wealth; work B. wealths; works C. wealths; work D. wealth; works [解析]D 考查名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。wealth表示財(cái)富，是不可數(shù)名詞；works作工廠、作品講時(shí)，單、復(fù)數(shù)相同。而work意為“工作”，是不可數(shù)

9、名詞。 [經(jīng)典考題]The commander said that two______ would be sent to Iraq front the next day. A. women’s doctor B. women doctors C. women’s doctors D. women doctor [解析] B man/woman作定語修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，將它們變?yōu)閙en/women。 2.名詞所有格 名詞所有格通?？煞譃槿N：(1).-’s型所有格，主要用于生物名詞，也可用于表示時(shí)間、距離、國(guó)家、城市、團(tuán)體、機(jī)構(gòu)等無生命名詞的所有格，如：today’s

10、 newspaper;如果已是復(fù)數(shù)形式結(jié)尾的名詞，則在其后加“’”。(2).of 短語型所有格，主要用于無生命名詞的所屬關(guān)系，有時(shí)表示邏輯上的主謂、動(dòng)賓、或同位關(guān)系。(3).of短語型與-’s型并用的雙重所有格，即被修飾的名詞前如有一個(gè)表示數(shù)量的詞，如：a ,two, some, any, several, few, no, many, this, that, these, those等（常不能用the ）修飾時(shí)，可用“of+所有格（或名詞性物主代詞）”，如：This is a picture of his grandfather.這是他爺爺?shù)囊粡堈掌Ｖ槐硎舅麪敔數(shù)囊粡堈掌?，并非雙重所有格而

11、屬of短語型所有格。再如：This is a picture of his grandfather’s(pictures).這是他爺爺照片中的一張。強(qiáng)調(diào)他爺爺照片中的其中一張，屬雙重所有格。 [經(jīng)典考題]_______car broke down on the way home, but luckily they knew how to fix it . A. Tom’s and Jim’s B. Tom’s and Jim C. Tom and Jim’s D. Tom and Jim [解析]C 考查所有格。由下文的they

12、knew how to fix it 可知：兩人都在車上，因此，為他們共有。而Tom’s and Jim’s即Tom’s car and Jim’s car則表明兩人分別擁有的兩輛車。故選Tom and Jin’s。 [經(jīng)典考題] My grandfather used to be a general in the famous army. Look! Here are______ . A. some pictures of his B. some pictures’ of him C. some his pictures D. his some of

13、pictures’ [解析]A 考查雙重所有格。根據(jù)雙重所有格“of+所有格（或名詞性物主代詞）”原則可知此空應(yīng)該是some pictures of his(pictures),此句句意為：這是他照片中的一些（照片）。[經(jīng)典考題] The railway station is _______from our school. A. two hour’s drive B. two hours’ drive C. two hour drive D. two hours drive [解析] B 考查復(fù)數(shù)形式的所有格。復(fù)數(shù)形式的所

14、有格只在S后加“’”。 （三）名詞作定語 [經(jīng)典考題]The ______is just around the corner and you won’t miss it. (2001·上海卷) A. bicycle’s shop B. bicycle shop C. bicycles shop D. bicycle’ shop [解析] B 考查名詞作定語。在此bicycle是起修飾作用的名詞，不表示所有關(guān)系而表示類別，且名詞作定語須用單數(shù)形式，故bicycle shop正確。 [經(jīng)典考題] The little boy asked her gra

15、ndpa to buy him a nice pair of ______,so the grandpa went some________ stores. A. shoes; shoes B. shoes; shoe C. shoe; shoes D. shoe; shoe [解析] B 多點(diǎn)考查題即名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)及名詞作定語的用法。第一空的名詞被a pair of 修飾，表示 “一雙“，強(qiáng)調(diào)復(fù)數(shù)，故選shoes,由此，可判斷正確選項(xiàng)在A、B中。而第二空由于受some干擾，考生會(huì)誤選A。其實(shí)，名詞作定語須用單數(shù)形式，some修飾的中心詞是stores。

16、(四)集合名詞與謂語 1.某些集體名詞，如：family, team, class, club, audience, committee, crowd, government, party, public, enemy, group, population, couple等作主語時(shí)，如果作為一個(gè)整體看，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；如果作為一個(gè)個(gè)成員講，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如： His family has moved to a new flat.他一家已搬到新房了。 His whole family are watching TV now.他一家人正在看電視。 [經(jīng)典考題]His family ___

17、____in Shanghai and his family _______all music-lovers. A. live; is B. lives; is C. live; are D. lives; are [解析]D 考查特殊類群體名詞與謂語的關(guān)系。第一個(gè)His family強(qiáng)調(diào)群體，故謂語動(dòng)詞須用單數(shù)；第二個(gè)his family強(qiáng)調(diào)每個(gè)成員，故謂語動(dòng)詞須用復(fù)數(shù)。因此，正確選項(xiàng)為D。 2.某些集體名詞，如：people, police, cattle等，只有復(fù)數(shù)形式，謂語動(dòng)詞須用復(fù)數(shù)。如：The police are searching for hi

18、m.警察們正在搜尋他。 但people作民族講時(shí)，用作單數(shù)。如： The Chinese people is a great people.中華民族是一個(gè)偉大的民族。 [經(jīng)典考題]Many cattle your father is raising now_______ kept on the farm. A. is B. was C. are D. were [解析]C 考查特殊類群體名詞與謂語的關(guān)系。名中your father is raising now已暗示該用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)且作定語，修飾many cattle,而cattle是被看作復(fù)

19、數(shù)概念的集體名詞，謂語動(dòng)詞須用復(fù)數(shù)。故選C。 三、小試牛刀（共20小題， 10分鐘完成） 1. Many people agree that ________ knowledge of English is a must in ________ international trade today A. a; 不填 B. the; an C. the; the D. 不填; the 2. — Have you see ________ pen? I left it here this morning — Is it ________ black one? I think I saw i

20、t somewhere. A. a; the B. the; the C. the; a D. a; a 3. Paper money was in ________ use in China when Marco Polo visited the country in ________ thirteenth century A. the; 不填 B. the; the C. 不填; the D. 不填; 不填 4. Most animals have little connection with ________ animals of ________ different kind

21、unless they kill them for food A. the; a B. 不填; a C. the; the D. 不填; the 5. The warmth of ________ sweater will of course be determined by the sort of ________ wool used A. the; the B. the; 不填 C. 不填; the D. 不填; 不填 6. Jumping out of ________ airplane at ten thousand feet is quite ________ excitin

22、g experience . A. 不填；the B. 不填；an C. an; an D. the; the 7. The sign reads “In case of ____fire，break the glass and push ___red button ”. A. 不填；a B. 不填；the C. the；the D. a；a 8. When you come here for your holiday next time, don’t go to ________ hotel; I can find you ________ bed

23、 in my flat . A. the; a B. the; 不填 C. a; the D. a; 不填 9. It is ________world of wonders, world where anything can happen . A. a ;the B. a; a C. the ; a D. 不填；不填 10. For a long time they walked without saying word. Jim was the first to break ________ silence . A. the; a B. a

24、; the C. a; 不填 D. the; 不填 11. The Wilsons live in ________ A-shaped house near the coast. It is ________ 17th century cottage . A. the; 不填 B. an; the C. 不填; the D. an; a 12. If you go by ________ train, you can have quite a comfortable journey, but make sure you get __

25、______ first one. . A. the; the B. 不填; a C. the; a D. 不填; 不填 13. I can't remember when exactly the Rohinsons left ________city. I only remember it was ________Monday . A. the, the B. a; the C. a; a D. the; a 14. After dinner he gave Mr. Richardson ______ ride to ______

26、Capital Airport. A. the; a B. a; the C. 不填; a D.不填; the 15. This book tells ________ life story of John Smith, who left ________ school and worked for a newspaper in the age of 16. A. the; the B. a; the C. the; 不填 D. a; 不填 16. Mrs. Taylor has ________ 8-year-old daughter who

27、 has ________ gift for painting — she has won two national prizes. A. a; a B. an; the C. an; a D. the; a 17. I know you don’t like ________ music very much. But what do you think of ________ music in the film we saw yesterday? A. 不填；不填 B. the; the C. the; 不填 D. 不填; the 18. Don’t worry. If you ca

28、n’t come to ________ party, I’ll ________ cake for you. A. the; some B. a; much C. the; any D. a; little 19. Of all ________ reasons for my decision to become a university professor, my father’s advice was ________ most important one. A. the; a B. 不填; a C. 不填; the D. the; the 20. For him ________ stage is just ________ means of making a living. A. a; a B. the; a C. the; the; D. a; the