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1、【語(yǔ)法回顧】
1 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)法特征
1) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞不能表示正在發(fā)生或已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情,只表示期待或估計(jì)某事的發(fā)生。
2) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞除ought 和have 外,后面只能接不帶to 的不定式。
3) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有人稱,數(shù)的變化,即情態(tài)動(dòng)詞第三人稱單數(shù)不加-s。
4)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有非謂語(yǔ)形式,即沒(méi)有不定式,分詞,等形式。
常見的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有:can (could) ,may (might), must ,shall (should), will (would), dare (dared) , need等,另外,have to、had better也當(dāng)作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞使用。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面必須加動(dòng)詞的
2、原形。
【情態(tài)動(dòng)詞概況】
1.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞也是“輔助性”動(dòng)詞,用來(lái)表示說(shuō)話人的語(yǔ)氣或情態(tài)。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞所表示的情態(tài)有:請(qǐng)求、命令、允諾、可能、需要、敢于、愿望、義務(wù)、能力等。
2.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞本身有詞義,但詞義不完全,不能單獨(dú)用作謂語(yǔ),沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化,且后面只跟動(dòng)詞原形。如:
她會(huì)唱英文歌曲。
She cans sing an English song.(F)
She can sings an English song.(F)
She can sing an English song.(T)
3.有些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去時(shí)與其原形相同,有些與原形不同
3、。
(1) 與原形相同的有:
must --- must ought to --- ought to
(2) 與原形不同的有:
can --- could will --- would
may --- might shall --- should
need --- needed dare --- dared have to --- had to
4.大多數(shù)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面可以用動(dòng)詞不定式(多不帶to)的進(jìn)行時(shí)、完成時(shí)或被動(dòng)形式,如:may, can, must等。
(二)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的種類:(見下表)
原
4、 形
過(guò)去式
詞 義
can
could
能
may
might
可以(或許)
must
must(had to)
必須(不得不)
will
would
愿意
shall
should
應(yīng)該
need
needed
需要
dare
dared
敢于
(三)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的否定形式:
cannot --- can’t could not --- couldn’t may not--- mayn’t
might not--- mightn’t must not --- mustn’t will not --
5、- won’t
would not --- wouldn’t need not --- needn’t shall not --- shan’t
should not --- shouldn’t ought not --- oughtn’t dare not --- daren’t
(二)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞本身有一定含義,但不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ),要和行為動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)。它們也能表明句子的否定、疑問(wèn)或時(shí)態(tài)上的區(qū)別。常見的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有:can, may, must, need, should等。
1.can與could
1). can
(1)表示體力或腦力方面的“
6、能力”,也能表示根據(jù)客觀條件能做某事的“能力”。
He can drive.
Can you jump as far as he did?
I can’t catch up with Jim.
can與be able to二者都表示“能夠”,區(qū)別是:can只有現(xiàn)在時(shí)和過(guò)去式,而be able to可用于各種時(shí)態(tài)。如:
I’ll be able to speak French in half a year.
He hasn’t been able to finish it on time.
(2)表示允許:
7、 You can go now.
Can I use your bike?
(3)表示推測(cè):
Who can it be?
It can’t be true.
can表示猜測(cè)或懷疑只用于疑問(wèn)句及否定句中。
can 和be able to
1)can/could 表示能力;可能 (過(guò)去時(shí)用could), 只用于現(xiàn)在式和過(guò)去式(could)。be able to可以用于各種時(shí)態(tài)。例如:
They will be able to tell you the news soon. 他很快就能告訴你消息了。
2)只用be able t
8、o的情況:
a. 位于助動(dòng)詞后。
b. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后。
c. 表示過(guò)去某時(shí)刻動(dòng)作時(shí)。
d. 用于句首表示條件。
e. 表示成功地做了某事時(shí),用was/were able to,不能用could。例如:
He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out. = He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out.
他在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)爆發(fā)之前逃離歐洲。
注意:could有時(shí)不表示時(shí)態(tài)
1)提出委婉的請(qǐng)求,(注意在回答中不可用could)。例如:
--- Could I have the
9、 television on? 我能看電視嗎?
--- Yes, you can. / No, you cant. 可以/不可以。
2)在否定句、疑問(wèn)句中表示推測(cè)或懷疑。例如:
He couldnt be a bad man. 他不大可能是壞人?!?
2). could
(1)can的過(guò)去式,表示過(guò)去有能力及過(guò)去的可能性。
He couldn’t climb up the mountain.
The news could be true.
(2)表示客氣地請(qǐng)求或委婉地陳述意見。
Could you go skating with me tomo
10、rrow?
I’m afraid I couldn’t give you an answer tonight.
(3)表示驚異、懷疑、不相信等態(tài)度
How could he say that?
He couldn’t be in Beijing.
2.may與might
1). may
(1)表示請(qǐng)求、許可、可以
—May I use your dictionary?
—Yes, please/certainly.
May I come in?
(2)表示推測(cè)說(shuō)話人的猜測(cè),認(rèn)為某一事情“或許”或“可能”發(fā)生
11、。
It may rain this afternoon.
I may leave for Hangzhou next week.
(3)may用于感嘆句中可以表示祝愿或愿望。
May you do well!
May you have a good time!
2). might
(1)用作may的過(guò)去式。
We didn’t know that he might be our new teacher.
The accident might happen the day before yesterday.
(2)替代may
12、來(lái)表示現(xiàn)在時(shí)間的動(dòng)作,主要于推測(cè)(但其可能性比may更低)。
I’m afraid it might snow tomorrow.
You might meet him at the conference.
The movie might have finished now.
(3)委婉地表示請(qǐng)求(不是過(guò)去式)。
Might I ask you a question?
Might you go there with me?
3.must
(1).表示義務(wù),命令或必要。
Soldiers must obey orders.
W
13、e must be strict with ourselves.
(2).表示肯定的推測(cè):一定
He must be at home.(對(duì)現(xiàn)在的猜測(cè))
I think you must have made a mistake.(對(duì)過(guò)去的猜測(cè))
He must be our new teacher.
He can’t be our new teacher.
(3)此外還要弄清楚must與have to的區(qū)別
4.will與would
1). will
(1)表示意愿、決心。此時(shí)可用于各種人稱。
He won’t come to see you.他不
14、愿來(lái)見你。(表示意愿)
I will try my best to catch up with her.我將盡最大努力趕上她。(表示決心)
(2)表示請(qǐng)求,此時(shí)僅限于“will you (please)…?”句型中,僅用于第二人稱和疑問(wèn)句中。
Will you please buy me an English-Chinese dictionary when you go to the bookstore?
Will you have some rice?
2). would
(1)will的過(guò)去式,表示過(guò)去的意愿和決心。
He said he wo
15、uld do everything for her, but she said she would never see him again.
They believed that we would help them.
(2)用于現(xiàn)在時(shí),表示委婉地提出請(qǐng)求,建議或看法。此時(shí)would的用法比will更加委婉。
Would you please show me the way to the museum?
I would like to say something about it.
will和would用于“勸某人接受……”時(shí),只能用some,不能用any
16、。如:
Would you like some fish? 吃點(diǎn)魚好嗎?
5.shall與should
1) shall
征求對(duì)方意見或請(qǐng)求,用于第一、三人稱。表示“要不要……?”、“……好嗎?”
Shall I open the window?
Shall the doctor come?
2) should
(1)should意思是“應(yīng)該”,表示勸告或建議(=ought to)
You should wash your hands before dinner.
We should help each other.
(2)用來(lái)表示可能性
17、或猜測(cè)。
He should be in the office now.
I should be right.
(3)should有時(shí)能表示說(shuō)話人的情感等。
It’s funny that they should be confident.(表示輕視)
Why should I do that for you?(表示不滿)
(4)should后接動(dòng)詞不定式(不加to)時(shí),若用于肯定句,表示某件事本應(yīng)該完成卻未完成;若用于否定句,則表示某事不該發(fā)生卻發(fā)生了。
You should have told us the truth.(應(yīng)該告訴卻沒(méi)有)
He
18、should have known the importance of it.應(yīng)該知道卻不知道)
We shouldn’t have left so early.(不應(yīng)該早出來(lái),可已經(jīng)做了)
6.need
1)need意思是“需要,必須”,主要用于否定句和關(guān)系問(wèn)句中。
You needn’t come so early.
Need I take part in the Party?
2) need引導(dǎo)的疑問(wèn)句,肯定回答時(shí)多用must,否定回答時(shí)用needn’t。
Need he come?
Yes, he must.
No, he n
19、eedn’t.
3) need后接名詞做賓語(yǔ)時(shí),表示“需要”某件事物,此時(shí)用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,與一般的實(shí)義動(dòng)詞用法完全一樣。如:
We need three apples.
He doesn’t need so many books.
7. ought
ought只有一種形式,后面常與to連用,意思是“應(yīng)該”。
You ought to visit us often.
Sorry, I ought to leave now.
在表示“應(yīng)該”時(shí),ought to的語(yǔ)氣比should要強(qiáng),比must稍弱。
8. dare
1) dare意思是“敢”
20、,用于肯定結(jié)構(gòu)中時(shí),后接加to的動(dòng)詞不定式。
The boy dared to climb up the tree.
She should dare to question her teacher.
2)dare用于否定句或疑問(wèn)句中時(shí),與大多數(shù)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞一樣,后接不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式。
Dont dare do that again!
The poor girl dare not go home.
9.had better
You had better see a doctor.
You had better not leave now.
Had I better wait for her?