《跨文化交際》考試復(fù)習(xí)題新(共11頁)

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1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-----傾情為你奉上 跨文化交際課程期末考試復(fù)習(xí)資料 I. Give a brief definitions of the following terms(名詞解釋) 1. intercultural communication. （參考課本P8.） 2.verbal communication communication done both orally and in written language Easier to use words to represent one’s experiences within the same culture becau

2、se people share many similar experiences. More troublesome in verbal communication across cultures because people’s experiences, beliefs, values, customs, traditions and the like are different. 3. Non-verbal communication It refers to communication through a whole variety of different types of si

3、gnal come into play, including the way we move, the gestures we employ, the posture we adopt, the facial expression we wear, the direction of our gaze, to the extent to which we touch and the distance we stand from each other. 4. culture shock It is a psychological phenomenon that is experienced

4、 most often by those who, whether voluntarily or involuntarily, in the process of adjusting themselves to a new culture. II. Answer the following questions(簡答題) 1. What’s the relationship between language and culture ？ Language is a reflection of culture, and culture is a reflection of language.

5、 Culture influences language by way of symbols and rules for using those symbols, as well as our perceptions of the universe (the meaning associated with the symbols). Language, on the other hand, would seem to have a major impact on the way an individual perceives and conceptualizes the world. 2.

6、 Describe the different ways in showing hospitality between Chinese culture and western culture Chinese guests always refuse offer of drinks or food to demonstrate politeness in seeming not to wish to put their host to any trouble. Sometimes an offer is not a real offer but a polite remark. Afte

7、r we say no, we usually wait for the second and third offer. If the host just brings the food or drink and ignores no, we ill accept it. Chinese like to press their guests to drink or eat to show their hospitality. While westerners always accept or refuse offer of drinks or food very genuinely. Thei

8、r refusal is accepted as genuine. Westerners don’t press. To press people to have food or drink after they have refused is frowned upon and can cause embarrassments. 3. What are the differences on receiving gifts between Chinese and westerner? In the West, it is regarded as polite to open gift

9、s as soon as they are given to express appreciation. In China, the situation is quite the reverse. Normally we Chinese feel that if you open the gift as soon as it is given, you might embarrass the person who gives the gift and you might be thought greedy. Therefore, Chinese people tend to open the

10、gifts after the visitors have left. In China, many people send gifts without wrapping them, and if they wrap them, they usually tell the receiver what is inside, and the receiver will thank the sender and put the gift aside without unwrapping them since they already know what is inside. English

11、receivers open the gifts in front of the senders of the gifts. 4. Explain the term “intercultural communication competence” and its three components. The intercultural competence refers to the ability to understand and adapt the target culture. Intercultural communicative competence involves c

12、ognitive, affective and operational aspects, which are inseparable in reality. The interrelatedness of cognitive, affective, and operational components is very important in the improvement of the communicator’s intercultural communication competence. There are also three aspects in terms of affectiv

13、e components: adaptation motivation, Identity flexibility and esthetic co-orientation, the cognitive aspects of intercultural communication competence are the mental capacities of comprehension and ability to understand the meanings of various verbal and nonverbal codes. Operational components are t

14、hat Individuals’ capacity to express cognitive and affective experiences outwardly is shown through specific behaviors. 5. Why do many Chinese people tend to ask about age, martial status, and even salary when first meeting one another? To them, these are open conversational topics. Knowing a p

15、erson’s age helps them use appropriate terms of address. And Chinese people pay a lot of attention to family life, so naturally talk of family members features as a common topic. As to salary, since there is a national system of salaries, people usually don’t consider it a secret and they talk about

16、 it openly. 6. How to address people in both Chinese and English?（參考課本P22-24.） 7. What are the differences between Chinese and English Kin Terms? In Chinese culture, people refer to people strictly according to the kin terms. It is completely unacceptable to refer to ones parents by using

17、the names. When children address relatives, Chinese kin terms tell whether they are older or younger than their father or mother. Chinese kin terms tell whether the relatives are from the mother or fathers side and whether ones brother, sister or cousin is older or younger than he/she. Chinese kin t

18、erms are also to other people who are not ones relatives; kin terms are widely used to address known or unknown people While in English culture, in some families in Western countries, some children address their parents directly by their first names. In Britain, children are expected to address

19、the parents brother and sisters with the title of Uncle or Aunt plus their names and sometimes simply address them by first name without a title. English kin terms don’t tell whether the relatives are from the mother or fathers side ,and there are not distinct kin terms for elder brother or younger

20、brother. Kin terms are not as frequently used as in Chinese. In all kinds of social situations, either formally or informally, people wont use kin terms to address each other if they are not relatives. 8. State six principles for effective cross-gender communication. 8. What is the significance of

21、 Nonverbal Communication? Nonverbal behavior is a significant area of communication study for at least three reasons. Nonverbal behavior accounts for much of the meaning we get from conversations. Nonverbal behavior spontaneously reflects the subconsciousness. We cannot avoid co

22、mmunicating through nonverbal signals. Besides, nonverbal behavior is significant because nonverbal communication can be open to many interpretations. 9. Why do we need to study intercultural communication? (1). Technological development The development of new transportation and inform

23、ation technologies has connected all nations in ways that were possible before this century only in the imagination. (2). Widespread population Migrations (3). The changes in the international business community have compelled China to reexamine her business. (4). Development of Multicultur

24、alism. Cultural diversity or multiculturalism will become the norm; not the exception. The public must acknowledge and adjust to difference but build on commonality. 10. what are meanings in communication? Utterance meaning : what it normally means Speakers meaning: the speaker has intended to co

25、nvey by way of utterance meaning . Hearer’s meaning: the hearer has understood on the basis of the utterance meaning Case: A Chinese student had just arrived at the States. One day, when he was reading in his room, he heard someone shouting outside: “ Watch out!” So he went to the window and stre

26、tched out his head and tried to find out what’s going on outside. Just then, his head was right poured by the water from above… Question: Would you please analyze the saying “ Watch out” with the three meanings in communication? Key to the question: 1. Utterance meaning: Be careful! 2. Speake

27、r’s meaning: Don’t pull out ! 3. Hearer’s meaning: Something is happening! Look out! 11.How to determine genius inviting or false one ? 1). Please read the dialogue; try to understand its function. A: It was nice talking to you. I have to run to class. B: OK, maybe we can meet sometime soon. A

28、: Yeah, I’d love to. Why don’t you drop by my house? B: Great. Got to go. See you soon. It is very common dialogue among Americans. It functions as a signal for ending an interaction or for an indication of friendliness. It will not lead to definite future meeting. In American culture, however,

29、 a genuine invitation is always made with clear indication of activity, time and place or the meeting. There is usually a negotiation about the time and place and a definite reply is expected. 2). Now study the following statements and think how you would respond to each of them. Discuss in small

30、groups. 1. Let’s get together soon. 2. I haven’t seen you for a long time. You must come round for dinner sometime. 3. It’s good seeing you. I’ll invite you to tea later. 4. I’m going to give a party this weekend. Come if you like. 5. How about joining us for dinner this Friday night? Keys to

31、Question 1, 2, and 3, are unreal invitations, because the speaker doesn’t give the specific time and place for the get-together. You’d better reply like “Thank you.” “I’d love to very much.” Don’t question about “when” or “where”, for the speaker doesn’t really mean to do any invitation. S

32、tatements4 and 5 are invitation as they give specific time. But they may sound uncertain to a Chinese ear because of the tone of the verbal invitation. Easterners (Chinese) would most likely say something. Like: “Do come. Please do come.” 3). Summary Pay more attention to the features of “false”

33、 invitation. 1. Indefinite reference of time, place. 2. No inquiry or immediate reply or decision. 3. Adverbs indicating the uncertainty of time like: “One day”,” Someday”, “soon” etc. Part III Case Analysis (You are required to state cultural phenomenon in each case) Case 1 Xiao LI and

34、Xiao Wang were colleagues. Xiao LI gave a lot of help to Xiao Wang financially and socially. Recently Xiao LI would get married. But he forgot inviting Xiao Wang attend his wedding. Later Xiao Wang got information about Xiao LI’ wedding and sent RMB 500 Yuan to Xiao LI. Question: What cultural

35、 phenomenon can be reflected? Why? In Chinese culture influenced by Confucianism, if someone does a favor for you, you should return the favor to them. This is very common for Chinese people. In the philosophy of Confucianism Reciprocity are the base of relationships. Gratitude and indebtednes

36、s are important parts of Chinese culture. If a person feels uneasy to be indebted of someone, payback is necessary to achieve balance in the relationship. Case 2 An English guest: Each time a new dish arrived his parents would lean over and load my plate with tasty morsels. As they had taken all th

37、e trouble to cook it I just had to polish it off. As soon as my plate was empty they would put more on. Of course, I felt duty-bound to eat that too. A Chinese guest: Can you imagine how many dishes I had? Only one -- a stew with meat and vegetables. The meat was over done and too hard to eat; gre

38、en vegetables were no longer green. They never put food on your plate but just ask you to help yourself. If you, as a guest, are shy or modest, waiting for the food to be put on your plate, you will remain half-starved. Question: Are there any differences in hospitality between a Chinese and Englis

39、h? What are the reasons? Yes. The Chinese student felt disappointed at British hospitality because she used the Chinese way of showing hospitality to judge the British one. In the story taking place in China, the westerner couldnt imagine that there should be sixteen dishes prepared for her. When s

40、he ate from the eight cold dishes, she couldnt eat anymore. It is because a Western meal normally severs one main course plus a starter and sweets or desserts. The fact is that different people in the world show their different hospitality in different ways. Case 3 Li Lan had an American friend S

41、usan. They usually had lunch together and Li Lan often asked Susan for advice on problems she faced adjusting to American society. Susan gave Li Lan a lot of advice and helped her to improve her English. Once Li Lan needed urgently a big sum of money to pay her tuition fee. Since she has no other fr

42、iends in the States, she turned to Susan for help and promised that she would return the money soon. To Li Lan’s great disappointment, this time Susan didn’t seem happy to lend the money to her. Though Li Lan returned the money as she promised, they didn’t get along well from then on. Question:

43、 Why did Li Lan feel unpleasant? Li Lan asked to borrow money from her American friend Susan, which is rarely part of Western friendship. Li Lan and Susan have different expectations of friendship. In the West, people prefer to be independent and equal rather than dependent, so they dont feel comf

44、ortable in a relationship in which one person gives more and the other person is dependent on what is given. Among friends they mostly provide emotional support to each other and spend time together, so they rarely borrow or lend money to each other. They would ask for a loan from the bank rather th

45、an from their friends. While in China, people expect their friends to be loyal to each other, and they even take risks for their friends. So they would give not only emotional support to each other but also concrete help to each other, such as helping to find a job, solving a problem, or even givi

46、ng money to help one out over a long period of time. So when a friend is in need, the first person he or she wants to ask for help is naturally his/her friend. Case 4 In 1997, a Danish woman from Copenhagen left her 14-month-old baby girl in a stroller outside a Manhattan restaurant while she wa

47、s inside. Other diners at the restaurant became concerned and called New York City Police. The woman was charged with endangering a child and was jailed for two nights. Her child was placed in foster care. The woman and the Danish consulate explained that leaving children unattended outside cafes is

48、 common in Denmark. Pictures were wired to the police showing numerous strollers parked outside cafes while parents were eating inside. Question: What cultural phenomenon can be reflected? This case reflects one of the barriers to the effective intercultural communication----assuming similarity in

49、stead of difference. In American culture, it is illegal for parents to leave their baby alone. Whereas it is commonplace for parents to leave their baby alone in Danish culture. The Danish woman had assumed that Copenhagen is similar to New York, that what is commonly done in Copenhagen is also comm

50、only done in New York. Case 5 Describing the differences of verbal communication Styles between Chinese people and American people. Take examples to explain it. The Chinese shout aloud when talking about everything. Direct eye-contact is rare when speaking person to person. Counting on your

51、fingers is different. Instead of just holding out the number of fingers on two hands as in America, the Chinese have specific finger signs for numbers one to ten. To indicate yourself, Americans tend to use their thumb or forefinger and point at or touch their chest. Chinese people usually point at

52、 their nose with their index finger to do so. Chinese people feel no compunction against staring at other people for long periods of time. Young people, both boys and girls up to the age of 21, engages in all manner of rough-housing, often hitting each other. Women often walk arm and arm down the st

53、reets. Men and men hold hands or embrace shoulders as they walk outside. Nothing is wrong with that if they are friends. Case 6 Xie Li and Tom have been working on a scientific experiment at a British university for some months. It has not been totally successful. They are discussing the situation

54、 in the laboratory. Xie Li: I don’t know where it went wrong! Tom: Don’t feel so bad. Cheer up; you’ve done your job. Xie Li: But our experiment has turned out to be a failure. Tom: Relax for a couple of days. I’ll face the music. Xie Li: Tom, we are not playing children’s games here. This is a scie

55、ntific experiment. Tom: I’ve never taken the experiment as child’s play and I’m playing the game. Xie Li: You say you’re playing the game! It’s a rather important experiment! Xie Li walks out of the laboratory angrily. Tom is puzzled. Question: What’s the problem in this case? Idiomatic phra

56、ses are often misinterpreted. In English, face the music means: face reality and take the consequence and play the game means: abide competition rules. Here Xie Li misinterpreted two idiomatic phrases Tom used. First he thought that Tom didn’t take the failure of the experiment seriously and wanted

57、to escape from it, because he would “face the music”; secondly, he misinterpreted Tom’s “playing the game” as that he hadn’t done the experiment seriously, which might lead to its failure. Case 7 A young Chinese officer, together with his wife, was meeting an American consultant at an airport.

58、 After phatic communication, the consultant complimented him on his wife out of politeness, “Your wife is beautiful!” The officer felt embarrassed and said, “Where! Where!”（哪里！哪里?。?“Where! Where!” the consultant was puzzled and had to say,“From head to foot.” Question: What went wrong in the c

59、ase and Why? In this case, the words of the Chinese conveyed a message quite different from what was intended. The Chinese officer would be suspected of “fishing for compliments” even though the remarks might have been quite sincere because the consultant was almost forced to say “Your wife is bea

60、utiful from head to foot.” Forced compliments like this can leave a bad taste in the mouth.Because as far as the responses to praise and compliments is concerned, there are great difference between Chinese people and native English speakers. Native English speakers, especially Americans tend to verb

61、alize their compliments and accept them, whereas the Chinese tend to efface themselves to show modest. In contrast, native English speakers, in the same situation, will say Thank you or Thank you for saying so or Thanks a lot, etc. to acknowledge and accept the thanks as a kind of recognition of the

62、ir individual efforts. Case 8 A young Chinese woman in U.S was complimented by an American woman for the lovely dress she was wearing: "Its exquisite. The colors are so beautiful!" she was pleased but somewhat embarrassed. In typical Chinese fashion, she replied, "Oh, its just an ordinary dre

63、ss I bought in China." Question: What went wrong in the case and Why? Case 9 A married couple are going to visit a friend. They have been driving around for some time looking for the street. B is angry because A refuses to stop and ask direction of someone. Question: What cultural phenom

64、enon can be reflected? This case reflects the masculine emphasis on maintaining autonomy and not appearing weak or incompetent. Men are less likely than women to seek directions from others. Part of the reason for this may well lie in sensitivity of men to issues of status. From the perspective

65、 to ask for information and help from others implies that the person asking is inferior. From a womans point of view, however, sharing information is a way of cementing bonds. Case 10 Dedrick and Melita have been dating for two years and are very serious. To celebrate their anniversary Melita

66、 wants to spend a quiet evening in her apartment where they can talk about the relationship and be alone with each other. When Dedrick arrives, hes planned to dine out and go to a concert. Melita feels hurt that he doesnt want to talk and spend the evening alone with her. Question: could you explain the differences in communication between men and women? Case 11 A Filipino couple was vacationing in England. While they were strolling along one of the main streets of L