2018屆高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí) 闖關(guān)導(dǎo)練 第二部分 閱讀理解技巧與體裁演練 課時(shí)13 閱讀理解體裁解讀（四）

《2018屆高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí) 闖關(guān)導(dǎo)練 第二部分 閱讀理解技巧與體裁演練 課時(shí)13 閱讀理解體裁解讀（四）》由會員分享，可在線閱讀，更多相關(guān)《2018屆高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí) 闖關(guān)導(dǎo)練 第二部分 閱讀理解技巧與體裁演練 課時(shí)13 閱讀理解體裁解讀（四）（13頁珍藏版）》請?jiān)谘b配圖網(wǎng)上搜索。

1、 課時(shí)13　閱讀理解體裁解讀(4) —科普小品文【體裁解讀】 科學(xué)技術(shù)是人類進(jìn)步發(fā)展的重要動力，閱讀科學(xué)技術(shù)文獻(xiàn)有助于我們學(xué)習(xí)了解把握科技知識信息，學(xué)會展開科技活動?？萍计碌恼Z言通常都是比較正式，偶爾會有寫給青少年的科普作品，會用比較輕快簡潔淺顯生動的語言。在科技篇章中，由于科學(xué)的嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)性，語句通常都比較嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，表述直接明確，與其他類型篇章相比，被動語態(tài)、非謂語動詞形式、形式主語結(jié)構(gòu)使用相對較多，動詞時(shí)態(tài)變化、比喻夸張等修辭形式使用相對較少，有時(shí)會有很多專業(yè)詞語和語句形式，有些常用詞可能用于表達(dá)專業(yè)意義。 科技篇章結(jié)構(gòu)比較清楚，層次分明，語句段落邏輯關(guān)聯(lián)強(qiáng)而且明確，限定性修飾比較多。對科

2、技篇章，同學(xué)們首先應(yīng)該理解篇章的語詞、語句，有些語詞，特別是一些科技專業(yè)術(shù)語，可能涉及我們對篇章的關(guān)鍵內(nèi)容的理解?？萍计轮械脑~語、語句理解是科技篇章理解的重要因素，有時(shí)甚至是關(guān)鍵因素。 科技篇章的推論理解要素大多不太直接，同學(xué)們可以從科技篇章中推論出：作者對科學(xué)精神和科學(xué)技術(shù)的作用功能的肯定贊同(偶爾會有反科學(xué)的所謂科技文章，但很少，考生幾乎不可能在閱讀英語材料時(shí)閱讀到)，作者對某一/某些科學(xué)觀點(diǎn)/科學(xué)方法的肯定贊同支持，作者對科學(xué)家的肯定支持，作者對科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)論/結(jié)果的肯定支持等。 體裁演練 California Condor's Shocking Recovery Calif

3、ornia condor California condors are North America's largest birds, with wing-length of up to 3 meters.In the 1980s, electrical lines and lead poisoning (鉛中毒) nearly drove them to dying out. Now, electric shock training and medical treatment are helping to rescue these big birds. In the late 1980s,

4、 the last few condors were taken from the wild to be bred (繁殖). Since 1992, there have been multiple reintroductions to the wild, and there are now more than 150 flying over California and nearby Arizona, Utah and Baja in Mexico. Electrical lines have been killing them off.“As they go in to rest fo

5、r the night, they just don't see the power lines，” says Bruce Rideout of San Diego Zoo.Their wings can bridge the gap between lines，resulting in electrocution (電死) if they touch two lines at once. So scientists have come up with a shocking idea.Tall poles, placed in large training areas, teach the

6、birds to stay clear of electrical lines by giving them a painful but undeadly electric shock.Before the training was introduced, 66% of setfree birds died of electrocution.This has now dropped to 18%. Lead poisoning has proved more difficult to deal with.When condors eat dead bodies of other animal

7、s containing lead，they absorb large quantities of lead.This affects their nervous systems and ability to produce baby birds, and can lead to kidney (腎) failure and death.So condors with high levels of lead are sent to Los Angeles Zoo, where they are treated with calcium EDTA, a chemical that removes

8、 lead from the blood over several days.This work is starting to pay off.The annual death rate for adult condors has dropped from 38% in 2000 to 5.4% in 2011. Rideout's team thinks that the California condors' average survival time in the wild is now just under eight years.“Although these measures a

9、re not effective forever, they are vital for now，” he says.“They are truly good birds that are worth every effort we put into recovering them.” 1．California condors attract researchers' interest because they ________. A．a(chǎn)re active at night B．had to be bred in the wild C．a(chǎn)re found only in Califor

10、nia D．a(chǎn)lmost died out in the 1980s 2．Researchers have found electrical lines are ________. A．blocking condors' journey home B．big killers of California condors C．rest places for condors at night D．used to keep condors away 3．According to Paragraph 5, lead poisoning ________. A．makes condors

11、too nervous to fly B．has little effect on condors' kidneys C．can hardly be gotten rid of from condors' blood D．makes it difficult for condors to produce baby birds 4．This passage shows that ________. A．the average survival time of condors is satisfactory B．Rideout's research interest lies in e

12、lectric engineering C．the efforts to protect condors have brought good results D．researchers have found the final answers to the problem 【能力提升】 A Back in 1969, it was the Apollo 11 crew who flew to the moon in a spaceship.When U．S.astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin stepped foot on the

13、 moon, they were the first.Meanwhile, their fellow astronaut Michael Collins circled the moon in their spaceship, named Columbia. When Armstrong and Aldrin were done with their walk，they returned to the command module, and back to Earth.That part of the spaceship is on view at the Smithsonian's Nat

14、ional Air and Space Museum in Washington，D.C.But, if you cannot get to Washington, soon you will be able to see Columbia on your computer or your smartphone. Digital scientists are scanning the inside of Columbia. They are creating an online model, in three dimensions, or“3D”. By looking at these p

15、hotographs, you will be able to see outer space, the way the astronauts did. It will be like sitting in their seats. Want your very own Columbia？You will be able to print a 3D copy of Columbia.Experts say anyone can make a life-sized model.But they expect most people to make smaller models of the 3

16、20×400 cm(11*×13*)command module. Scientists are using special 3D technology to scan the inside.They use cameras on long arms to take the photographs.The thousands of photographs taken will be combined with 50 laser scans. What would it be like to sit inside Columbia and take a look around？All the

17、 images will be loaded into software that allows you to look around the module on a computer screen.The user will be able to see the Columbia both inside and out.The Smithsonian says that the 3D technology gives the user ways to see things they cannot see at the museum.And it will give information t

18、hat even the museum curators(館長)have not seen before. “With the command Module, no one has been inside since it came into the collection，” says Adam Metallo, Smithsonian 3D imaging specialist. “Now the information we capture can give anyone in the world a view of what it looks like inside this incr

19、edible piece of history.” 1．The author mentions moon landing of the Apollo 11 to ________. A．introduce the topic B．honour the astronauts C．mark the milestone event D．draw attention to space research 2．According to the text, people ________. A．a(chǎn)re advised to make a life-sized model B．can clon

20、e a Columbia with 3D technology C．will visit a copy of Columbia in the museum D．can buy a copied Columbia in the museum 3．What's the advantage of a copied Columbia? A．It can attract more visitors. B．It can help look far into the universe. C．It makes 3D technology more popular. D．It provides m

21、ore knowledge than the museum. 4．What might be the best title for the text? A．Columbia lands in your smartphone B．3D technology, the new way to explore space C．Landing on the moon, a milestone in space travel D．An online model shows you how to land on the moon B Dan Bebber is a senior resear

22、ch fellow at the University of Exeter in Britain. He says research has shown that wild plants and animals are moving toward Earth’s North and South poles as the planet warms. Mr. Bebber wanted to know if the same thing was happening with organisms (微生物) that attack agricultural crops. He examined r

23、eports of first sightings of new insects and diseases around the world. The records came from CABI － the Centre for Agricultural Bioscience International. He says the group began collecting information from developing and industrialized countries years ago. Dan Bebber and his research team studied

24、612 different organisms － from viruses and bacteria to insects like beetles and butterflies. They found that since 1960, crop pests and diseases have been moving toward the poles at an average rate of about 3 kilometers each year. Mr Bebber says this puts the most productive farmland in the world in

25、 danger. “As new species of pests and diseases evolve and potentially the environment for them becomes more amenable at higher altitudes, the pressure on the breadbasket of the world is going to increase.” Farmers face other threats. Invasive species passed through trade are also causing problems.

26、 Gene Kritsky is an entomologist at the College of Mount St. Joseph in Ohio. He specialises in the study of insects. He says climate change may improve conditions for some invasive species. “It means that species in other parts of the world that might do well in warmer temperatures can now do well

27、in the breadbasket of America.” Another entomologist Christian Krupke of Purdue University says the effects of these changes will depend very much on the crop, the insect and the disease. But he says the research is a warning sign that people should care about climate change and do something about

28、it. 5．The purpose of Dan Bebber's research was to find ________. A．if farmland could be moved to colder places thanks to global warming B．if diseases and insects harmful to crops were going towards colder areas C．if organisms were moving to the north and south poles D．if the number of crop pest

29、s was increasing 6．According to Dan Bebber, if crop pests keep moving towards the poles, ________. A．it will be hard for farmers to kill them B．the most productive farmland will produce more crops C．the earth will not produce enough food to support the world D．the conditions for some crops may

30、be improved 7．Which of the following is not a threat that farmers have to face? A．Climate change makes crop pests to adapt to a new environment. B．Foreign species are brought in by trade. C．Invasive species doing well in warmer places might do well in America. D．The impacts of the climate and s

31、pecies changes on crops are not easy to determine. C Wolves are in the news these days, especially with the controversial Alaskan_Wolf_Hunting_Festival being a focus of public attention. Since these animals are getting more attention in the outer world, they may be more likely to show up in your_i

32、nner_world and may take on many forms and have many meanings. Wolves live in a pack(狼群)and they have a leader, a guide who is responsible for directing the pack and keeping it safe. If a wolf appears in your dream and you have a positive relationship with the wolf, it may suggest your own leadershi

33、p abilities. Wolves in dreams may also mean the need for trusting your own internal leader－the soft howl from the bottom of your own heart. While wolves certainly do howl, it is till unknown why they howl at the moon. The wolf's howl is actually a form of communication. Wolves may howl as a form of

34、 making friends, or as a warning, or to indicate that they are lonely or need help. Is your dream wolf howling? If so, what emotions exist in the dream? Do you feel lost and in need of guidance, do you feel like you've lost your “pack”？ Do you feel the need to let others know they are crossing your

35、land? Or are you simply filled with a sense of joy that can only be expressed in a howl? Wolves can be experienced hunters, and often appear in folk stories as something harmless when in fact it is there to do great harm. Are there any wolves in sheep's clothing in your life? Often we have intuitio

36、n(直覺)about people or situations, feelings that these people or situations should be avoided, but we ignore them based on their harmless outer appearance. Wolves in dreams could be signs that there are hidden dangers in your life. Never ignore your intuition because it doesn't make any sense. Your in

37、tuition exists to guide and protect you and it can discover a wolf long before it removes its woolen suit. 8．Why does the author mention “Alaskan Wolf Hunting Festival” in the first paragraph? A．To support the main idea of the text. B．To introduce the topic of the passage. C．To show his pity for

38、 the wolves. D．To prove wolves are getting more attention. 9．What does “your inner world” refer to in the first paragraph? A．Personalities.　　　　　　　　B．Feelings. C．Thoughts. D．Dreams. 10．According to the text, wolves howl for the following reasons EXCEPT ________. A．to be friend

39、ly with other wolves B．to ask for help C．to share how they feel D．to admire the moon 11．The passage is mainly about ________. A．wolves and their behaviors B．explanations of people's dreams C．different types of wolves D．hidden dangers in our dreams D Americans spend more than $20 billion a

40、year on supplements in the hope of preventing cancer, heart disease and dementia. But the latest research shows they provide no benefit—and they may even be dangerous to our health. The researchers involved in the studies say they're concerned that people are spending too much money on pills that b

41、ring no benefit, and in some cases may even be harmful. What's more, they even imply that companies are selling what is fueling false health anxieties to offer unnecessary cures. Enough is Enough To reach these conclusions, an international team of researchers conducted three different studies. Th

42、e first was a study that looked at the consumption of a daily multivitamin to prevent cardiovascular disease and cancer in more than 450, 000 participants. These pills had no obvious effect on death. The second study looked into the effects of a daily multivitamin after a heart attack in about 1, 70

43、0 men and women over an average of five years. No advantage could be found. The third study looked into the use of a multivitamin to prevent dementia in nearly 6, 000 men aged 65 or older. Again, nothing. “These vitamins should not be used for chronic disease prevention. Enough is enough，” conclude

44、d the experts. Dangerous to Your Health If that wasn't bad enough, the researchers also found that vitamin E, when taken in a high dose, could be harmful. And shockingly, smokers who took beta-carotene were at an increased risk of developing cancer. The researchers also said vitamin B is ineffect

45、ive in preventing chronic diseases. Instead of taking in vitamins and minerals, the experts recommended that people should eat more fruit and vegetables, reduce trans fats and salt, reduce calories, and increase physical activities. 12．What is the best title for the passage? A．Vitamins and minera

46、ls are “a waste of money”． B．Americans suffer from cancer and heart disease. C．Vitamins and minerals are rich in vegetables. D．Americans dislike eating fruit and vegetables. 13．What do the first two paragraphs imply? A．People know that they have been cheated. B．People should really stop taking

47、 these pills. C．All the health anxieties result from pills. D．The government should punish the companies. 14．What did the researchers do in their studies? A．They all took in a daily multivitamin. B．They tried to cure many people with cancer. C．They followed 6,000 people with dementia. D．They

48、tracked l,700 people with heart problems. 15．The author mentioned vitamin E in the passage ________. A．to show vitamin E only does harm to health B．to prove taking in a high dose of vitamin E is dangerous C．to suggest readers should give up vitamin E D．to warn the smokers against vitamin E fore

49、ver 16．Where would you probably read the passage? A．In a storybook.　　　 B．On a poster. C．In a health care book. D．In a textbook. E The behaviour of a building's users may be at least as important as its design when it comes to energy use, according to new research from the UK Energy Research Ce

50、ntre (UKERC). The UK promises to reduce its carbon emissions (排放)by 80 percent by 2050, part of which will be achieved by all new homes being zero-carbon by 2016. But this report shows that sustainable building design on its own — though extremely important－ is not enough to achieve such reductions:

51、 the behaviour of the people using the building has to change too. The study suggests that the ways that people use and live in their homes have been largely ignored by existing efforts to improve energy efficiency (效率)，which instead focus on architectural and technological developments. ‘Technol

52、ogy is going to assist but it is not going to do everything，’explains Katy Janda, a UKERC senior researcher，‘consumption patterns of building users can defeat the most careful design.’ In other words，old habits die hard, even in the best-designed eco-home. Another part of the problem is informatio

53、n. Households and bill-payers don't have the knowledge they need to change their energy-use habits. Without specific information，it's hard to estimate the costs and benefits of making different choices. Feedback (反饋) facilities, like smart meters and energy monitors，could help bridge this informatio

54、n gap by helping people see how changing their behaviour directly affects their energy use; some studies have shown that households can achieve up to 15 percent energy savings using smart meters. Social science research has added a further dimension (方面)，suggesting that individuals' behaviour in th

55、e home can be personal and cannot be predicted — whether people throw open their windows rather than turn down the thermostat (恒溫器), for example. Janda argues that education is the key. She calls for a focused programme to teach people about buildings and their own behaviour in them. 17．As to ener

56、gy use, the new research from UKERC stresses the importance of ________. A．zero-carbon homes B．the behaviour of building users C．sustainable building design D．the reduction of carbon emissions 18．The underlined word“which” in Paragraph 2 refers to “________.” A．the ways B．their homes C．devel

57、opments D．existing efforts 19．What are Katy Janda's words mainly about? A．The importance of changing building users' habits. B．The necessity of making a careful building design. C．The variety of consumption patterns of building users. D．The role of technology in improving energy efficiency.

58、 20．The information gap in energy use ________. A．can be bridged by feedback facilities B．a(chǎn)ffects the study on energy monitors C．brings about problems for smart meters D．will be caused by building users' old habits 課時(shí)13　閱讀理解體裁解讀(4) —科普小品文【體裁演練】 美國加利福尼亞州的禿鷲因?yàn)楦鞣N原因?yàn)l臨滅絕，但在科研人員的幫助下，禿鷲的種群逐漸恢復(fù)生機(jī)。

59、 1．D　[推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一、二段內(nèi)容可知，20世紀(jì)80年代，由于觸電和鉛中毒，加利福尼亞州的禿鷲瀕臨滅絕，20世紀(jì)80年代末，僅剩的幾只禿鷲從野外被帶回繁殖，由此可推斷正是禿鷲瀕臨滅絕才引起了研究人員的注意和興趣，故選D項(xiàng)。] 2．B　[細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段內(nèi)容可知，電線一直在使禿鷲喪命，并且解釋原因說，禿鷲晚上休息的時(shí)候看不見電線，而它們寬大的翅膀正好同時(shí)搭在兩根電線上，于是它們立刻就被電死了，故選B項(xiàng)。] 3．D　[細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段內(nèi)容可知，鉛中毒影響了禿鷲的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)和繁殖能力(affects their nervous systems and ability to pr

60、oduce baby birds)，并且可以導(dǎo)致它們腎衰竭和死亡，由此可知，A、B兩項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤，D項(xiàng)正確。通過給禿鷲使用一種化學(xué)藥物，在幾天內(nèi)就可以清除它們血液中的鉛，由此可知，C項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。] 4．C　[推理判斷題。本文主要介紹了美國加利福尼亞禿鷲瀕臨滅絕以及科研人員為挽救它們而展開的救援和研究工作，且實(shí)施措施有了回報(bào)(pay off)，由此可知，C項(xiàng)正確，排除B項(xiàng)。根據(jù)最后一段中的just under eight years可排除A項(xiàng)；根據(jù)these measures are not effective forever可排除D 項(xiàng)。] 【能力提升】 A 【語篇導(dǎo)讀】　本文主要介紹了3D技

61、術(shù)的應(yīng)用使參觀哥倫比亞指令艙不再那么遙遠(yuǎn)，而是觸手可及的。 1．A　[推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段和全文的整體內(nèi)容可推知，作者提到第一次登陸月球事件是為了激起讀者的閱讀興趣，導(dǎo)入文章話題。] 2．B　[細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段的“You will be able to print a 3D copy of Columbia”可知，通過3D技術(shù)的應(yīng)用，人們可以復(fù)制一個(gè)太空飛船。] 3．D　[細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段的最后一句“And it will give information that even the museum curators(館長)have not seen before”并結(jié)合

62、本段的整體內(nèi)容可知，3D技術(shù)復(fù)制的太空飛船的優(yōu)勢是其提供的信息比博物館多。] 4．A　[標(biāo)題判斷題。根據(jù)文章的整體內(nèi)容可推知，本文主要講述的是運(yùn)用3D技術(shù)，在智能手機(jī)上參觀哥倫比亞指令艙觸手可及。] B 【語篇導(dǎo)讀】　這是一篇科普文?？茖W(xué)家通過研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，由于氣候變暖，許多對莊稼有害的物種正在向地球的兩極移動，這對農(nóng)作物會產(chǎn)生不良的影響。 5．C　[推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章中第一段及第二段的第一句可知，這項(xiàng)研究的目的在于了解對農(nóng)作物有害的微生物是否正在向地球的兩極移動。] 6．C　[細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章中的“Mr. Bebber says this puts the most produc

63、tive farmland in the world in danger.”以及“the pressure on the breadbasket of the world is going to increase”可以判斷出，這種趨勢讓世界上大部分高產(chǎn)的耕地處于危險(xiǎn)之中，糧食產(chǎn)地的壓力將會增加。也就是說，地球上的作物產(chǎn)量會減少，不能生產(chǎn)出足夠的糧食。故選C。] 7．D　[推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段中的“the effects of these changes will depend very much on the crop, the insect and the disease”可以判斷

64、出，氣候和物種變化對于莊稼的影響不易確定，但這并不是農(nóng)民必須面對的威脅。故選D。] C 【語篇導(dǎo)讀】　 這是一篇議論文。本文通過介紹狼嚎叫、具有危險(xiǎn)性等特點(diǎn)來解析人們那些出現(xiàn)有狼的夢有哪些深層涵義。 8．B　[推理判斷題。“Alaskan Wolf Hunting Festival”后面一句緊跟著“Since these animals are getting more attention in the outer world, they may be more likely to show up in your inner world and may take on many form

65、s and have many meanings.”很明顯它是為了說明狼在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中得到很多關(guān)注，在人們的內(nèi)心世界中也被賦予了很多涵義這個(gè)話題。] 9．D　[詞義猜測題。從下文的“If a wolf appears in your dream and...”和“Wolves in dreams could be signs that...”都可以推斷出“your inner world”指代的是人做的夢。] 10．D　[事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。從“While wolves certainly do howl, it is till unknown why they howl at the moon.”

66、可以得知我們還無法了解狼對著月亮嚎叫的原因，其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)在第三段均有提及，故選D。] 11．B　[主旨大意題。從“If a wolf appears in your dream and...”和“Wolves in dreams could be signs that...”等多處都可以看出本文作者通過介紹狼嚎叫、具有危險(xiǎn)性等特點(diǎn)來解析人們那些出現(xiàn)有狼的夢有哪些深層涵義。] D 【語篇導(dǎo)讀】　很多人覺得維生素可以補(bǔ)充營養(yǎng)，長期服用還能預(yù)防慢性疾病。但研究表明，吃營養(yǎng)品對健康無效，吃多了甚至有害。還是不要再浪費(fèi)錢了，多吃水果、多鍛煉才是正道。 12．A　[主旨大意題。文章主要描述了一項(xiàng)新的研究，即吃營養(yǎng)品對健康無效，吃多了甚至有害，大家還是不要再浪費(fèi)錢了。故選A項(xiàng)。] 13．B　[推理判斷題。依據(jù)文章第一段尾句中的they may even be dangerous to our health可知，吃多了這些營養(yǎng)品甚至對身體健康有害。因此人們應(yīng)該停止食用這些營養(yǎng)品。故選B項(xiàng)。] 14．D　[細(xì)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)文章第三段可知，本題選D項(xiàng)。] 15．B　[細(xì)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)文章倒數(shù)