天津市高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí) 第二部分 完形填空 專題十三 說明文課件

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1、專題十三說明文專題十三說明文-2-考情概覽在英語中,天文地理、人情世故、客觀事物、主觀意識等宇宙間的一切都可以通過說明文加以闡述說明,如the importance of being on time(準(zhǔn)時的重要性)和the happiness of reading books(讀書之樂)之類的話題,在漢語中似乎應(yīng)該屬于議論文的范圍,但在英語中卻一般列在說明文中。其語言特點(diǎn)是:-3-1.多用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。因為說明文通常是對客觀事物或事理的一種介紹與解釋,而這種客觀介紹與解釋一般是不隨時間和空間的變化而改變的。2.采用客觀描述。說明文一般是對客觀存在的事物等的說明與介紹,因此,語言的表述也應(yīng)該盡可能地

2、給人以客觀可信的感覺。在英語中,使用被動語態(tài)(如用It is said that.替代I think that.)、引用權(quán)威的信息來源(如用according to sb. 替代in my opinion)、選用委婉語是使說明文增加客觀性、從而更易被讀者接受的重要語言手段。3.遣詞用字簡練、平實、確切。說明文的主要目的是幫助讀者認(rèn)清事物,明白事理,故其語言通常較為淺顯、通俗,比較易于讀者理解。其內(nèi)容也很客觀真實。它的用詞總是貼近事物的本來面目,不會使用華麗的辭藻和夸張的寫作手法,一般也不加描述和議論。-4-另外,說明性完形填空選材難度一般低于試卷中的閱讀理解題。在設(shè)空與選項設(shè)計方面充分體現(xiàn)了語

3、言知識運(yùn)用題的要求:以實詞為主,名詞、動詞、形容詞、副詞等約占全部小題數(shù)的90%,絕大多數(shù)小題都要從全文角度進(jìn)行判斷。這一命題思路體現(xiàn)了“語篇意識”。-5-1.確認(rèn)說明對象,了解文章大意。文章的首句一般就明確了說明對象。對文章先要進(jìn)行粗讀或略讀,以對文章的大意有一個大體的了解。例How long can human beings live?Most scientists who study old age think that the human body is 1 to live no longer than 120 years.However,110 years is probably t

4、he longest that anyone could hope to live if he or she is 2 healthy and lucky.Some scientists even say we can live as long as 130 years!Yet,our cells simply cannot continue to reproduce 3.They wear out,and as a result,we get old and 4 die.分析:在文章的開頭,作者就提出了文章需要探討的話題:人的壽命有多長?在此基礎(chǔ)上,考生再對文章進(jìn)行略讀即可把握文章主題。-6

5、-2.用好語篇標(biāo)志,理順行文邏輯。說明文的首段往往是文章的主題段,每段的首句也是主題句,一定把握好主題段和主題句,這是做好這類完形填空題的前提。語篇與語篇之間往往有表明其內(nèi)在聯(lián)系的詞語,這些詞語被稱為“語篇標(biāo)志語”。如表示結(jié)構(gòu)層次的語篇標(biāo)志語firstly,secondly,thirdly,finally等;表示因果關(guān)系的thus,therefore,so等;表示改變話題的by the way等;表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的also,besides,whats more,further等;表示時間關(guān)系的before,so far,yet,meanwhile,later等;表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的but,while,o

6、n the other hand等。做題時如果能充分利用這些語篇標(biāo)志語,就可以迅速理清文章的脈絡(luò),弄清上下文的關(guān)系。-7-例.Northern Europeans usually do not like having (bodily) contact(接觸)even with friends,and certainly not with (strangers).People from Latin American countries,(on the other hand),touch each other quite a lot.Therefore,its possible that in ,

7、it may look like a Latino is a Norwegian all over the room.The Latino,trying to express friendship,will keep moving .The Norwegian,very probably seeing this as pushiness,will keep which the Latino will in return regard as .分析:從第一句中,我們可以看出北歐人不喜歡與人(尤其是陌生人)有身體上的接觸。下一句話的信息告訴我們,在拉丁美洲人與人身體的接觸卻比較多。接下來,作者用到

8、了語篇標(biāo)志詞therefore,由此可以推知這兩種不同文化碰撞的結(jié)果,即一個拉丁美洲人在談話中追著一個挪威人在屋里到處走。-8-3.細(xì)讀行文內(nèi)容,理清事實細(xì)節(jié)。在閱讀這類文章時,我們一定要仔細(xì)研讀文章的開頭和結(jié)尾,從主題句著手,找出支持句,然后尋找文章的結(jié)論。這時,我們還要特別注意,不要被表面的一些細(xì)節(jié)所迷惑,我們在理解細(xì)節(jié)的基礎(chǔ)上,還要斟酌文字的內(nèi)涵意義,從而對文章進(jìn)行深層次的理解。-9-例Body language is the quiet,secret and most powerful language of all!It speaks than words.According to

9、specialists,our bodies send out more than we realize.In fact,non-verbal communication (非語言交際) takes up about 50% of what we really .And body language is particularly when we attempt to communicate across cultures.Indeed,what is called body language is so a part of us that its actually often unnotice

10、d.And misunderstandings occur as a result of it.Clearly,a great deal is going on when people .And only a part of it is in the words themselves.And when parties are from cultures,theres a strong possibility of .But whatever the situation,the best is to obey the Golden Rule:treat others as you would l

11、ike to be (treated).-10-分析:文章開頭的論據(jù)中說到不同國家的身勢語不同,如果不注意,經(jīng)常會發(fā)生誤解。作者在文章的最后提出一條“黃金法則”,即:要像自己希望被對待的方式一樣對待他人。前后照應(yīng)緊密。-11-4.注重上下文語境,克服思維定式。應(yīng)逐句精讀短文,逐題分析選項,對特定的語境做深入的理解,克服思維定式,依據(jù)全文大意和詞不離句、句不離文的原則逐空填寫。-12-例.For example,the moment you get on the airplane,start (adjusting) your biological clock to the destination

12、s time.If its daytime in your destination,try to stay .Walking around the cabin(客艙)can be of help.A.awakeB.aloneC.hungryD.calm分析:要仔細(xì)分析語境,完形填空題絕不可以脫離語境填空。由前面的daytime提示可知,白天應(yīng)該醒著。下文“Walking around the cabin can be of help.”也是提示,所以該空應(yīng)選awake。-13-A AB BMaybe youve lost your job.Maybe you didnt get the 1 i

13、n your job.Maybe your sweetheart 2 with you.People say “Dont take it personally” and “Dont let it get to you”, but thats very 3 to do.If youre feeling discouraged,4 are some strategies(策略) for making yourself feel better?Its pretty clear that 5 “Im the greatest!” or winning a prize along with every

14、other second-grade soccer player isnt a good way to 6 healthy self-respect.Then what can you do to feel better?Here are some 7 to follow.-14-A AB BDo a good deed.This is as selfish as it is selfless;youll 8 as much as the person youre helping.I had a friend who 9 a period of vast rejection:she was f

15、ired from her 10, she didnt get into the graduate program to which shed 11, and her boyfriend split up with her.Everything worked out fine 12, and I asked her how she got through such a(n)13 time.She said,“I was 14 addicted to doing good deeds for other people.It was the only way I could make myself

16、 feel like I wasnt a total loser.”Keep a resolution(決心).Not only will you benefit from exercising or 15 out your garage,but youll also get a boost(激勵) from the mere fact that you made a 16 and stuck to it.-15-A AB BBoost your 17.Studies show that when youre feeling energetic,youre much more likely t

17、o feel good about yourself.Most important:get enough sleep.Challenge yourself 18.This strategy doesnt work for me,but I know that many people feel great 19 white-water rafting,bungee jumping,or roller-coaster riding.For the less daring,a great run,or bike ride can do the 20.-16-A AB B1.A.promotion B

18、.giftC.match D.break2.A.kept upB.put upC.broke up D.made up3.A.easyB.hard C.dangerousD.pleasant4.A.whichB.howC.whereD.what5.A.hearingB.praising C.knowing D.repeating6.A.haveB.lose C.buildD.hurt7.A.ideasB.tipsC.plansD.methods8.A.benefitB.repayC.reject D.demand9.A.went throughB.came acrossC.looked for

19、D.waited for10.A.houseB.incident C.jobD.boss11.A.appealedB.listenedC.reactedD.applied-17-A AB B12.A.in the beginning B.in the endC.in a moment D.in a sense13.A.wonderful B.toughC.unforgettable D.busy14.A.practicallyB.hardlyC.carefullyD.unwillingly15.A.workingB.leavingC.findingD.cleaning16.A.bet B.di

20、fference C.promiseD.record17.A.energyB.confidenceC.courageD.ability18.A.mentallyB.physicallyC.successfullyD.naturally19.A.beforeB.uponC.untilD.after20.A.serviceB.business C.trickD.favour-18-A AB B【語篇導(dǎo)讀】本文為說明文。當(dāng)挫折和失敗讓自己感到心灰意冷、自我懷疑的時候,怎樣做才能恢復(fù)自尊、自信呢?1.A解析根據(jù)上下文可知,作者在列舉一些讓人感到不開心的事情。在職場中,沒能獲得晉升就是其中之一。A項“晉

21、升”;B項“禮物”;C項“比賽”;D項“休息”。2.C解析句意:或許你的心上人和你分手了。break up with sb.“與某人分手”;keep up with sb.“跟上某人”;put up with sb.“容忍某人”;make up with sb.“同某人言歸于好”。3.B解析句意:人們說“你別往心里去”“不要讓它對你產(chǎn)生影響”,但是那做起來卻很難?！癰ut”提示上下文存在轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,說明事情是說起來容易,但是做起來難(hard)。4.D解析句意:如果你覺得心灰意冷,有什么策略能讓你感覺好點(diǎn)呢?-19-A AB B5.D解析根據(jù)下文“Im the greatest!”以及常理推斷,

22、在遭受挫敗的時候,人們往往對自己重復(fù)(repeating)說一些鼓勵的話,讓自己心情好起來。6.C解析句意:重復(fù)“我是最棒的!”或者在和其他二流足球隊員比賽時獲勝都不是建立健全的自尊的好方法。build此處意思是“建立”。7.B解析根據(jù)下文內(nèi)容可知,這是作者提出的幾點(diǎn)建議。tip常用來表示一些有用的小建議。A項“主意,想法”; C項“計劃”; D項“(系統(tǒng)的)方法”。8.A解析句意:你會和你所幫助的人受益同樣多。A項“得益于”;B項“償還”;C項“拒絕接受”;D項“要求”。9.A解析這里指經(jīng)歷了一系列嚴(yán)重的挫敗。A項“經(jīng)歷”;B項“偶然碰到”; C項“尋找”;D項“等候”。-20-A AB B

23、10.C解析此處意為“在工作中被解雇”。11.D解析此處意為“她申請讀研失敗”。D項applied符合題意。12.B解析句意:一切最終都順利了。B項“最后,結(jié)果”;A項“起初”;C項“立刻,馬上”; D項“從某種意義上說”。13.B解析根據(jù)語境可知,她度過的是一段艱難的時期。14.A解析此處副詞practically相當(dāng)于almost,意思是“幾乎,差不多”。B項“幾乎不”;C項“仔細(xì)地”;D項“不情愿地”。15.D解析此處意為“鍛煉或者打掃車庫會讓你受益”。clean out “把徹底打掃干凈”;work out “計算出,解決”;leave out “遺漏;略去”;find out “找出

24、,查明”。16.C解析根據(jù)“Keep a resolution.”可知C項意義接近,即做出承諾并且信守承諾。make a promise “許諾”;make a bet “打賭”;make a difference “有影響;起作用”;make a record “錄制唱片”。-21-A AB B17.A解析根據(jù)下文語境以及“energetic”一詞的提示可知該段小標(biāo)題是Boost your energy.(養(yǎng)精蓄銳)。18.B解析根據(jù)下文提到的極限運(yùn)動可知,這里指Challenge yourself physically.(挑戰(zhàn)體能)。19.D解析此處意為很多人在進(jìn)行了激流皮劃艇運(yùn)動、蹦極或

25、乘坐過山車后感覺很好。20.C解析do the trick是固定短語,意思是“起作用;奏效;達(dá)到目的”。-22-A AB BIn Britain,people have different attitudes to the police.Most people generally 1 them and the job they doalthough there are certain people who do not believe that the police 2 have the power that they do.What does a policeman actually do?

26、It is not a(n) 3 job to describe.After all,a policeman has a number of jobs in 4.A policeman often has to control traffic,either 5 foot in the centre of a town,or in a police car on the roads.Indeed,in Britain,he might be in the Traffic Police and spend all,or a lot of,his time 6 up and down main ro

27、ads and motorways(高速公路).A traffic policeman has to help keep the traffic moving,stop 7 drivers and help when there is an accident.-23-A AB BA policeman has to help keep the 8, too.If there is a fight or some other disturbance,we 9 the police to come and restore(恢復(fù)) order.And they often have to 10 si

28、tuation at great risk to their own 11.We expect the police to solve crimes,of course.So an ordinary policeman,12 he is not a detective,will often have to help 13 and arrest criminals.And 14 do we call when there is an emergencyan air crash,a 15, a road accident,or a robbery?We call the police.16 a p

29、oliceman has to be 17 to face any unpleasant emergency that may happen in the 18 world.The police do an absolutely necessary job;they do it 19 well and I support them,but I do not envy policemen.I do not think that I could 20 do the job of a policeman.-24-A AB B1.A.dislikeB.joinC.appreciateD.admire2

30、.A.shouldB.wouldC.couldD.must3.A.funnyB.pleasant C.interestingD.easy4.A.itB.one C.his D.them5.A.onB.byC.underD.with6.A.walkingB.drivingC.wanderingD.running7.A.restedB.tiringC.speeding D.awake8.A.peaceB.silenceC.situation D.condition9.A.wait forB.see C.think ofD.expect10.A.turn toB.avoidC.deal with D

31、.treat11.A.safetyB.families C.futureD.friends12.A.alsoB.as ifC.however D.even if-25-A AB B13.A.get rid of B.question C.look for D.sentence14.A.howB.whereC.whatD.who15.A.power-failureB.fireC.thunderstorm D.thief16.A.YetB.ThenC.As D.So17.A.providedB.promised C.prepared D.presented18.A.futureB.modernC.

32、realD.past19.A.extremely B.speciallyC.surprisinglyD.particularly20.A.hardlyB.foreverC.everD.never-26-A AB B【語篇導(dǎo)讀】本文是一篇說明文,主要介紹了英國警察職責(zé)之所在。1.C解析根據(jù)最后一段的第一句可知,大部分人都還是欣賞警察這個職業(yè)和他們所做的工作的。故選C項。2.A解析根據(jù)語境和上文“In Britain,people have different attitudes to the police.”可推知,此處有人持反對的觀點(diǎn),認(rèn)為警察不應(yīng)該擁有那些他們現(xiàn)在所擁有的權(quán)力。故選A項。3.

33、D解析根據(jù)下文“After all,a policeman has a number of jobs.”可推知,警察的工作不是一句兩句可以說清楚的。故選D項。4.B解析根據(jù)語境可知,警察的工作是融許多工作為一體的。故選B項。5.A解析固定搭配on foot意為“徒步”,與“in a police car”呼應(yīng)。故選A項。-27-A AB B6.B解析根據(jù)上文“in a police car on the roads”可知,交警大部分時間驅(qū)車在路上巡查。故選B項。7.C解析根據(jù)語境“A traffic policeman has to help keep the traffic moving.”

34、 可推知,交警有職責(zé)阻止超速駕駛,故選C項。speeding “高速行駛的”。8.A解析根據(jù)下文“If there is a fight or some other disturbance,we 9 the police to come and restore(恢復(fù)) order.”可推知,警察有職責(zé)維護(hù)和平,避免打架斗毆或其他騷亂的發(fā)生。故選A項。9.D解析根據(jù)下文“We expect the police to solve crimes.”可知,此處表示我們在遇到擾亂事件時會期望(expect)警察來幫忙處理。故選D項。-28-A AB B10.C解析根據(jù)上文“we 9 the polic

35、e to come and restore(恢復(fù)) order”可知,警察會幫助人們處理類似暴力事件,與下文“solve crimes”呼應(yīng)。故選C項。11.A解析根據(jù)上文“If there is a fight or some other disturbance.”可知,處理這樣的事件是有一定危險的,警察的安全也有可能受到威脅。故選A項。12.D解析根據(jù)語境可知,上下句表示邏輯上的讓步關(guān)系。再根據(jù)語意,故選D項。13.C解析由“detective”可知,此處表示幫助搜尋,然后逮捕罪犯。故選C項。14.D解析根據(jù)下文“We call the police.”可知,此處意為“當(dāng)發(fā)生時我們打電話給

36、誰?”故選D項。-29-A AB B15.B解析根據(jù)提示詞an emergency和文中所列舉的事件可知,fire符合語境,屬于近義復(fù)指。故選B項。16.D解析根據(jù)語境可知,上下句是邏輯上的因果關(guān)系,屬于語意承接。故選D項。17.C解析根據(jù)語境可知,警察要對一切可能的緊急狀況做好充分的準(zhǔn)備。故選C項。18.B解析根據(jù)語境可知,所有這些所列舉的緊急狀況都是發(fā)生在我們現(xiàn)代生活中的常見情景,與文中的現(xiàn)在時呼應(yīng)。故選B項。19.A解析與absolutely形成呼應(yīng)可知,警察工作做得很棒,故選A項。extremely “極端地,極其,非?！?。20.C解析I do not think這樣的句型本身就是一種否定轉(zhuǎn)移,故排除否定的選項。根據(jù)提示詞could可知,此處表示之前發(fā)生的事情,forever不合語境。故選C項。