考研考博-考博英語-哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)模擬考試題含答案22

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1、考研考博-考博英語-哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)模擬考試題含答案 1. 單選題 How did a lanky Danish vegetarian who wears T-shirts to important meetings and votes only for left-wing politicians become the great Satan of environmentalism? By telling everyone he is an environmentalist but sounding like the opposite. “We are not running out o

2、f energy or natural resources,” writes Bjorn Lomborg, 37, an associate professor of statistics at Denmark's University of Aarhus and a former member of Greenpeace, in his 1998 book The Skeptical Environmentalist. “Air and water around us are becoming less and less polluted. Mankind's lot has actuall

3、y improved in terms of practically every measurable indicator.” The book, which was published in English last year, became a best seller, and conservatives worldwide use its ideas to justify inaction on such issues as deforestation and global warming. "We should do something that actually does good

4、 and not sounds good,” he says of the expense of complying with the Kyoto Protocol on global warming. “For the cost of Kyoto for one year, we could give clean drinking water and sanitation to every human being on earth." Some scientists say they initially hoped to ignore Lomborg but in the wake of

5、his book’s popularity have reacted with a fury rarely seen in academia. Peter Raven, chairman of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, calls Lomborg “the prime example in our time of someone who distorts statistics and statements to meet his own political end.” A dozen esteemed en

6、vironmental scientists, including Raven and Harvard’s Edward O. Wilson, are demanding that Lomborg’s publisher cut him loose. “We are deeply disturbed that Cambridge University Press would publish and promote an error-filled, poorly referenced and non-peer-reviewed work,” they write in a letter call

7、ing on Cambridge to transfer publishing rights to a popular, non-scholarly press. The problem is, Lomborg gets many of his facts right --- and provides 2,930 footnotes to make them easy to check. Some scientists and environmental advocates have made exaggerated claims about environmental doom, and

8、it’s not surprising that they have finally been catalogued. Yet Lomborg is as guilty of exaggeration and selective use of data as those he criticizes. He is right that air and water quality and agricultural productivity have improved in much of the world. But to look at the data on global warming, b

9、iological diversity, marine depletion and deforestation and still say things are generally getting better takes a willful blindness. That’s why it’s a shame so many of the attacks on Lomborg rely on name calling. All that does is to avoid what could be a valuable debate on the substance of environme

10、ntal policy—and, of course, help Lomborg sell books. “I'm making a fair amount of money from the book,’’ says Lomborg, ‘‘A lot more than Cambridge thought, 1.Why is Bjorn Lamborg criticized by environmentalists? 2.We can learn from the text that The Skeptical Environmentalist is a book that（? ） .

11、 3.Conservatives worldwide share with Lomborg the same view that deforestation and global warming are （? ）. 4.The scientists, according to the text, demand that Cambridge University Press （ ） . 5.What does the author think of the criticism against Lomborg's book? 問題1選項 A.Because he has a

12、lways been against protecting the environment. B.Because he believes that environmental problems are becoming worse. C.Because he put forward a new hypothesis of protecting the world environment. D.Because he claims to be an environmentalist but doubts that environmental problems are as ser

13、ious as they used to be. 問題2選項 A.has attracted attention from both the public and the scholars B.has been neglected by the readers since its publication C.has been greatly praised by the readers since its publication D.has been greatly criticized by the readers since its publicati

14、on 問題3選項 A.getting worse and worse because nothing has been done about them B.getting better and better because much money has been spent on them C.not serious problems that should be solved at great cost at present D.serious problems that should be solved at any cost 問題4選項

15、 A.sell all the books to a popular, non-scholarly press, for the book is full of errors B.stop publishing the book and sell the publishing rights to a non-scholarly press, for the book is not an academic book C.stop publishing any books written by Lomborg, for he is not accepted by his peer

16、s transfer the publishing rights of the book to another press, for the book is not well referenced 問題5選項 A.It is not fair, for the book is well-referenced. B.It is fair and has been conducted in a good way. C.It prevents Lomborg from getting more money from the book. D.It should n

17、ot be name-calling but should be carried out in a way that could start a meaningful discussion on how to solve environmental problems. 【答案】第1題:D 第2題:A 第3題:C 第4題:B 第5題:D 【解析】1.根據(jù)文章第一段第一句How did a lanky Danish vegetarian who wears T-shirts to important meetings and votes only for left-wing p

18、oliticians become the great Satan of environmentalism?可知他遭到了環(huán)保主義者的反對；再根據(jù)下一句By telling everyone he is an environmentalist but sounding like the opposite. “We are not running out of energy or natural resources, “Air and water around us are becoming less and less polluted. Mankind's lot has actually im

19、proved in terms of practically every measurable indicator.”我們沒有耗盡能源或自然資源，” “我們周圍的空氣和水污染越來越少。實際上，人類的命運在每一個可衡量的指標(biāo)上都有所改善?！贝_定他表達自己是一個環(huán)保主義者，但是他的一些論點和看法與此相悖，所以遭到了很多環(huán)保主義者的反對，所以D選項‘因為他聲稱自己是一個環(huán)保主義者但是質(zhì)疑環(huán)境問題和以前一樣’正確。 2.根據(jù)第二段第一句The book, which was published in English last year, became a best seller, and conse

20、rvatives worldwide use its ideas to justify inaction.. 可知 這本書是一本暢銷書，全世界很多保守黨都關(guān)注了這本書；再由Some scientists say they initially hoped to ignore Lomborg but in the wake of his book’s popularity have reacted with a fury rarely seen in academia.可知很多的科學(xué)家也都關(guān)注了這本書，綜合分析確定A選項‘這本書受到了很多公眾以及專家學(xué)者的關(guān)注’符合題意。 3.根據(jù)第二段中的內(nèi)容

21、and conservatives worldwide use its ideas to justify inaction on such issues as deforestation and global warming. “We should do something that actually does good and not sounds good，一些保守黨根據(jù)這一觀點認為對于采伐森林和全球變暖這些問題并不嚴重，認為他們對于這些問題采取的不作為態(tài)度是正當(dāng)?shù)?，確定C選項“這個問題并不是一個需要花大成本去解決的嚴重問題” 符合題意。 4.根據(jù)文章第三段最后一句內(nèi)容“ We are

22、deeply disturbed that Cambridge University Press would publish and promote an error-filled, poorly referenced and non-peer-reviewed work, ’’ they write in a letter calling on Cambridge to transfer publishing rights to a popular, non-scholarly press.科學(xué)家呼吁劍橋大學(xué)出版社不應(yīng)該出版這樣的錯誤滿篇、參考不足、沒有先行評審的書籍，應(yīng)該把這本書出版權(quán)給一

23、個普遍的、非學(xué)術(shù)性的出版社，確定B選項‘停止出版這本書，把出版權(quán)賣給非學(xué)術(shù)出版社，因為這本書不是學(xué)術(shù)著作’符合正確。 5.根據(jù)最后一段內(nèi)容That's why it’s a shame so many of the attacks on Lomborg rely on name calling. All that does is to avoid what could be a valuable debate on the substance of environmental policy—and, of course, help Lomborg sell books. 這就是為什么如此多對

24、隆伯格的攻擊都是靠罵人來實現(xiàn)的。所有這些都是為了避免一場關(guān)于環(huán)境政策實質(zhì)內(nèi)容的有價值的辯論，當(dāng)然，也是為了幫助隆伯格賣書。確定作者認為對于Lomborg的攻擊只會使得他的書賣的更好，對于解決環(huán)境問題以及這樣有價值的研究討論是沒有作用的，所以D選項‘這不應(yīng)該是謾罵，而是應(yīng)該以一種能夠就如何解決環(huán)境問題展開有意義的討論的方式來進行‘符合題意。 2. 翻譯題 科學(xué)的最終目的是提供一種描繪整個宇宙的簡單理論。然而，大多科學(xué)家實際采用的方法是將這個問題分成兩個部分。第一部分是一些告知我們宇宙隨著時間的推移而變化的方式的規(guī)律。第二部分是對宇宙初始狀態(tài)的疑問。有些人認為科學(xué)只應(yīng)該關(guān)注第一

25、部分。他們把宇宙初始狀態(tài)的問題看成是玄學(xué)或宗教要回答的問題。 【答案】The ultimate aim of science is to obtain a simple theory which can describes the whole universe. However, most scientists in effect separate the issue into two parts. The first part is composed of laws how the universe changes with time. The second part co

26、nsists of the questions over the original state of the universe. Some people believe that science should only focus on the first part whereas the questions over the original state of the universe should be answered by metaphysics or religions. 3. 單選題 In the two decades between 1910 and 1930, o

27、ver ten percent of the Black population of the United States left the South, where the preponderance of the Black population had bee8n located, and migrated to northern states, with the largest number moving, it is claimed, between 1916 and 1918. It has been frequently assumed, but not proved, that

28、the majority of the migrants in what has come to be called the Great Migration came from rural areas and were motivated by two concurrent factors: the collapse of the cotton industry following the boll weevil infestation, which began in 1898, and increased demand in the North for labor following the

29、 cessation of European immigration caused by the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. This assumption has led to the conclusion that the migrants’ subsequent lack of economic mobility in the North is tied to rural background, a background that implies unfamiliarity with urban living and a lack o

30、f industrial skills. But the question of who actually left the South has never been rigorously investigated. Although numerous investigations document an exodus from rural southern areas to southern cities prior to the Great Migration, no one has considered whether the same migrants then moved on t

31、o northern cities. In 1910 over 600,000 Black workers, or ten percent of the Black work force, reported themselves to be engaged in “manufacturing and mechanical pursuits,” the federal census category encompassing the entire industrial sector. The Great Migration could easily have been made up entir

32、ely of this group and their families. It is perhaps surprising to argue that an employed population could be enticed to move, but an explanation lies in the labor conditions then prevalent in the South. About thirty-five percent of the urban Black population in the South was engaged in skilled trad

33、es. Some were from the old artisan class of slavery blacksmiths, masons, carpenters which had had a monopoly of certain trades, but they were gradually being pushed out by competition, mechanization, and obsolescence. The remaining sixty-five percent, more recently urbanized, worked in newly develop

34、ed industries tobacco, lumber, coal and iron manufacture, and railroads. Wages in the South, however, were low, and Black workers were aware, through labor recruiters and the Black press, that they could earn more even as unskilled workers in the North than they could as artisans in the South. After

35、 the boll weevil infestation, urban Black workers faced competition from the continuing influx of both Black and White rural workers, who were driven to undercut the wages formerly paid for industrial fobs. Thus, a move north would be seen as advantageous to a group that was already urbanized and st

36、eadily employed, and the easy conclusion tying their subsequent economic problems in the North to their rural background comes into question. 1.The author indicates explicitly that which of the following records has been a source of information in her investigation? 2.In the passage, the author an

37、ticipates which of the following as a possible objection to her argument? 3.According to the passage, which of the following is true of wages in southern cities in 1910? 4.The author cites each of the following as possible influences in a Black worker’s decision to migrate north in the Great Migra

38、tion EXCEPT（? ） . 5.It can be inferred from the passage that the “easy conclusion” mentioned in line 16 of the last paragraph is based on which of the following assumptions? 6.The primary purpose of the passage is to （? ）. 7.According to information in the passage, which of the following is

39、 a correct sequence of groups of workers, from highest paid to lowest paid, in the period between 1910 and 1930? 8.The material in the passage would be most relevant to a long discussion of which of the following topics? 問題1選項 A.United States Immigration Service reports from 1914 to 1930.

40、 B.Payrolls of southern manufacturing firms between 1910 and 1930. C.The volume of cotton exports between 1898 and 1910. D.The federal census of 1910. 問題2選項 A.It is uncertain how many people actually migrated during the Great Migration. B.The eventual economic status of the Gre

41、at Migration migrants has not been adequately traced. C.It is not likely that people with stead jobs would have reason to move to another area of the country. D.It is not true that the term “manufacturing and mechanical pursuits” actually encompasses the entire industrial sector. 問題3選項

42、 A.They were being pushed lower as a result of increased competition. B.They had begun to rise so that southern industry could attract rural workers. C.They had increased for skilled workers but decreased for unskilled workers. D.They had increased in large southern cities but decreased i

43、n small southern cities. 問題4選項 A.wage levels in northern cities B.labor recruiters C.competition from rural workers D.voting rights in northern states 問題5選項 A.People who migrate from rural areas to large cities usually do so for economic reasons. B.Most people who lea

44、ve rural areas to take jobs in cities return to rural areas as soon as it is financially possible for them to do so. C.People with rural backgrounds are less likely to succeed economically in cities than those with urban backgrounds. D.Most people who were once skilled workers are not willing

45、to work as unskilled workers. 問題6選項 A.Support an alternative to an accepted methodology B.Present evidence that resolves a contradiction C.Introduce a recently discovered source of information D.Challenge a widely accepted explanation 問題7選項 A.Artisans in the North; artis

46、ans in the South; unskilled workers in the North; unskilled workers in the south. B.Artisans in the North and South; unskilled workers in the North; unskilled workers in the South. C.Artisans in the North; unskilled workers in the North; artisans in the South. D.Artisans in the North and So

47、uth; unskilled urban workers in the North; unskilled rural workers in the South. 問題8選項 A.The reasons for the subsequent economic difficulties of those who participated in the Great Migration. B.The effect of migration on the regional economies of the United States following the First Wo

48、rld War. C.The transition from a rural to an urban existence for those who migrated in the GreatMigration. D.The transformation of the agricultural South following the boll weevil infestation 【答案】第1題:D 第2題:C 第3題:A 第4題:D 第5題:C 第6題:D 第7題:C 第8題:A 【解析】1.細節(jié)判斷題。根據(jù)文中第二段 “In 1910 over 600

49、,000 Black workers, or ten percent of the Black work force, reported themselves to be engaged in ‘manufacturing and mechanical pursuits,’ the federal census category encompassing the entire industrial sector. 1910年，超過60萬名黑人工人(占黑人勞動力的10%)自稱從事“制造業(yè)和機械制造業(yè)”，這是聯(lián)邦人口普查涵蓋整個工業(yè)部門的數(shù)據(jù)?！贝_定聯(lián)邦政府在1910年做了一次人口普查。D選項正確

50、。其他三項均未在文中提到。 2.推理判斷題。文章第二段末尾提到南方惡劣的務(wù)工條件致使很多有工作的人遷徙到北方。C選項‘擁有穩(wěn)定工作的人不太可能有理由搬到美國的另一個地區(qū)’與之相 矛盾。所以C選項符合題意。在文章第二段開頭作者提到，人們從來沒有真正調(diào)查過究竟 是些什么人遷徙出了南方，也沒有人知道在“大移民”之前的移民潮中是否也有人遷徙到北方一些城市。因此，A、B排除。很顯然，制造業(yè)和機械業(yè)不能包含整個工業(yè)領(lǐng)域。 所以D項排除。 3.細節(jié)判斷題。根據(jù)文中最后一段 “After the boll weevil infestation, urban Black workers faced comp

51、etition from the continuing influx of both Black and White rural workers, who were driven to undercut the wages formerly paid for industrial fobs在棉鈴象鼻蟲泛濫之后，城市黑人工人面臨著來自持續(xù)涌入的黑人和白人農(nóng)村工人的競爭，他們被迫降低了以前為工廠工人支付的工資”。確定A選項‘由于競爭加劇，它們的工資被壓低了‘符合題意。 4.細節(jié)判斷題。題目的意思是‘作者引用了以下盡可能在北方黑人工人決定遷移的影響在大遷移除外…….‘，D選項‘選舉權(quán)’并未在文章中

52、提到，符合題意。 5.推理判斷題。題目意思是‘從文章中可以推斷，最后一段第16行提到的“easy conclusion”是基于以下哪一個假設(shè)?’題目中“easy conclusion”指黑人遷徙到北方之后引起的經(jīng)濟問題和他們的農(nóng)村出身有關(guān)。文章第一段最后提到來自農(nóng)村的工人對城市生活不習(xí)慣和缺乏必要的技能可能會對北方的經(jīng)濟流動性產(chǎn)生影響。最后一段末尾作者指出“a move north would be seen as advantageous to a group that was already urbanized and steadily employed向北搬遷將被視為對一個已經(jīng)城市化、

53、就業(yè)穩(wěn)定的群體有利”。結(jié)合這兩處，可以得出C選項‘與城市背景的人相比，農(nóng)村背景的人在城市獲得經(jīng)濟成功的可能性更小?！项}意。 6.觀點態(tài)度題。本文第一段對“大移民”進行了簡單的描述，并引出了為 眾人所接受的結(jié)論，即黑人遷徙到北方之后引起的經(jīng)濟問題和他們的農(nóng)村出身有關(guān)。接下來作者開始反駁。第二段指出究竟是些什么人以及在大移民之前是否有人已經(jīng)遷徙到北方都無人考究。最后一段指出移居到北方的黑人中，有35%的人是技能型工人，而另 外的65%的人從事于新興產(chǎn)業(yè)，他們都已經(jīng)變得更加城市化。最后總結(jié)對于一些已經(jīng)適應(yīng)城市生活和能容易找到工作的人來說，他們遷徙到北方將是有利的，并提出黑人遷徙到北方之后引起的

54、經(jīng)濟問題和他們的農(nóng)村出身有關(guān)是有待考究的。本文的寫作目的是D 選項“對廣為接受的結(jié)論提出挑戰(zhàn)”。 7.事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)文章第三段“they could earn more even as unskilled workers in the North than they could as artisans in the South. 即使是北方的非技術(shù)工人，他們也能比南方的工匠掙得更多”。因此可以得知工資最高的應(yīng)該是Artisans in the North,其次是 unskilled workers in the North,然后是 artisans in the South,最后是 uns

55、killed workers in the North.所以C選項 符合題意。 8.主旨大意題。本文主要是反駁黑人遷徙到北方之后引起的經(jīng)濟問題和他們的農(nóng)村出身有關(guān)這樣一個結(jié)論。大篇幅闡述了大移民運動后北方經(jīng)濟問題產(chǎn)生的原因。因此A選項‘參與大遷移的人后來經(jīng)濟困難的原因’符合題意。 4. 單選題 It was a brief, shining moment in Egypt’s history—a time of epochal change presided over by a Pharaoh named Akhenaten and his beautiful wife

56、Nefertiti. During his 17-year reign the old gods were cast aside, monotheism was introduced, and the arts liberated from their stifling rigidity. Even Egypt’s capital was moved to a new city along the Nile called Akhetaten (modern Amarna). But like Camelot, it was short-lived, and its legacy was bur

57、ied in the desert sands. Now Akhenaten’s 3,400-year-old world has been brilliantly recalled in an exhibit titled “Pharaohs of the Sun: Akhenaten, Nefertiti, Tutankhamen,” which opens this week at Boston’s Museum of Fine Arts. Part of the city’s eight-month tribute to ancient Egypt (operas, ballet a

58、nd an IMAX film), it is a unique assemblage of more than 250 objects from Egypt’s 18th dynasty, some of which have languished unseen in storerooms and private collections for decades. They range from larger-than-life statues of Akhenaten to exquisitely sculpted reliefs and dazzling jewelry to such p

59、oignant reminders of everyday life as a perfectly preserved child’s sandal. The exhibit illuminates a murky period in Egyptian history that curator Rita Freed describes as having “all the elements of a soap opera.” When Amenhotep IV, as he was originally called, ascended the throne in 1353 B.C., Eg

60、ypt was a flourishing empire, at peace with its neighbors. Yet there were troubling signs. His father Amenhotep III had already challenged the powerful priesthood by proclaiming the sun god Aten as foremost among Egyptian deities and himself as his living incarnation. His son shook things up even m

61、ore, not only changing his name to honor the new god (Akhenaten means “one who serves Aten”) but also banishing the older gods, especially the priestly favorite Amen. Some scholars believe Akhenaten’s monotheism, a historic first, inspired the Hebrew prophets, but it had the more immediate effect of

62、 freeing Egypt’s artists. They could now portray the Pharaoh and the voluptuous Nefertiti (who may have shared the throne with him) in a far more casual, realistic way. Akhenaten’s cone-shaped head, elongated face, fingers and toes, pot belly and flaring hips have led some scholars to suggest that h

63、e had hydrocephalus or Marfan’s syndrome. He was certainly a revolutionary, propelled either by madness or by great vision. Still, his changes did not endure. After his death, his son-in-law (and perhaps son) Tutankhamen moved the political and religious capitals back to Memphis and Thebes respecti

64、vely and reinstated the old gods. Egyptian art returned to its classic, ritualized style. And like Camelot, Akhenaten’s once bustling capital became only a mythic memory. “Pharaohs of the Sun” will remain in Boston until February, then travel to Los Angeles, Chicago and Leiden, the Netherlands. 26.

65、 Which of the following event did not happen during Akhenaten’s reign over Egypt? 27. We can learn from the text that in Boston, many activities are held as tribute to ancient Egypt except ______. 28. The views of Akhenaten and his father on the sun god Aten are ______. 29. Tutankhamen, according

66、 to the text, probably ______. 30. What can we learn about the exhibit on ancient Egypt’s 18th dynasty? 問題1選項 A.He banished the older gods. B.People had to worship one god—the sun god Aten. C.Egyptian artists suffered from a more casual, realistic way of portraying. D.He built a new capital along the Nile. 問題2選項 A.pageant B.ballet C.operas D.movie 問題3選項 A.opposite B.controversial C.complementary D.similar 問題4選項 A.moved the polit