X-Y數控銑床工作臺設計-工作臺面300×500mm含6張CAD圖
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外文資料
Machine tool numerical control reforms
First, CNC systems and the development trend of history
1946 birth of the world's first electronic computer, which shows that human beings created to enhance and replace some of the mental work tools. It and human agriculture, industrial society in the creation of those who merely increase compared to manual tools, from a qualitative leap for mankind's entry into the information society laid the foundation. Six years later, in 1952, computer technology applied to the machine in the United States was born first CNC machine tools. Since then, the traditional machine produced a qualitative change. Nearly half a century since the CNC system has experienced two phases and six generations of development.
1.1, Numerical Control (NC) phase (1952 to 1970)
Early computer's computational speed low and the prevailing scientific computing and data processing is not affected, but can not meet the requirements of real-time control machine. People have to use digital logic circuit "tied" into a single machine as a dedicated computer numerical control system, known as the hardware connection NC (HARD-WIRED NC), called the Numerical Control (NC). With the development of components of this phase after three generations, that is, in 1952 the first generation - tube; 1959 of the second generation - transistor; 1965 of the third generation - small-scale integrated circuits.
1.2, Computer Numerical Control (CNC) phase (1970 to present)
To 1970, GM has been a small computer and mass-produced. So it transplant system as the core component of NC, have entered a Computer Numerical Control (CNC) stage (in front of the computer should be "universal" word omitted). To 1971, the United States INTEL company in the world will be the first time the two most core computer components - computing and controller, a large-scale integrated circuit technology integration in a chip, called the microprocessor (MICROPROCESSOR) , also known as the central processing unit (CPU).
1974 microprocessor to be used in CNC system. This is because the function of the computer is too small to control a machine tool capacity affluent (the time has been used to control more than one machine, called Group Control), as a reasonable economic use of the microprocessor. Minicomputer reliability and then not ideal. Early microprocessor speed and functionality while still not high enough, but can be adopted to solve the multi-processor architecture. As microprocessor core is a general computer components, it is still known as the CNC.
By 1990, PC machines (personal computers, domestic habits that computer) performance has been developed to a high stage, as a CNC system to meet the requirements of the core components. NC system based on PC has now entered the stage.
In short, CNC has also experienced a stage three generations. That is, in 1970's fourth generation - small computer; 1974 of the fifth generation - microprocessors and the sixth-generation 1990 - Based on the PC (called PC-BASED abroad).
Also pointed out that, although the foreign computer has been renamed NC (CNC), but China still customary said Numerical Control (NC). Therefore, we stress the day-to-day "NC", in essence, is that "computer numerically controlled."
1.3, the trend of future development of NC
1.3.1 continue to open, the sixth generation of PC-based development
Based on the PC with the open, low-cost, high reliability, rich in resources such as hardware and software features, and more CNC system manufacturers will embark on this path. At least it used PC as a front-end machine, to deal with the human-machine interface, programming, networking and communications problems, the former NC Some systems have the mandate. PC machine with the friendly interface, will be universal to all CNC system. Remote communications, remote diagnostics and maintenance will be more widespread.
1.3.2 high-speed and high-precision Development
This is to adapt to high-speed and high-precision machine tools to the needs of the development direction.
1.3.3 intelligent direction to the development
With artificial intelligence in the computer field infiltration and the continuing development of the intelligent numerical control system will be continuously improved.
（1）adaptive control technology
CNC system can detect some important information in the process, and automatically adjust system parameters to improve the system running state purposes.
（2）the introduction of expert guidance processing system
the experience of skilled workers and experts, processing and the general rules of law of special deposit system, the process parameters to the database as the foundation, and establish artificial intelligence expert system.
（3）introduction of Fault Diagnosis Expert System
（4）intelligent digital servo drives
Automatic Identification can load, and automatically adjust parameters to get the best drive system operation.
Second, CNC of the need for transformation
2.1, microscopic view of the necessity of
From the micro perspective, CNC machine tools than traditional machines have the following prominent superiority, and these advantages are from the NC system includes computer power.
2.1.1 can be processed by conventional machining is not the curve, surface and other complex parts
Because computers are superb computing power can be accurately calculated instantaneous each coordinate axis movement exercise should be instantaneous, it can compound into complex curves and surfaces.
2.1.2 automated processing can be achieved, but also flexible automation to increase machine efficiency than traditional 3 to 7 times.
Because computers are memory and storage capacity, can be imported and stored procedures remember down, and then click procedural requirements to implement the order automatically to achieve automation. CNC machine tool as a replacement procedures, we can achieve another work piece machining automation, so that single pieces and small batch production can be automated, it has been called "flexible automation."
2.1.3 high precision machining parts, the size dispersion of small, easy to assemble, no longer needed "repair."
2.1.4 processes can be realized more focused, in part to reduce the frequent removal machine.
2.1.5 have automatic alarm, automatic control, automatic compensation, and other self-regulatory functions, thus achieving long unattended processing.
2.1.6 derived from the benefits of more than five.
Such as: reducing the labor intensity of the workers, save the labor force (one can look after more than one machine), a decrease of tooling, shorten Trial Production of a new product cycle and the production cycle, the market demand for quick response, and so on.
These advantages are our predecessors did not expect, is a very major breakthrough. In addition, CNC machine tools or the FMC (Flexible Manufacturing Cell), FMS (flexible manufacturing system) and CIMS (Computer Integrated Manufacturing System), and other enterprises, the basis of information transformation. NC manufacturing automation technology has become the core technology and basic technology.
2.2, the macro view of the necessity
From a macro perspective, the military industrial developed countries, the machinery industry, in the late 1970s, early 1980s, has begun a large-scale application of CNC machine tools. Its essence is the use of information technology on the traditional industries (including the military, the Machinery Industry) for technological transformation. In addition to the manufacturing process used in CNC machine tools, FMC, FMS, but also included in the product development in the implementation of CAD, CAE, CAM, virtual manufacturing and production management in the implementation of the MIS (Management Information System), CIMS, and so on. And the products that they produce an increase in information technology, including artificial intelligence and other content. As the use of information technology to foreign forces, the depth of Machinery Industry (referred to as information technology), and ultimately makes their products in the international military and civilian products on the market competitiveness of much stronger. And we in the information technology to transform traditional industries than about 20 years behind developed countries. Such as possession of machine tools in China, the proportion of CNC machine tools (CNC rate) in 1995 to only 1.9 percent, while Japan in 1994 reached 20.8 percent, every year a large number of imports of mechanical and electrical products. This also explains the macro CNC transformation of the need.
Third， the choice of NC System
NC system are the three major types of transformation, in accordance with specific circumstances Choose.
3.1, stepper motor drive the open-loop system
The servo drive system is stepper motor, stepper motor power, such as electro-hydraulic pulse motor. NC system by sending commands to the progress of pulse, the drive control and power amplifier circuit, the stepper motor rotate through the gears with ball screw drive of the implementation of parts. As long as control commands the number of pulses, frequency and electricity sequence can control the implementation of parts of the displacement movement, speed and direction of movement. Such a system does not require the test will be the actual position and velocity feedback to the input, so called open-loop system, the system accuracy of the displacement in the major decisions of the stepper motor angular displacement accuracy, transmission gear and other components of the leads crew pitch accuracy, the accuracy of the lower displacement. The system is simple, convenient debugging maintenance, reliable, low cost, easy modification success.
3.2, or asynchronous motor DC Motor Drive, grating feedback loop measurement NC system
And the open-loop system is the difference between a system: from the grating, such as position sensors for simultaneous detection device measured the actual position feedback signals, at any time and to compare the value will be the difference between the two enlarge and change, driven implementing agencies , given the speed of elimination of bias towards the direction of movement, until a given position feedback and the actual location of the margin of zero. Feed the closed-loop system in the structure than to the open-loop system into the complex, high-cost, strict requirements on the environment at room temperature. Design and debugging difficult than open-loop system. However, can be compared to the open-loop system into higher accuracy, faster speed, greater power drive characteristic indicators. Under the technological requirements and decide whether or not to adopt this system.
3.3, AC / DC servo motor drive, the semi-encoder feedback loop NC system
Semi-closed-loop system detection devices installed in the middle of transmission, the implementation of indirect measurement components position. It can only be part of the internal loop compensation system components of the error and, therefore, it compared the accuracy of the closed-loop system of low accuracy, but its structure and debug than simple closed-loop system. Will be in the angular displacement detection devices and speed detection devices and make a servo motor when there was no need to consider the overall position of the installation of detection devices.
NC system for the current production companies more manufacturers, such as the famous German company SIEMENS, Japan FANUC companies; Everest domestic companies such as China, Beijing Aerospace CNC System Corporation, Shenyang and the central high-grade companies NC National Engineering Research Center.
NC selection system is based mainly CNC machine modified to achieve the various precision, motor-driven power and user requirements.
Fourth, the transformation of NC modification of the main mechanical components
A new CNC machine tools in the design to achieve: a high static and dynamic stiffness of movement of the friction coefficient between small, transmission without clearance; big power; easy operation and maintenance. CNC transformation should be possible to achieve the above requirements. NC devices that can not be connected together with the general machine tools to reach the requirements of the NC machine tool, should also be major components corresponding to the transformation of up to a certain design requirements can be anticipated adaptation.
4.1, sliding Guideway
On the NC lathe, in addition to a general guide lathes and precision of sexual orientation, but also a good Naimaca, wear characteristics, and reduce the frictional resistance to the death zone. At the same time there must be enough stiffness to reduce rail deformation on the impact of machining accuracy, a reasonable guide protection and lubrication.
4.2, deputy Gear
General Machine concentrated in the main gear box and gearbox in the spindle. In order to ensure transmission accuracy, the use of CNC machine tool accuracy of gear higher grades than the general machine tools. In the structure must be able to achieve seamless transmission, thus transforming, machine main gear must meet the requirements of CNC machine tools, in order to ensure accuracy machining.
4.3, and the ball screw sliding leadscrew
Screw-drive directly related to the transmission chain accuracy. Screw selection depends largely on the accuracy of the processing of requests and drag torque requirements. Accuracy is the main requirement of processing may be sliding Screw, but should check the leadscrew wear, such as pitch and pitch error accumulated error and match Nut Gap. Sliding leadscrew general should not be less than six, the nut is too large gap replacement nut. The use of a sliding leadscrew relatively lower prices of ball screw, but it is difficult to meet the high precision machining.
Ball screw friction losses small, high efficiency, the transmission efficiency of more than 90% of high accuracy, long life; starting torque and the torque of close campaigns, starting torque motor can be reduced. So to meet high precision machining requirements.
4.4, security
Efficiency must be security as the prerequisite. Machine transformation in the light of the actual situation, we should take corresponding measures must not be ignored. Ball screw is sophisticated components, work to prevent dust particular chip and hard sand into the raceway. Screw in the vertical can also increase overall plate shields. And the extension units at both ends of the sliding contact surface Guide to seal well, absolutely rigid Coarse prevent the entry of foreign matter sliding surface damage Guide.
Fifth, several examples of NC
1, use of X53 milling SIEMENS 810M
1998, the company invested 200,000 yuan, with Germany's Siemens 810 M CNC system, 611 A AC servo drive system for the company's X53 as a model of the milling machine for X, Y, Z three-axis NC transformation of the original reservation Spindle and cooling systems; transformation of the three-axis machine used in the roller screw and gear drive mechanism. Transformation of the entire work includes mechanical design, electrical design, PLC and the establishment of procedures for debugging, machine overhaul and, finally, the components are installed and debug. Milling After the transformation, processing effective itinerary X / Y / Z-axis respectively 880/270/280 mm; maximum speed X / Y / Z-axis respectively 5000/1500/800 mm / min; manual speed X / Y / Z-axis respectively 3000/1000/500 mm / min; machining accuracy of ± 0.001mm. Coordinate machine can be linked to complete all kinds of complex curves and surfaces processing.
2, and Step by GSK980T driven system of the C6140 Lathe
1999, the company invested 80,000 yuan, a Guangzhou NC plant production GSK980T NC system, DY3 hybrid stepping drive unit for the company's C6140 longer a lathe X and Z axes to transform the two retention The main axis of the original system and the cooling system; transformation of the two-axis machine used in the roller screw and belt drive mechanism. Transformation of the entire work includes mechanical design, electrical design, machine overhaul and the components are installed and debug. Lathe After the transformation, processing effective itinerary X / Z-axis respectively 390/1400 mm; maximum speed X / Z-axis respectively 1200/3000 mm / min; manual speed of 400 mm / min; manual for the rapid X / Z-axis respectively for the 1200/3000 mm / min; machine smallest mobile units of 0.001 mm.
3, and GSK980T with AC servo drive system of the C6140 Lathe
2000, NC plant in Guangzhou with production GSK980T NC system, DA98 AC servo unit and 4-position automatic tool carrier of a motor factory lathe C6140-X, Z two-axis NC transformation of the original reservation the spindle and cooling systems; transformation of the two-axis machine used in the roller screw and belt drive mechanism. Transformation of the entire work includes mechanical design, electrical design, machine overhaul and the components are installed and debug. Lathe After the transformation, processing effective itinerary X / Z-axis respectively 390/730 mm; maximum speed X / Z-axis respectively 1200/3000 mm / min; manual speed of 400 mm / min; manual for the rapid X / Z-axis respectively for the 1200/3000 mm / min; machine smallest mobile units of 0.001 mm.
4, use of X53 milling SIEMENS 802S
2000, the company invested 120,000 yuan, with Germany's Siemens 802 S CNC system, stepping drive system for the company's another model of the X53 milling machine for X, Y, Z three-axis NC transformation of the original reservation Spindle and cooling systems; transformation of the three-axis machine used in the roller screw and gear drive mechanism. Transformation of the entire work includes mechanical design, electrical design, machine overhaul and, finally, the components are installed and debugged . Milling After the transformation, processing effective itinerary X / Y / Z-axis respectively 630/240/280mm; maximum speed X / Y / Z-axis respectively 3000/1000/600mm / min; manual feed rate X / Y / Z-axis respectively 2000/800/500mm / min; smallest mobile units of 0.001mm.
中文翻譯
機床數控改造
一、數控系統(tǒng)發(fā)展簡史及趨勢
1946年誕生了世界上第一臺電子計算機，這表明人類創(chuàng)造了可增強和部分代替腦力勞動的工具。它與人類在農業(yè)、工業(yè)社會中創(chuàng)造的那些只是增強體力勞動的工具相比，起了質的飛躍，為人類進入信息社會奠定了基礎。6年后，即在1952年，計算機技術應用到了機床上，在美國誕生了第一臺數控機床。從此，傳統(tǒng)機床產生了質的變化。近半個世紀以來，數控系統(tǒng)經歷了兩個階段和六代的發(fā)展。
1.1、數控（NC）階段（1952～1970年）
早期計算機的運算速度低，對當時的科學計算和數據處理影響還不大，但不能適應機床實時控制的要求。人們不得不采用數字邏輯電路"搭"成一臺機床專用計算機作為數控系統(tǒng)，被稱為硬件連接數控（HARD-WIRED NC），簡稱為數控（NC）。隨著元器件的發(fā)展，這個階段歷經了三代，即1952年的第一代--電子管；1959年的第二代--晶體管；1965年的第三代--小規(guī)模集成電路。
1.2、計算機數控（CNC）階段（1970年～現在）
到1970年，通用小型計算機業(yè)已出現并成批生產。于是將它移植過來作為數控系統(tǒng)的核心部件，從此進入了計算機數控（CNC）階段（把計算機前面應有的"通用"兩個字省略了）。到1971年，美國INTEL公司在世界上第一次將計算機的兩個最核心的部件--運算器和控制器，采用大規(guī)模集成電路技術集成在一塊芯片上，稱之為微處理器（MICROPROCESSOR），又可稱為中央處理單元（簡稱CPU）。
到1974年微處理器被應用于數控系統(tǒng)。這是因為小型計算機功能太強，控制一臺機床能力有富裕（故當時曾用于控制多臺機床，稱之為群控），不如采用微處理器經濟合理。而且當時的小型機可靠性也不理想。早期的微處理器速度和功能雖還不夠高，但可以通過多處理器結構來解決。由于微處理器是通用計算機的核心部件，故仍稱為計算機數控。
到了1990年，PC機（個人計算機，國內習慣稱微機）的性能已發(fā)展到很高的階段，可以滿足作為數控系統(tǒng)核心部件的要求。數控系統(tǒng)從此進入了基于PC的階段。
總之，計算機數控階段也經歷了三代。即1970年的第四代--小型計算機；1974年的第五代--微處理器和1990年的第六代--基于PC（國外稱為PC-BASED）。
還要指出的是，雖然國外早已改稱為計算機數控（即CNC）了，而我國仍習慣稱數控（NC）。所以我們日常講的"數控"，實質上已是指"計算機數控"了。
1.3、數控未來發(fā)展的趨勢
1.3.1 繼續(xù)向開放式、基于PC的第六代方向發(fā)展
基于PC所具有的開放性、低成本、高可靠性、軟硬件資源豐富等特點，更多的數控系統(tǒng)生產廠家會走上這條道路。至少采用PC機作為它的前端機，來處理人機界面、編程、聯(lián)網通信等問題，由原有的系統(tǒng)承擔數控的任務。PC機所具有的友好的人機界面，將普及到所有的數控系統(tǒng)。遠程通訊，遠程診斷和維修將更加普遍。
1.3.2向高速化和高精度化發(fā)展
這是適應機床向高速和高精度方向發(fā)展的需要。
1.3.3向智能化方向發(fā)展
隨著人工智能在計算機領域的不斷滲透和發(fā)展，數控系統(tǒng)的智能化程度將不斷提高。
（1）應用自適應控制技術
數控系統(tǒng)能檢測過程中一些重要信息，并自動調整系統(tǒng)的有關參數，達到改進系統(tǒng)運行狀態(tài)的目的。
將熟練工人和專家的經驗，加工的一般規(guī)律和特殊規(guī)律存入系統(tǒng)中，以工藝參數數據庫為支撐，建立具有人工智能的專家系統(tǒng)。
（2）引入專家系統(tǒng)指導加工
（3）引入故障診斷專家系統(tǒng)
（4）智能化數字伺服驅動裝置
可以通過自動識別負載，而自動調整參數，使驅動系統(tǒng)獲得最佳的運行。
二、機床數控化改造的必要性
2.1、微觀看改造的必要性
從微觀上看，數控機床比傳統(tǒng)機床有以下突出的優(yōu)越性，而且這些優(yōu)越性均來自數控系統(tǒng)所包含的計算機的威力。
2.1.1 可以加工出傳統(tǒng)機床加工不出來的曲線、曲面等復雜的零件。
由于計算機有高超的運算能力，可以瞬時準確地計算出每個坐標軸瞬時應該運動的運動量，因此可以復合成復雜的曲線或曲面。
2.1.2 可以實現加工的自動化，而且是柔性自動
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