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山東大學畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）
摘要
隨著人工智能在計算機領(lǐng)域的滲透和發(fā)展，數(shù)控系統(tǒng)引入自適應(yīng)控制﹑模糊系統(tǒng)和神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的控制機理，不但具有自動編程﹑前饋控制﹑模糊控制﹑學習控制﹑自適應(yīng)控制﹑工藝參數(shù)自動生成﹑三維刀具補償﹑運動參數(shù)動態(tài)補償?shù)裙δ?，而且人機截面極為友好，并且有故障診斷專家系統(tǒng)使自診斷和故障監(jiān)控功能更趨完善。伺服系統(tǒng)智能化的主軸交流驅(qū)動和智能化進給伺服裝置，能自動識別負載并自動優(yōu)化調(diào)整參數(shù)。直線電機驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)以使用化。
三坐標數(shù)控銑床的進給運動是數(shù)字控制的直接對象，不論點位控制還是連續(xù)控制，被加工工件的最后坐標精度和輪廓精度都受到進給運動的傳動精度﹑靈敏度和穩(wěn)定性的影響。為此，要注意以下三點進給運動要求：
(1) 減少運動件的摩擦力。進給系統(tǒng)雖有許多元件，但摩擦阻力主要來自絲杠和導(dǎo)軌,絲杠和導(dǎo)軌結(jié)構(gòu)的滾動化是減少摩擦的重要措施之一。
(2) 提高傳動精度和剛度。在進給系統(tǒng)中滾珠絲杠和支承結(jié)構(gòu)是決定其傳動精度和剛度的主要部件，因此，必須首先保證它們的加工精度。
(3) 減少運動慣量。進給系統(tǒng)中每個元件的慣量對伺服機構(gòu)的啟動和制動特性都有直接的影響,尤其是處于高速運轉(zhuǎn)的零件，其慣性的影響更大。
設(shè)計是在原有普通銑床的基礎(chǔ)上,對其進行改造,成為三坐標數(shù)控銑床。該機床能通過三軸聯(lián)動，實現(xiàn)曲線直線等不同的加工路線。
所設(shè)計的三坐標數(shù)控銑床，三個坐標方向的移動均由步進電機帶動，主軸電機采用交流電機，所有電機均由單片機進行控制。
此設(shè)計主要對數(shù)控銑床的機構(gòu)進行設(shè)計，了解單片機的工作原理，主要有以下幾個方面：X、Y、Z工作臺的傳動機構(gòu)設(shè)計，主要是滾珠絲杠的運用；機床整體結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計，了解優(yōu)缺點，充分考慮主要矛盾，擇優(yōu)選??；單片機控制系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計，進一步熟悉其應(yīng)用。
關(guān)鍵詞： 三坐標銑床， 設(shè)計計算， 控制系統(tǒng)， 編程
ABSTRACT
As the field of artificial intelligence in computer penetration and development, the introduction of Adaptive Control, CNC fuzzy systems and neural network control mechanism, not only has the automatic feedforward control programming ,Learning Control, Fuzzy Control, Adaptive Control, Parameter Automatic generated three-dimensional tool compensation,features such as motion parameters of dynamic compensation, and human-machine section is extremely friendly, and there is fault diagnosis expert system enables self-diagnosis and fault monitoring functions even better. AC spindle servo system of intelligent servo drive and intelligence into the device can automatically identify the load and automatically adjust the parameters optimized.
Linear motor drive system to use the technology.
D NC milling machine is digitally controlled feed motion of the direct object, regardless of position control or continuous control, the final coordinates of the workpiece to be machined precision and contour accuracy are subject to the movement of the drive into the accuracy of the sensitivity and stability. To this end, we should note the following three feed motion requirements:
(1) Reduce the moving parts of the friction. Although many components into a system, but mainly from the screw and guide rail friction, screw and rolling guide structure is the one of the important measures to reduce friction.
(2) To improve transmission accuracy and rigidity. In the ball screw feed system and the supporting structure is the driving accuracy and rigidity of its major components, therefore, must first ensure their accuracy.
(3) Reduce the movement of inertia. Feed system inertia of each component of the servo start-up and braking characteristics have a direct impact, especially in high-speed operation of the parts, the inertia of more.
General milling machine in the original design is based on the conduct of its transformation into coordinate CNC milling machine. The three-axis machine tool through the linkage, and curve lines, such as different processing routes.
CNC milling machine designed to coordinate the three coordinate directions of movement by the step motor to drive the spindle motor AC motor, all motor control by the microcontroller.
The design of the main body of the CNC milling machine design, understanding of microcontroller works, mainly in the following areas: X, Y, Z table of the driving mechanism, mainly the use of ball screws; machine tool structural design, understanding of strengths and weaknesses, take full account of the principal contradiction, merit selection; microcomputer control system, become more familiar with their application.
Key words: coordinate milling machine, design and calculation, control systems, programming
目 錄
第1章 緒論 1
1.1 數(shù)控銑床的分類 1
1.2 數(shù)控銑床的組成及特征 2
1.3 數(shù)控銑床的主要功能及應(yīng)用 5
第2章 設(shè)計主要參數(shù)及基本思想 6
2.1 課題要求 6
2.2 設(shè)計原則 7
2.3 總結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計 7
第3章 立式數(shù)控銑床的設(shè)計和計算 9
3.1 主傳動系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計 9
3.2 主軸系統(tǒng)計算 14
3.3 進給伺服系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計 16
3.4 進給傳動的計算 18
第4章 微機控制系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計 30
4.1 微機控制系統(tǒng)組成及特點 30
4.2 微機控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)備介紹 31
4.3 程序部分 36
結(jié)論 40
參考文獻 41
致謝 42