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精鏜連桿大小端孔夾具設(shè)計(jì)
摘 要
連桿是發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)運(yùn)動(dòng)的主要關(guān)鍵件之一,它工作的穩(wěn)定性、可靠性對(duì)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的整機(jī)質(zhì)量至關(guān)重要,質(zhì)量輕、精度高的連桿,有助于降低發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的能耗和噪聲。本文在研究了國(guó)外內(nèi)燃機(jī)連桿的基礎(chǔ)上,根據(jù)我國(guó)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)連桿加工的現(xiàn)狀,以及連桿結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)和精度要求,分析了如何對(duì)連桿加工基準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行合理選擇;如何確定夾緊力的方向和著力點(diǎn);如何合理選擇各部位加工方式及工藝流程;給出了各工序加工余量的確定方法;并重點(diǎn)分析了影響連桿加工精度的主要原因。從對(duì)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)連桿機(jī)械加工工藝過程、加工余量和工序尺寸的計(jì)算、發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)連桿的鏜孔質(zhì)量和發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)連桿脹斷工藝等方面進(jìn)行了深入的分析和研究,為連桿的生產(chǎn)提供了理論依據(jù)。
關(guān)鍵詞: 變形;鏜孔夾具設(shè)計(jì);連桿;加工工藝;
ABSTRACT
Diesel engine connecting rod is the key piece of sports, it works the stability, reliability is critical to the quality of the diesel engine machine, light weight, high precision, connecting rod, help reduce energy consumption and engine noise. Based on the study abroad on the basis of engine connecting rods, connecting rod according to the status of China diesel engine, and link structure, characteristics and accuracy analysis of how the baseline of the connecting rod reasonable choice; how to determine the direction of clamping force and focus; how to choose the parts of processing methods and process; shows the method for determining the allowance of the procedure; and analyzed the accuracy of the main connecting rod. From the diesel engine connecting rod machining process, the calculation of allowances and the process dimension, the connecting rod bore diesel engine connecting rod expansion of quality and technology and other aspects of off-depth analysis and research, provided for the connecting rod production theoretical basis.
Keyword: Connecting rod;Deformination;Processing technology;Design of clamping device boring
目 錄
1序 言 1
2夾具加工工藝 1
2.1結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn) 1
2.2主要技術(shù)要求 2
2.2.1大、小頭孔的尺寸精度、形狀精度 2
2.2.2連桿大頭孔兩端面對(duì)大頭孔中心線的垂直度…………………………………...2
2.2.3大、小頭孔軸心線在兩個(gè)互相垂直方向的平行度 2
2.2.4大、小頭孔兩端面的技術(shù)要求 2
2.2.5大、小頭孔中心距 2
2.3機(jī)械加工工藝過程 3
2.4材料和毛坯 3
3 夾具設(shè)計(jì) 4
3.1注意事項(xiàng) 5
3.2夾具設(shè)計(jì) 5
3.2.1定位基準(zhǔn)的選擇 5
3.2.2夾緊方案 5
3.2.3大、小孔夾具體設(shè)計(jì) 5
3.2.4年生產(chǎn)綱領(lǐng) 5
3.2.5工時(shí)定額的計(jì)算 6
3.2.6切削力及夾緊力的計(jì)算 6
3.2.7氣缸的選擇和設(shè)計(jì) 8
4 結(jié) 論 9
參考文獻(xiàn) 10
致 謝 11
中國(guó)地質(zhì)大學(xué)長(zhǎng)城學(xué)院2012屆畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)
1序 言
我們學(xué)完了大學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)課、加工,設(shè)計(jì)環(huán)節(jié)的技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)課、各項(xiàng)專業(yè)課之后進(jìn)行的。這是在進(jìn)行畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)之前所必須學(xué)習(xí)的必修課程。并對(duì)所學(xué)課程又進(jìn)行了一次深入的綜合性的總復(fù)習(xí),它在我們四年大學(xué)生活中占有非常重要的地位,本次課程設(shè)計(jì)意圖在與培養(yǎng)學(xué)生設(shè)計(jì)機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程的工程實(shí)踐能力,通過這次我將使我們獲得綜合運(yùn)用所學(xué)全部課程進(jìn)行機(jī)械制造工藝及結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)的基本能力。并綜合當(dāng)今社會(huì)情況,做出自己對(duì)機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)的理解和設(shè)計(jì)方向。
在設(shè)計(jì)的過程中,遇到非常多的問題,并一一在同學(xué),老師,網(wǎng)絡(luò)上尋求答案,最終能完成設(shè)計(jì),是得到各位幫助的肯定。
這次理論與實(shí)際的結(jié)合,大大的提高了我對(duì)機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)的理解,并對(duì)機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)有了一次全新的認(rèn)識(shí)。經(jīng)驗(yàn)上的欠缺,導(dǎo)致設(shè)計(jì)方面能力的限制,水平難以達(dá)到標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化,其中的許多不足,懇請(qǐng)各位老師給予指正。
2夾具加工工藝
2.1結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)
連桿是汽車發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)主要的傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)之一,它將活塞與曲軸連接起來,把作用于活塞頂部的膨脹氣體壓力傳給曲軸,使活塞的往復(fù)直線運(yùn)動(dòng)可逆的轉(zhuǎn)化為曲軸的回轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng),以輸出功率。連桿體及連桿蓋上的大頭孔用螺栓和螺母與曲軸裝在一起。為了減少磨損和便于維修,連桿的大頭孔內(nèi)裝有薄壁金屬軸瓦。軸瓦有鋼質(zhì)的底,底的內(nèi)表面澆有一層耐磨巴氏合金軸瓦金屬。在連桿體大頭和連桿蓋之間有一組墊片,可以用來補(bǔ)償軸瓦的磨損。連桿小頭用活塞銷與活塞連接。小頭孔內(nèi)壓入青銅襯套,以減少小頭孔與活塞銷的磨損,同時(shí)便于在磨損后進(jìn)行修理和更換。
在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)工作過程中,連桿受膨脹氣體交變壓力的作用和慣性力的作用,連桿除應(yīng)具有足夠的強(qiáng)度和剛度外,還應(yīng)盡量減小連桿自身的質(zhì)量,以減小慣性力的作用。連桿桿身一般都采用從大頭到小頭逐步變小的工字型截面形狀。為了保證發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)均衡,同一發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)中各連桿的質(zhì)量不能相差太大,因此,在連桿部件的大、小頭兩端設(shè)置了去不平衡質(zhì)量的凸塊,以便在稱量后切除不平衡質(zhì)量。連桿大、小頭兩端對(duì)稱分布在連桿中截面的兩側(cè)??紤]到裝夾、安放、搬運(yùn)等要求,連桿大、小頭的厚度相等(基本尺寸相同)。在連桿小頭的頂端設(shè)有油孔(或油槽),發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)工作時(shí),依靠曲軸的高速轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),把氣缸體下部的潤(rùn)滑油飛濺到小頭頂端的油孔內(nèi),以潤(rùn)滑連桿小頭襯套與活塞銷之間的擺動(dòng)運(yùn)動(dòng)副。
連桿的作用是把活塞和曲軸聯(lián)接起來,使活塞的往復(fù)直線運(yùn)動(dòng)變?yōu)榍幕剞D(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng),以輸出動(dòng)力。因此,連桿的加工精度將直接影響發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的性能,而工藝的選擇又是直接影響精度的主要因素。如圖:
2.2主要技術(shù)要求
該零件為發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)上的重要組成部分之一,其大頭孔和軸連接,小頭孔通過活塞銷和活塞連接,將作用于活塞的力傳給曲軸,又受曲軸驅(qū)動(dòng)面帶動(dòng)活塞。因此該連桿器將受到壓縮壓力,縱向彎曲應(yīng)力和拉應(yīng)力,故要求此連桿有較輕的重量、較高的強(qiáng)度,同時(shí)大小頭孔還有較高的耐磨性和互換性。
2.2.1連桿大頭孔兩端面對(duì)大頭孔中心線的垂直度
連桿大頭孔兩端面對(duì)大頭孔中心線的垂直度,影響到軸瓦的安裝和磨損,甚至引起燒傷;所以對(duì)它也提出了一定的要求:規(guī)定其垂直度公差等級(jí)應(yīng)不低于IT9(大頭孔兩端面對(duì)大頭孔的軸心線的垂直度在100 mm長(zhǎng)度上公差為0.08 mm)
2.2.2大、小頭孔兩端面的技術(shù)要求
連桿大、小頭孔兩端面間距離的基本尺寸相同,但從技術(shù)要求是不同的,大頭兩端面的尺寸公差等級(jí)為IT9,表面粗糙度Ra不大于0.8μm, 小頭兩端面的尺寸公差等級(jí)為IT12,表面粗糙度Ra不大于6.3μm。這是因?yàn)檫B桿大頭兩端面與曲軸連桿軸頸兩軸肩端面間有配合要求,而連桿小頭兩端面與活塞銷孔座內(nèi)檔之間沒有配合要求。連桿大頭端面間距離尺寸的公差帶正好落在連桿小頭端面間距離尺寸的公差帶中,這給連桿的加工帶來許多方便。
2.2.3大、小頭孔的尺寸精度、形狀精度
為了使大頭孔與軸瓦及曲軸、小頭孔與活塞銷能密切配合,減少?zèng)_擊的不良影響和便于傳熱。大頭孔公差等級(jí)為IT6,表面粗糙度Ra應(yīng)不大于0.4μm;大頭孔的圓柱度公差為0.012 mm,小頭孔公差等級(jí)為IT8,表面粗糙度Ra應(yīng)不大于3.2μm。小頭壓襯套的底孔的圓柱度公差為0.0025 mm,素線平行度公差為0.04/100 mm
2.2.4大、小頭孔中心距
大小頭孔的中心距影響到汽缸的壓縮比,即影響到發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的效率,所以規(guī)定了比較高的要求:210±0.03 mm。
2.2.5大、小頭孔軸心線在兩個(gè)互相垂直方向的平行度
兩孔軸心線在連桿軸線方向的平行度誤差會(huì)使活塞在汽缸中傾斜,從而造成汽缸壁磨損不均勻,同時(shí)使曲軸的連桿軸頸產(chǎn)生邊緣磨損,所以兩孔軸心線在連桿軸線方向的平行度公差較??;而兩孔軸心線在垂直于連桿軸線方向的平行度誤差對(duì)不均勻磨損影響較小,因而其公差值較大。兩孔軸心線在連桿的軸線方向的平行度在100 mm長(zhǎng)度上公差為0.04 mm;在垂直與連桿軸心線方向的平行度在100 mm長(zhǎng)度上公差為0.06 mm。
2.3機(jī)械加工工藝過程
綜上所述,對(duì)于連桿的尺寸精度、形狀精度以及位置精度的要求都很高,但是連桿的剛性比較差,容易產(chǎn)生變形,這就給連桿的機(jī)械加工帶來了很多困難,必須充分的重視。在連桿加工中有兩個(gè)主要因素影響加工精度:
連桿本身的剛度比較低,在外力(切削力、夾緊力)的作用下容易變形;還有就是連桿是模鍛件,孔的加工余量大,切削時(shí)將產(chǎn)生較大的殘余內(nèi)應(yīng)力,并引起內(nèi)應(yīng)力重新分布。
因此,在安排工藝進(jìn)程時(shí),就要把各主要表面的粗、精加工工序分開,即把粗加工安排在前,半精加工安排在中間,精加工安排在后面。這是由于粗加工工序的切削余量大,因此切削力、夾緊力必然大,加工后容易產(chǎn)生變形。粗、精加工分開后,粗加工產(chǎn)生的變形可以在半精加工中修正;半精加工中產(chǎn)生的變形可以在精加工中修正。這樣逐步減少加工余量,切削力及內(nèi)應(yīng)力的作用,逐步修正加工后的變形,就能最后達(dá)到零件的技術(shù)條件。各主要表面的工序安排如下:
第一步,粗銑、精銑、粗磨、精磨兩端面;第二步,鉆孔、擴(kuò)孔、鉸孔、精鏜(小頭)、壓入襯套后再精鏜;最后,擴(kuò)孔、粗鏜、半精鏜、精鏜、金剛鏜、珩磨(大頭孔)。一些次要表面的加工,則視需要和可能安排在工藝過程的中間或后面。
連桿的主要加工表面為大、小頭孔和兩端面,較重要的加工表面為連桿體和蓋的結(jié)合面及連桿螺栓孔定位面,次要加工表面為軸瓦鎖口槽、油孔、大頭兩側(cè)面及體和蓋上的螺栓座面等。
2.4材料和毛坯
連桿在工作中承受多向交變載荷的作用,要求具有很高的強(qiáng)度。因此,連桿材料一般采用高強(qiáng)度碳鋼和合金鋼;如45鋼、55鋼、40Cr、40CrMnB等。近年來也有采用球墨鑄鐵的,粉末冶金零件的尺寸精度高,材料損耗少,成本低。隨著粉末冶金鍛造工藝的出現(xiàn)和應(yīng)用,使粉末冶金件的密度和強(qiáng)度大為提高。因此,采用粉末冶金的辦法制造連桿是一個(gè)很有發(fā)展前途的制造方法。
連桿毛坯制造方法的選擇,主要根據(jù)生產(chǎn)類型、材料的工藝性(可塑性,可鍛性)及零件對(duì)材料的組織性能要求,零件的形狀及其外形尺寸,毛坯車間現(xiàn)有生產(chǎn)條件及采用先進(jìn)的毛坯制造方法的可能性來確定毛坯的制造方法。根據(jù)生產(chǎn)綱領(lǐng)為大量生產(chǎn),連桿多用模鍛制造毛坯。連桿模鍛形式有兩種,一種是體和蓋分開鍛造,另一種是將體和蓋鍛成—體。整體鍛造的毛坯,需要在以后的機(jī)械加工過程中將其切開,為保證切開后粗鏜孔余量的均勻,最好將整體連桿大頭孔鍛成橢圓形。相對(duì)于分體鍛造而言,整體鍛造存在所需鍛造設(shè)備動(dòng)力大和金屬纖維被切斷等問題,但由于整體鍛造的連桿毛坯具有材料損耗少、鍛造工時(shí)少、模具少等優(yōu)點(diǎn),故用得越來越多,成為連桿毛坯的一種主要形式??傊鞯姆N類和制造方法的選擇應(yīng)使零件總的生產(chǎn)成本降低,性能提高。
連桿的鍛造工藝過程,是將棒料在爐中加熱至1140~1200C0,先在輥鍛機(jī)上通過四個(gè)型槽進(jìn)行輥鍛制坯,然后在鍛壓機(jī)上進(jìn)行預(yù)鍛和終鍛,再在壓床上沖連桿大頭孔并切除飛邊。鍛好后的連桿毛坯需經(jīng)調(diào)質(zhì)處理,使之得到細(xì)致均勻的回火索氏體組織,以改善性能,減少毛坯內(nèi)應(yīng)力。為了提高毛坯精度,連桿的毛坯尚需進(jìn)行熱校正。
連桿必須經(jīng)過外觀缺陷、內(nèi)部探傷、毛坯尺寸及質(zhì)量等的全面檢查,方能進(jìn)入機(jī)械加工生產(chǎn)線。
3 大、小孔夾具設(shè)計(jì)
由連桿工作圖可知,連桿材料為45鋼,年產(chǎn)量25萬件。根據(jù)指導(dǎo)老師的要求,需設(shè)計(jì)一套精鏜大小端孔夾具。為了提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率,保證加工質(zhì)量,降低勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度,需要設(shè)計(jì)專用夾具。夾具圖如圖1:
圖 1
3.1注意事項(xiàng)
本夾具主要用來精鏜Φ70的大頭孔和Φ39的小頭孔,大頭孔的軸心線相對(duì)于小頭孔軸心線有一定的尺寸精度要求。由于本工序是精加工,在加工本道工序時(shí),主要應(yīng)考慮如何在保證鏜孔精度的前提下提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率,降低勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度。
3.2夾具設(shè)計(jì)
3.2.1定位基準(zhǔn)的選擇
在連桿機(jī)械加工工藝過程中,大部分工序選用連桿的一個(gè)指定的端面和小頭孔作為主要基面,并用大頭處指定一側(cè)的外表面作為另一基面。這是由于:端面的面積大,定位比較穩(wěn)定,用小頭孔定位可直接控制大、小頭孔的中心距。這樣就使各工序中的定位基準(zhǔn)統(tǒng)一起來,減少了定位誤差。因此,工件以大頭一側(cè)的外表面作主要定位基準(zhǔn)面,用支承板限制工件的三個(gè)自由度,其中大頭孔用定位銷(假銷)定心定位,限制工件的兩個(gè)自由度,另一小頭孔用錐形銷(假銷)消除工件的一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)自由度。
3.2.2夾緊方案
該零件是帶孔的盤狀零件,孔是其設(shè)計(jì)基準(zhǔn),為避免由于基準(zhǔn)不重合而產(chǎn)生誤差,應(yīng)選孔為定位基準(zhǔn)。大小端孔分別用斜楔夾緊機(jī)構(gòu),浮動(dòng)夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)夾緊。為了裝卸工件方便,采用氣動(dòng)夾緊工件。當(dāng)連桿定位夾緊后,再從大小頭孔中抽出“假銷”進(jìn)行加工。小孔兩側(cè)夾緊裝置。
如圖2:
圖2
3.2.3夾具體設(shè)計(jì)
夾具體的作用是將定位、夾具裝置連接成一體,并能正確安裝在機(jī)床上,加工時(shí),能承受一部分切削力。夾具體為鑄造件,安裝穩(wěn)定,剛度好,但制造周期較長(zhǎng)。
3.2.4年生產(chǎn)綱領(lǐng):
生產(chǎn)綱領(lǐng)的大小對(duì)零件的加工過程和生產(chǎn)組織起著重要的作用,它決定了各個(gè)工序所需的專業(yè)化和自動(dòng)化程度,決定了所應(yīng)選用的工藝方法和機(jī)床設(shè)備。
年生產(chǎn)綱領(lǐng)可按下式計(jì)算:
N=Qn(1+a%+b%)
式中 N—零件的年生產(chǎn)綱領(lǐng)(件/年)
Q—產(chǎn)品的年生產(chǎn)綱領(lǐng)(臺(tái)/年)
n—每臺(tái)產(chǎn)品中該零件的數(shù)目
a%—該零件的備品率
b%—該零件的廢品率
按一年工作日220天,一天一班,工作7小時(shí),a取5%,b取1%,要達(dá)到年產(chǎn)25萬件,需要每小時(shí)生產(chǎn)173件。
生產(chǎn)每件所用的操作時(shí)間為60/173=0.35min
3.2.5工時(shí)定額的計(jì)算
根據(jù)《機(jī)械制造工藝設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)》選取數(shù)據(jù)
大頭孔:鏜刀直徑D = 89.5 mm 切削速度V = 0.20 m/s
進(jìn)給量f = 0.2 mm/r 切削深度ap =0.2 mm
按機(jī)床選取n = 1000 r/min
鏜削工時(shí)為: L = 38 mm L1 = 3.5 mm L2 = 5 mm
基本時(shí)間tj= Li/fn = 0.23 min 輔助時(shí)間 = 0.12 min
小頭孔:鏜刀直徑D = 37.5mm 切削速度V = 3.18 m/s
進(jìn)給量f = 0.10 mm/r 切削深度ap = 0.2 mm
按機(jī)床選取n = 2000 r/min
鏜削工時(shí)為: L = 38 mm L1 = 3.5 mm L2 = 5 mm
基本時(shí)間tj = Li/fn = 0.23 min 輔助時(shí)間 = 0.12 min
3.2.6切削力及夾緊力的計(jì)算
由《金屬機(jī)械加工工藝人員手冊(cè)》,
鏜削工作常用符號(hào)T0—機(jī)動(dòng)時(shí)間(分);
L—切刀行程的長(zhǎng)度(毫米);
l—加工長(zhǎng)度(毫米);
l1—切刀的切入長(zhǎng)度(毫米);
l2—切刀的超出長(zhǎng)度(毫米),當(dāng)加工到定位器、臺(tái)階時(shí),l2=0;
l3—附加長(zhǎng)度(毫米),單件及小批生產(chǎn)的條件下試刀用;
t—切削深度(毫米);
s—主軸每轉(zhuǎn)切刀的進(jìn)給量(毫米);
n—機(jī)床主軸每分鐘的轉(zhuǎn)數(shù)(轉(zhuǎn)/分);
i—進(jìn)給次數(shù);
d—零件或毛坯的直徑(毫米);
v—切削速度(圓周速度),
,
,
查《組合機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì)參考圖冊(cè)》硬質(zhì)合金鏜刀加工鋼,s最大=0.75毫米/轉(zhuǎn)時(shí),求T、Px、Pz、N的計(jì)算圖:
T=
或v=
Px=0.0212 t=1.2 s=0.65 HB=1.5K Px=2
Py=3.57 s=0.75 HB=0.75K Pz=2Kpz
N=
式中:v—切削速度(米/分)
S—每轉(zhuǎn)進(jìn)給量(毫米/轉(zhuǎn))
Px—軸向力(公斤)
t—切削深度(毫米)
Py—圓周力(公斤)
T—刀具耐用度(分)
N—切削功率(千瓦)
HB—布氏硬度
刀具: 采用硬質(zhì)合金鉆頭
F=Cf×Ap×XF×fz×Ae×Uf×z/d0×Qf×n×Wf
所以
F大=1456N,F(xiàn)小=566N
在計(jì)算切削力時(shí),必須把安全系數(shù)考慮在內(nèi)。
安全系數(shù)
K=K1×K2×K3×K4
其中:
K1: 基本安全系數(shù) 1.5
K2: 加工安全系數(shù) 1.1
K3: 刀具鈍化系數(shù) 1.1
K4: 斷續(xù)切削系數(shù) 1.1
所以
F大=2906.904N , F=小1130.019N
3.2.7氣缸的選擇和設(shè)計(jì)
氣缸是氣動(dòng)夾具的動(dòng)力部件。常用的有活塞式和薄膜式兩種結(jié)構(gòu)形式。根據(jù)進(jìn)氣方式,它們可分為單向作用和雙向作用;按氣缸的使用和安裝方式,又可分為固定的,搖擺的和回轉(zhuǎn)的三種。一般氣動(dòng)夾具,夾緊時(shí)活塞桿僅作直線運(yùn)動(dòng),因此多采用固定的氣缸。為了使位置緊湊,可把氣缸直接嵌入夾具體內(nèi),但這種氣缸的結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸不能過大。
由于鏜削力比較小,因此采用耳座式氣缸夾緊大端孔,嵌入式氣缸夾緊小端孔。缸體和缸蓋一般用鑄鐵制成,在缸蓋和活塞端部制成圓形和環(huán)形坑,當(dāng)活塞行至終點(diǎn)時(shí),可以起緩沖作用,防止活塞和缸蓋發(fā)生撞擊。
當(dāng)壓縮空氣進(jìn)入氣缸內(nèi)無活塞桿一端時(shí),活塞的推力P為
,
P—壓縮空氣的單位壓力,一般為4×105Pa~6×105Pa
D—活塞的直徑(m)
—機(jī)械效率,取0.85~0.90
由于鏜孔的切削力相對(duì)較小,故分別選用選用3500N,1500N的氣缸即可安全工作。
4 結(jié) 論
對(duì)于這次夾具設(shè)計(jì)的過程,以及成果,讓我對(duì)連桿端孔的認(rèn)識(shí)更透徹。在機(jī)械加工工藝方面,有了一定的思維模式。
在設(shè)計(jì)方面,可以歸納為:1、定位方案的設(shè)計(jì):主要確定工件的定位基準(zhǔn)及定位基面;工件的六點(diǎn)定位原則;定位元件的選用等。2、導(dǎo)向及對(duì)刀裝置的設(shè)計(jì):由于本設(shè)計(jì)主要設(shè)計(jì)的是精鏜大小端孔夾具,所以主要考慮的是選用鏜模鏜套的類型及排屑問題,以及對(duì)刀塊的類型,從而確定鏜套和對(duì)刀塊的位置尺寸及公差。3、夾緊裝置的設(shè)計(jì):針對(duì)連桿的加工特點(diǎn)及加工的批量,對(duì)連桿的夾緊裝置應(yīng)滿足裝卸工件方便、迅速的特點(diǎn),所以一般都采用氣動(dòng)夾緊裝置。4、夾具體設(shè)計(jì):連桿的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)是比較小,設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)應(yīng)注意夾具體結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸的大小。夾具體的作用是將定位及夾具裝置連接成一體,并能正確安裝在機(jī)床上,加工時(shí)能承受一部分切削力。所以夾具體的材料一般采用鑄鐵。
另一方面:連桿件外形較復(fù)雜,而剛性較差。且其技術(shù)要求很高,所以適當(dāng)?shù)倪x擇機(jī)械加工中的定位基準(zhǔn),是能否保證連桿技術(shù)要求的重要問題之一。在連桿的實(shí)際加工過程中,選用連桿的大小頭端面及小頭孔作為主要定位基面,同時(shí)選用大頭孔兩側(cè)面作為一般定位基準(zhǔn)。為保證小頭孔尺寸精度和形狀精度,可采用自為基準(zhǔn)的加工原則;保證大小頭孔的中心距精度要求,可采用互為基準(zhǔn)原則加工。
連桿機(jī)械加工路線是圍繞主要加工表面來安排的。連桿加工路線按連桿的分合可以分為三個(gè)程序:連桿體和蓋切開之前的加工為第一程序;為連桿體和蓋的切開加工為第二個(gè)程序;連桿體和蓋合裝后的加工為最后個(gè)程序。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1]叢鳳廷,《組合機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì)》,上??茖W(xué)技術(shù)出版社,1994
[2]哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué),《機(jī)床夾具設(shè)計(jì)》,上海科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社,1990
[3]顧崇衡,《機(jī)械制造工藝學(xué)》,陜西科學(xué)出版社,1995
[4]濮良貴,《機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)》,高等教育出版社,1996
[5]大連組合機(jī)床研究所,《組合機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì)》,機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1978
[6]周開勤,《機(jī)械零件手冊(cè)》,高等教育出版社,1994
[7]東北重型機(jī)械學(xué)院,《機(jī)床夾具設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)》,上海科學(xué)技術(shù)出版,1987
致 謝
這次設(shè)計(jì)是在沈貴水教授的悉心指導(dǎo)之下。沈教授為我的設(shè)計(jì)提供了非常多的的指導(dǎo),不管是遇到什么問題,沈教授都會(huì)耐心的教導(dǎo)我克服各種困難。為此,特向沈貴水沈教授致以深深的敬意,老師您辛苦了!
在設(shè)計(jì)中,圍繞連桿體大小端孔的設(shè)計(jì)步驟進(jìn)行并力求使結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,便于安裝,調(diào)整和維修,但由于我知識(shí)水平和實(shí)踐機(jī)會(huì)有限,所在設(shè)計(jì)過程中對(duì)課題的深度和廣度,難免有出現(xiàn)漏洞及不如意之處,加上時(shí)間有限,對(duì)整個(gè)鏜孔全部設(shè)計(jì)還有較多工作做的不是很完整,這都需要在今后的工作中使自己更加努力學(xué)習(xí),不斷完善自己,最終不斷促進(jìn)自己。
最后能得出這份完整的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì),我很感謝沈老師的無私指導(dǎo)和同學(xué)們的幫助,并且自己也得到了很大的鍛煉,對(duì)于我以后從事這份工作,有著一份非常寶貴的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。
設(shè)計(jì)中難免有不足之處,敬請(qǐng)各位答辯老師多多諒解指正,謝謝!
12
本科畢業(yè)生畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))誠(chéng)信承諾書
畢業(yè)論文
(設(shè)計(jì))題目
連桿生產(chǎn)線連桿精鏜大小端孔夾具設(shè)計(jì)
學(xué)生姓名
羅飛
專業(yè)
機(jī)制
學(xué)號(hào)
05208319
指導(dǎo)老師
沈貴水
職稱
教授
所在系別
工程技術(shù)系
誠(chéng)信承諾
本人慎重承諾和聲明:
我承諾在畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))活動(dòng)中遵守學(xué)校有關(guān)規(guī)定,恪守學(xué)術(shù)規(guī)范,在本人的畢業(yè)論文中不剽竊、抄襲他人的學(xué)術(shù)觀點(diǎn)、思想和成果,不篡改研究數(shù)據(jù),如有違規(guī)行為發(fā)生,我愿承擔(dān)一切責(zé)任,接受學(xué)校的處理。
學(xué)生(簽名):
年 月 日
中國(guó)地質(zhì)大學(xué)長(zhǎng)城學(xué)院
本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文資料翻譯
系 別: 工程技術(shù)系
專 業(yè): 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化
姓 名: 羅 飛
學(xué) 號(hào): 05208319
2011年 12 月 28 日
外文資料翻譯譯文
鏜孔技術(shù)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀
1.研究意義
鏜床主要用鏜刀對(duì)工件上的預(yù)制孔進(jìn)行鏜削的機(jī)床。使用不同的刀具和附件還可以進(jìn)行鉆削、銑削、切螺紋及加工外圓和端面等。
通常用于加工尺寸較大,精度要求較高的孔,特別是分布在不同表面上,孔距和位置精度要求較高的孔,如箱體上的孔,還可以進(jìn)行銑削,鉆孔,擴(kuò)孔,鉸孔等工作。專用鏜床主要用于大批量大件生產(chǎn),具有生產(chǎn)率高,能加工大型難加工零件,且結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,制造成本低等特點(diǎn),復(fù)雜箱體零件孔系的加工,能在較為復(fù)雜的環(huán)境下工作且加工精度穩(wěn)定。
鏜削特點(diǎn):刀具結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,通用性較好,可粗加工也可半精加工和精加工,適用批量較小的加工,鏜孔質(zhì)量取決于機(jī)床精度。
2.鏜床的發(fā)展歷史
? 鏜削加工通常被認(rèn)為是適合在各種不同尺寸和形狀工件上加工精密孔的理想加工方式。為了適應(yīng)不斷提高生產(chǎn)率的需要,鏜孔刀具的設(shè)計(jì)也在不斷創(chuàng)新改進(jìn)。近年來,鏜孔刀具的技術(shù)改進(jìn)主要體現(xiàn)在以下方面:
自數(shù)控(NC)技術(shù)問世以來,數(shù)字顯示技術(shù)已在CNC機(jī)床和坐標(biāo)測(cè)量機(jī)上大量應(yīng)用。此外,數(shù)顯千分尺、數(shù)顯卡尺等數(shù)顯量具也已得到廣泛使用。但是,數(shù)顯技術(shù)在精密鏜刀上的應(yīng)用卻一直進(jìn)展緩慢,其制約因素主要是鏜孔加工中使用的冷卻液和鏜頭的高速旋轉(zhuǎn)。
過去,在加工中心上進(jìn)行鏜孔加工時(shí)必須非常小心,盡量避免四處飛濺的冷卻液進(jìn)入鏜頭數(shù)顯裝置的電子元件中。如今,采用內(nèi)冷卻設(shè)計(jì)的新型鏜刀已能較好解決這一問題。由于冷卻液可通過刀具內(nèi)部的通道直接到達(dá)切削部位,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)了冷卻液與鏜頭數(shù)顯裝置的完全隔離。此外,新型數(shù)控鏜刀的外部進(jìn)行了良好密封,可有效防止冷卻液與數(shù)顯裝置中的電子元件接觸。
在高速鏜削加工中,鏜頭的高速旋轉(zhuǎn)、離心力以及鏜頭本身的不平衡都可能引起較大振動(dòng),從而損壞靈敏的數(shù)顯裝置。新型鏜頭通過采用一種內(nèi)置平衡機(jī)構(gòu),可以在高速鏜削時(shí)減小或消除有害的振動(dòng)。目前,帶數(shù)顯讀數(shù)屏的精密鏜頭已能夠用于轉(zhuǎn)速達(dá)16000r/min的高速鏜削加工。
新型鏜頭的數(shù)字顯示屏可直接顯示出鏜刀滑塊的位移量,而不必通過調(diào)刀螺桿的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)量來確定位移量。由于鏜桿直接安裝在鏜刀滑塊上,因此鏜頭的數(shù)顯讀數(shù)值可以真實(shí)反映出鏜刀的位移量,而不會(huì)受到螺桿空程誤差的影響。數(shù)顯鏜頭的這一特點(diǎn)使其可以更快速、更精密地調(diào)整鏜孔直徑,并可實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)加工偏差或刀具磨損的誤差補(bǔ)償。
大多數(shù)鏜刀都需要通過試切-測(cè)量(cut-and-measure)操作來確定其設(shè)定尺寸,即首先對(duì)一小部分被加工孔進(jìn)行試切鏜削,然后測(cè)量其加工孔徑。通常,這就意味著需要將鏜刀從機(jī)床上卸下來,再安裝到一臺(tái)對(duì)刀儀上對(duì)鏜刀尺寸進(jìn)行微調(diào)修正,以獲得正確的孔徑尺寸。這種預(yù)調(diào)操作之所以必要,是因?yàn)橹苯釉跈C(jī)床上對(duì)普通鏜頭的游標(biāo)刻度盤進(jìn)行讀數(shù)和預(yù)調(diào)相當(dāng)困難,但是,這種操作方式可能造成鏜孔尺寸超差或損壞工件。
由于在機(jī)床上安裝鏜刀時(shí)難以預(yù)測(cè)其刀尖偏差,因此需要采用試切-測(cè)量操作來預(yù)調(diào)刀具。如果采用易于讀數(shù)的新型數(shù)顯鏜刀,則可能實(shí)現(xiàn)直接在機(jī)床主軸上對(duì)刀具鏜孔直徑進(jìn)行微調(diào),其尺寸調(diào)整范圍可達(dá)0.0001〃(0.00254mm)。即使因?yàn)闄C(jī)床主軸的進(jìn)刀限制,必須將鏜刀從機(jī)床上卸下來進(jìn)行孔徑尺寸調(diào)整,新型數(shù)顯鏜刀的調(diào)刀過程也更快速、更精確。
3.鏜床的發(fā)展方向及其特點(diǎn)
現(xiàn)代鏜床由過去的專用鏜床發(fā)展為今天的通用性機(jī)床,具有較大的工藝范圍,且運(yùn)動(dòng)靈活,柔性高,能加工復(fù)雜的零件,通用鏜床正向數(shù)控化、大型化、超精密、高速度等方向發(fā)展。一些專用鏜床向標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化發(fā)展,使專用鏜床生產(chǎn)周期大為降低,生產(chǎn)成本降低,體積更小,能滿足各種加工要求。
在鏜床上鏜孔時(shí),鏜刀基本與車刀相同,不同之處是工件不動(dòng),鏜刀在旋轉(zhuǎn)。鏜孔加工精度一般為IT9—IT7,表面粗糙度為Ra6.3—0.8mm。
4.加工中心上鏜孔加工的特點(diǎn)
4.1刀具轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)
和車床加工不同,加工中心加工時(shí)由于刀具轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),便不可能在加工中及時(shí)掌握刀尖的情況來調(diào)節(jié)進(jìn)刀量等。也不可能像數(shù)控車床那樣可以只調(diào)節(jié)數(shù)控按扭就可以改變加工直徑。這便成了完全自動(dòng)化加工的一個(gè)很大的障礙。也正因?yàn)檫@樣所以就要求鏜刀必須具有微調(diào)機(jī)構(gòu)或自動(dòng)補(bǔ)償機(jī)能,特別是在精鏜時(shí)根據(jù)公差要求有時(shí)必須在微米級(jí)調(diào)節(jié)。另外,加工中心鏜孔時(shí)由于切屑的流出方向在不斷地改變,所以刀尖、工件的冷卻以及切屑的排出都要比車床加工時(shí)難的多。
4.2刀具的顛振
鏜孔加工時(shí)最常出現(xiàn)的、也是最令人頭疼問題是顛振。在加工中心上發(fā)生顛振的原因主要有以下幾點(diǎn):
1)工具系統(tǒng)的剛性:包括刀柄、鏜桿、以及中間連接部分的剛性。因?yàn)槭菓冶奂庸に蕴貏e是小孔、深孔及硬質(zhì)工件的加工時(shí),工具系統(tǒng)的剛性尤為重要。
2)刀具系統(tǒng)的動(dòng)平衡:相對(duì)于刀具系統(tǒng)的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)軸心,刀具自身如有一不平衡質(zhì)量,在轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)時(shí)因不平衡的離心力的作用而導(dǎo)致顛振的發(fā)生。特別是在高速加工時(shí)刀具的動(dòng)平衡性所產(chǎn)生影響很大。
3)工件自身或工件的固定剛性:像一些較小、較薄的部件由于其自身的剛性不足,或由于工件形狀等原因無法使用合理的夾具進(jìn)行充分的固定。
4)刀片的刀尖形狀:刀片的前角、刀尖半徑、斷屑槽形狀的不同所產(chǎn)生的切削抗力也不同。
5)切削條件:包括切削速度、進(jìn)給量、進(jìn)刀量以及給切削油方式及種類等。
6)機(jī)器的主軸系統(tǒng):機(jī)器主軸自身的剛性、軸承及齒輪的性能以及主軸和刀柄之間的連接剛性。
4.3刀具的裝夾
在鏜削孔時(shí),最重要的是在加工中心上正確裝夾刀具。在小孔鏜削中,刀具的中心高是導(dǎo)致刀具失效的重要因素。如果刀具安裝低于中心高,將影響刀具的加工性能。主要表現(xiàn)在:
1)切削刃相對(duì)于工件的主后角減小,導(dǎo)致刀具的后刀面與工件接觸,使刀片與工件之間發(fā)生摩擦,當(dāng)?shù)镀D(zhuǎn)時(shí),這種摩擦進(jìn)一步會(huì)使刀尖發(fā)生偏離,導(dǎo)致刀具更深地切入工件。切削刃的幾何參數(shù)對(duì)切削效率的高低和加工質(zhì)量的好壞有很大影響。增大前角,可減小前刀面擠壓切削層時(shí)的塑性變形,減小切屑流經(jīng)前面的摩擦阻力,從而減小切削力和切削熱。但增大前角,同時(shí)會(huì)降低切削刃的強(qiáng)度,減小刀頭的散熱體積。
2)當(dāng)?shù)毒吆蠼菧p小時(shí),刀片相對(duì)于工件的前角也增大,從而引起刀具刮削工件,引起刀具振動(dòng)并損壞刀具。這種情況在鏜削小孔時(shí)更為嚴(yán)重。為此建議刀具安裝應(yīng)略高于中心高(但應(yīng)盡可能接近中心高)。這樣可使刀具相對(duì)于工件的法向后角增大,切削條件得到改善,如果加工時(shí)產(chǎn)生振動(dòng),刀尖會(huì)向下和向中心偏斜,從而接近理想的中心高。刀具也可輕微地退出,減小削傷工件的可能性。此外,刀具前角也將減小,這樣可穩(wěn)定工作壓力。如果前角減小到0°,就會(huì)產(chǎn)生太大的工作壓力,導(dǎo)致刀具失效。所以在鏜孔時(shí),應(yīng)選取正前角的鏜刀,在鏜1mm的小孔時(shí),鏜桿的直徑只有0.75mm左右,使刀具承受的切削力減小。
4.4切屑的排出
在鏜削孔時(shí),切屑的有效排出至關(guān)重要。加工時(shí),由于刀具在孔內(nèi),切削液很難到達(dá)切削刃,造成切屑排出困難,影響刀具壽命。為解決這一難題,一些刀具制造商開發(fā)出一種沿切削刃帶冷卻槽的刀片,使切削液直接流向切削刃,防止切屑堵塞和刀具損壞。
外文原文
Single-boring technology development status
Machine is a metal blanks processed into machine parts machine, which is to create the machine the machine, it is also known as "working mother ship" or "machine tool", customarily referred to as machine tools. Modern Machinery Manufacturing in the processing of mechanical parts many ways, in addition to cutting, there are casting, forging, welding, stamping, extrusion, etc., but the Fan Shu high precision and surface roughness require smaller parts, are generally required to machine tool with the cutting method for final processing. In the general machine manufacturing, machine tools accounted for by the work of the machine responsible for the processing workload of the total production 40% to 60%, machine building of a modern national economy plays a significant role.
1. Research significance
Boring machine is mainly used on the boring tool on the workpiece to conduct pre-hole boring machine tool. Using different tools and accessories can also be carried out drilling, milling, thread cutting and processing of cylindrical and face and so on.
Commonly used in machining large size, high precision holes, especially located in different surface, the pitch and location of the holes require a higher precision, such as the holes on the box, but also can be milling, drilling, expanding hole, reaming and so on. Special boring machine is mainly used for large volume production, with high productivity, can be difficult to process large-scale processing of parts, and the simple structure and low manufacturing costs, complexity, holes box parts processing, can be more complex environment to work and processing precision and stability.
Boring features:Tool structure is simple, universal good, can be roughing can also be semi-finishing and finishing, for small batch processing, the quality depends on the boring machine accuracy.
2. Boring history of development of
Metal cutting machine throughout this occupies a very heavy position, accounting for the total workload of machine 40% ~ ~ 60%. In 1770, before and after, due to hand and general metalworking machinery can not reach precision machining cylinder steam engine, people will create a special processing of the steam engine cylinder hole of professional machines, so was born the first horizontal boring machine.
As the manufacture of weapons needs, water appeared in the 15th century power-driven barrel boring machine. 1774, British J. Wilkinson invented barrel boring machine, cylinder steam engine for processing the following year. Around 1880, Germany began producing belt around the columns and the table horizontal boring machine. The early 20th century, due to watch the development of equipment manufacturing industry needs to pitch high precision machining equipment, made in Switzerland in 1905, center coordinates of a small desktop machine. In 1917, in the United States made a single cylindrical coordinates boring. In 1920 the Swiss made double-column coordinate boring machine. At that time the vast majority of precision jig borer with screw nut, standard measuring rod (or gauge blocks) and the dial gauge as a coordinate positioning device, the coordinate positioning accuracy of only 6 to 10 microns. To meet the large, special heavy workpieces, the 20th century, 30 years developed a BORING MACHINE 30 years, in Germany, and Switzerland have emerged in order to line scale optical positioning jig borer, coordinate positioning accuracy to 2 to 6 microns. With the milling the increased workload in the 20th century appeared in 50's floor boring and milling machine. 60 years later, with the development of electronic technology, coordinate boring machine to a digital display and digital control direction, using grating, sensor synchronizer, laser interferometer and magnetic gate, etc., as coordinate positioning device, and some additional automatic tool change device . Since then, with the scientific and technological development, constantly improve the performance of boring, but also appeared in succession in processing a variety of large and complex parts of the coordinates of boring. Processing of parts due to the ever-changing, promoting the continuous development and improvement of the boring machine. Finally developed into a universal, years of horizontal boring machine. For the heavy manufacturing, those bulky, heavy tonnage hole machining of large workpieces, due to difficulties in clamping the workpiece movement and can not be processed in the general horizontal boring mills, therefore, in the horizontal boring machine manufacturers have developed on the basis of the Heavy BORING MACHINE.
3. Modern boring machine status and level of development
Modern machines toward high speed, high efficiency, high precision was sent to development, increasingly demanding high-precision mechanical parts, while institutions are becoming increasingly complicated, especially in multi-box components with the holes have their own characteristics in addition to its dimensional accuracy requirements, , as well as the shape precision and the location of the holes between the accuracy requirements. Boring in these processing by the most important.
Hyundai has also been some strong flexible production capacity dedicated boring machine is not high. If using a large mass connecting rod bearing, piston bore, pump casing and other components on the special processing of precision hole boring machine King Kong.
The rapid development of modern Boring There are about several forms:
1) Horizontal Boring Machine: mainly used for side-hole processing.
2) Coordinate boring machine: a high-precision machine tools. Main features: with the coordinates of precision measuring devices.
3) Diamond Boring: A high-speed precision boring machine. Main features: vc very high, ap, and f is very small, machining accuracy is up to IT5 - IT6.Ra up to 0.63 - 0.08μm.
4) special boring: Private boring milling head. Main features: simple structure, low manufacturing costs, can adapt to rapid production and complex production environment.
Which coordinates the development by the boring machine for the rapid, generally single-column sub-jig borer, double column and horizontal 3 types.
Single Column jig borer: spindle vertical arrangement, driven by the spindle sleeve to move up or down in order to achieve the vertical feed, and some spindle box can be moved up and down along the column in order to adapt to different rail height of the workpiece. Table for longitudinal movement along the slide, slide along the bed rail for horizontal movement, to meet the positioning coordinates. Table 3 side open, easy to operate. Most small and medium sized jig borer layout using this form, coordinate positioning accuracy of 2 to 4 microns.
Double-Column jig borer: 2 column through the top of the upper beam connections, beam can be adjusted up and down along the column position of rail. Spindle box rails for lateral movement along the beams, workstations along the rail bed for vertical movement, to meet the positioning coordinates. A large double-column coordinates of the column on the boring machine comes with the level of spindle box. Use of double-column frame structure, high stiffness, medium and large multi-boring machine coordinates for this form of the coordinate positioning accuracy of 3 to 10 microns.
A single column and double columns coordinate boring machine spindle is perpendicular to the work table, the general direction for machining a hole in the workpiece, such as jigs, dies and templates so boring. Processing in several directions of the workpiece has a hole should be used for universal rotary table, so the workpiece size and weight are restricted.
Horizontal jig borer: two coordinate direction, respectively, table movement lateral movement and spindle box vertical movement. Rotary table in the horizontal plane. Feed motion from the vertical slide of the axial movement or spindle sleeve stretch to achieve. As the spindle parallel to the work table, using a precision rotary table can be easily installed after the workpiece machining box-type parts around the coordinates of all holes, and the workpiece easy installation, high production efficiency. This boring machine is suitable box-type parts processing.
Modern boring machine from the previous development of special boring machine for today's versatile, with a large range of craft, and sports a flexible, flexible high, can machine complex parts, universal CNC boring machine forward and large-scale, ultra-precision, high-speed other direction. Some special boring machine to the standardization of development, so that special boring machine greatly reduced production cycle, production costs, smaller, can meet a variety of processing requirements.
When the Boring Machine Boring, Boring Tool knife basically the same, only difference is that the workpiece does not move, boring rotating knife. Boring accuracy is generally IT9-IT7, the surface roughness is Ra6.3-0.8mm.
4. Machining Center Boring characteristics
4.1 Tool rotation
?? ??And the lathe is different from machining center machining due to tool rotation, it is impossible to grasp the tip in the processing of cases in a timely manner to adjust the feed consumption level. Can not be done, like CNC lathes can only adjust button on the CNC machining diameter can be changed. This has become a fully automated processing of a large obstacle. It is because of this reason that requires boring tool must have a body or fine-tuning automatic compensation function, especially in the boring at times when the tolerance requirements under the micro-level must be adjusted. In addition, the processing center boring holes due to the outflow direction of chip constantly changing, so tip, workpiece and chip cooling of the exhaust must be more than difficult for the multi-lathe.
4.2 tool vibration Britain
Boring most often occurs, and it is the most headache problem is that Britain vibration. Britain occurred in the processing center vibration because of the following points:
??? ??1) tool rigidity of the system include: Holder, Boring Bar, as well as the middle part of the rigid link. Cantilever process because it is so, especially with holes, deep hole and rigid workpieces, the tool system rigidity is particularly important.
????? 2) Tool Balancing System: the system relative to the tool axis of rotation, the tool itself, if an imbalance in the quality of the rotation due to imbalance in the role of the centrifugal force caused by the occurrence of vibration Britain. Especially in the high-speed machining tool produced by dynamic balancing of a significant influence.
3) The workpiece itself or the fixed workpiece rigidity: Like a number of smaller, thinner parts because of its rigidity is insufficient, or other reasons due to workpiece shape of the fixture can not be adequate to use reasonable fixed.
????? 4) The blade tip shape: the first blade angle, tip radius, chip-breaker generated by the different shape of the cutting resistance is also different.
???? ?5) Cutting conditions: including cutting speed, feed rate, feed volume, and to the cutting oil ways and forms.
???? 6) The machine spindle system: the rigidity of the machine spindle itself, bearing and gear performance, and the connection between the spindle and shank rigidity.
4.3 Tool Clamping
????In boring holes, the most important thing is setup correctly on the machining center tool. In the small hole boring, the tool center height is an important factor leading to tool failure. If the tool installed below the center height, this will affect the processing performance of cutting tools. Following main features:
1) The cutting edge relative to the workpiece main horn decreases, leading to the tool flank contact with the workpiece, so that the friction between the blade and the workpiece, when the blades rotate, this would further tip the friction deviation occurs, leading to Tool deeper cut into the workpiece. The geometric parameters on the cutting edge level of cutting efficiency and processing quality is good or bad has a great influence. Increase rake angle, the rake face can be reduced cutting layer extruded plastic deformation, reducing the flow through the chip in front of friction, thereby reducing the cutting force and cutting heat. However, increased anterior horn at the same time will reduce the strength of cutting edge, reduce the heat Segment size.
2) When the cutting tool angle decreases, the blade angle relative to the workpiece is also the first increase, which led to the workpiece shaving tool, tool vibration and damage caused by knives. This situation is more serious when the boring hole. Therefore recommended that installation tool should be slightly higher than the center (but shall be as close to the center high). This will enable the tool of law relative to the workpiece back angle increases, cutting conditions have been improved, if the machining vibration, tip downwards and to the center deflection, thus close to the ideal center height. Tool can also be slightly out, reducing the possibility of the workpiece cut injury. In addition, the tool will also be reduced before the corner, there could be a stable work pressure. If the front is reduced to 0 °, it will have much work pressure, leading to tool failure. So boring, they should select the positive rake angle of the boring tool, in the 1mm hole boring, the boring bar is only 0.75mm in diameter around the tool to withstand the cutting force decreases.
4.4 Chip discharges
????In boring holes, chip critical to the effective discharge. Processing, due to tool in the hole, cutting fluid is difficult to reach the cutting edge, resulting in difficulties in chip discharge, affecting tool life. To address this problem, some manufacturers have developed a cutting tool along the cutting edge of the blade with a cooling tank, so that direct the flow of cutting fluid cutting edge, to prevent chip clogging and tool damage.