8、與AP曲線交于AP曲線的最高點(diǎn)
E.MP曲線與AP曲線交于MP曲線的最高點(diǎn)
[答疑編號(hào)2883030104]
『正確答案』ACD 【例題2單選題】（2009年）在其他條件不變的情況下，如果連續(xù)增加勞動(dòng)的投入，在總產(chǎn)量達(dá)到最大值時(shí)，勞動(dòng)的邊際產(chǎn)量（?。?。
A.大于零
B.小于零
C.等于零
D.等于平均產(chǎn)量
[答疑編號(hào)2883030105]
『正確答案』C
『答案解析』當(dāng)邊際產(chǎn)量等于0時(shí)，總產(chǎn)量達(dá)到最大值?！ 。ㄋ模┮?guī)模報(bào)酬
規(guī)模報(bào)酬也稱規(guī)模收益，是指在其他條件不變的情況下，企業(yè)內(nèi)部各種生產(chǎn)要素按照相同比例變化時(shí)所帶來的產(chǎn)量的變化。規(guī)模收
9、益研究的是企業(yè)的長(zhǎng)期生產(chǎn)決策問題。
根據(jù)生產(chǎn)規(guī)模和產(chǎn)量的變化比例的比較，可以將規(guī)模報(bào)酬分為三類：
（1）規(guī)模報(bào)酬不變，就是產(chǎn)量增加的比例等于各種生產(chǎn)要素增加的比例。
?。?）規(guī)模報(bào)酬遞增，即產(chǎn)量增加的比例大于各種生產(chǎn)要素增加的比例。
（3）規(guī)模報(bào)酬遞減，即產(chǎn)量增加的比例小于各種生產(chǎn)要素增加的比例。
多數(shù)行業(yè)會(huì)有一個(gè)適度最佳規(guī)?；蜻m度規(guī)模，此時(shí)企業(yè)的單位生產(chǎn)成本最小。
三、成本函數(shù)和成本曲線
（一）成本的含義（掌握）
1.機(jī)會(huì)成本：當(dāng)一種生產(chǎn)要素被用于生產(chǎn)單位某產(chǎn)品時(shí)所放棄的使用相同要素在其他生產(chǎn)用途中所得到的最高收入。
2.顯成本與隱成
10、本
顯成本是指企業(yè)購(gòu)買或租用生產(chǎn)要素所實(shí)際支付的貨幣支出。
隱成本是指企業(yè)本身所擁有的、并且被用于該企業(yè)生產(chǎn)過程的那些生產(chǎn)要素的總價(jià)格。實(shí)際上是自有要素的機(jī)會(huì)成本。
3.經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤(rùn)
在經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)中，企業(yè)所有的顯成本和隱成本之和構(gòu)成了企業(yè)的總成本。企業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤(rùn)是指企業(yè)的總收益和總成本之間的差額。企業(yè)所追求的最大利潤(rùn)，指的是最大的經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤(rùn)。
經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤(rùn)也稱為超額利潤(rùn)，企業(yè)的隱成本一般稱為正常利潤(rùn)。
【例題1單選題】（2007、2008年）機(jī)會(huì)成本是指當(dāng)一種生產(chǎn)要素被用于生產(chǎn)某產(chǎn)品時(shí)所放棄的使用該生產(chǎn)要素在其他生產(chǎn)用途中所得到的（?。?
A.最高收入
B.最
11、低收入
C.平均收入
D.超額收入
[答疑編號(hào)2883030106]
『正確答案』A 【例題2單選題】（2010年）企業(yè)使用自有的資金應(yīng)計(jì)算利息，從成本角度看，這種利息屬于（ ）。
A.固定成本
B.顯成本
C.隱成本
D.會(huì)計(jì)成本
[答疑編號(hào)2883030107]
『正確答案』C 【例題3單選題】經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤(rùn)也稱為（?。?
A.超額利潤(rùn)
B.正常利潤(rùn)
C.會(huì)計(jì)利潤(rùn)
D.隱成本
[答疑編號(hào)2883030108]
『正確答案』A 【例題4多選題】關(guān)于成本和利潤(rùn)的正確表述是（?。?
A.企業(yè)所有的顯成
12、本和隱成本共同構(gòu)成企業(yè)的總成本
B.在成本下降時(shí)利潤(rùn)一定是增加的
C.企業(yè)所追求的最大利潤(rùn)，指的是最大的經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤(rùn)
D.企業(yè)所追求的最大利潤(rùn)，指的是最大的正常利潤(rùn)
E.經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤(rùn)中包括正常利潤(rùn)
[答疑編號(hào)2883030109]
『正確答案』AC ?。ǘ┏杀竞瘮?shù)（掌握）
1.成本函數(shù)的含義和類型
成本函數(shù)：表示企業(yè)總成本與產(chǎn)量之間關(guān)系的公式。
由于考察期的不同，分為短期成本函數(shù)和長(zhǎng)期成本函數(shù)。
短期成本函數(shù)：有固定成本與可變成本之分。C=b+f（q）
長(zhǎng)期成本函數(shù)：無固定成本， C=f（q）
短期成本函數(shù)和長(zhǎng)期成本函數(shù)的區(qū)別
13、在于是否含有固定成本，是否有固定成本和可變成本之分
2.短期成本函數(shù)分析
?。?）短期總成本
短期總成本=總固定成本+總可變成本
TC=TFC+TVC
固定成本是指在短期內(nèi)不隨產(chǎn)量增減而變動(dòng)的那部分成本，如廠房和設(shè)備的折舊、管理人員的工資費(fèi)用等。
?。?）平均成本
平均成本（平均總成本，單位產(chǎn)品成本）分為平均固定成本與平均可變成本
ATC= TC /Q=AFC+AVC=TFC/Q+TVC/Q
?。?）邊際成本
邊際成本是增加一個(gè)單位產(chǎn)量時(shí)總成本的增加額。
邊際成本是產(chǎn)量變動(dòng)引起的可變成本的變動(dòng)。
【例題1單選題】
14、短期成本函數(shù)和長(zhǎng)期成本函數(shù)的區(qū)別在于是否含有（?。?。
A.固定成本
B.可變成本
C.邊際成本
D.隱成本
[答疑編號(hào)2883030110]
『正確答案』A 【例題2多選題】（2008年）下列各項(xiàng)中，屬于企業(yè)固定成本的有（ ）。
A.廠房和設(shè)備折舊
B.管理人員工資
C.原材料費(fèi)用
D.燃料和動(dòng)力費(fèi)用
E.生產(chǎn)工人工資
[答疑編號(hào)2883030111]
『正確答案』AB 【例題3單選題】增加一個(gè)單位產(chǎn)量時(shí)總成本的增加額稱為（ ）。
A.總成本
B.可變成本
C.邊際成本
D.顯成本
[答
15、疑編號(hào)2883030112]
『正確答案』C 【例題4單選題】（2008年）當(dāng)某企業(yè)的產(chǎn)量為2個(gè)單位時(shí)，其總成本、總固定成本、總可變成本、平均成本分別是2000元、1200元、800元和1000元；當(dāng)產(chǎn)量為3個(gè)單位時(shí)，其總成本、總固定成本、總可變成本、平均成本分別是2100元、1200元、900元和700元，則該企業(yè)的邊際成本是（ ）元。
A.0
B.150
C.100
D.300
[答疑編號(hào)2883030113]
『正確答案』C （三）短期成本曲線（熟悉）
1.總成本、總固定成本和總可變成本曲線
在成本曲線中，橫軸時(shí)表示產(chǎn)量，縱軸表示成本
16、。
?。?）總固定成本曲線是一條平行于橫軸的直線。
（2）總成本曲線是從縱軸一個(gè)截點(diǎn)，即產(chǎn)量為零時(shí)總成本等于固定成本的那個(gè)點(diǎn)開始，隨產(chǎn)量增加而逐步上升的曲線。剛開始以遞減的速度上升，之后以遞增的速度上升。
?。?）總可變成本曲線從原點(diǎn)出發(fā)，之后隨產(chǎn)量增加而上升。
總可變成本曲線和總成本曲線的變動(dòng)規(guī)律是一致的。
2.平均總成本、平均固定成本、平均可變成本、邊際成本曲線
?。?）平均固定成本曲線隨產(chǎn)量的增加而下降，逐漸接近橫軸
?。?）平均總成本、平均可變成本、邊際成本曲線都是先下降后上升的U型曲線
?。?）邊際成本曲線與平均總成本曲線交于平均總成本曲線的最低
17、點(diǎn)。相交之前，MCATC，ATC上升。
?。?）邊際成本曲線與平均可變成本曲線交于平均可變成本曲線的最低點(diǎn)。相交之前，MCAVC，AVC上升。
?。?）無論上升或下降，邊際成本曲線的變動(dòng)快于平均可變成本曲線。
（6）注意24頁圖3-3中三個(gè)最低點(diǎn)的關(guān)系
邊際成本曲線最低點(diǎn)最先出現(xiàn)，其次是平均可變成本曲線最低點(diǎn)，最后是平均總成本曲線最低點(diǎn)。
【例題1單選題】成本曲線是用圖形反映的成本與（?。┲g的數(shù)量關(guān)系。
A.價(jià)格
B.產(chǎn)量
C.收益
D.利潤(rùn)
[答疑編號(hào)2883
18、030114]
『正確答案』B 【例題2單選題】總可變成本曲線是（?。?。
A.從原點(diǎn)開始，隨產(chǎn)量的增加而逐步上升的
B.從縱軸一個(gè)截點(diǎn)即產(chǎn)量為零時(shí)總成本等于固定成本的那個(gè)點(diǎn)開始，隨產(chǎn)量的增加而逐步上升
C.與橫軸平行的一條直線
D.先下降后上升的曲線
[答疑編號(hào)2883030115]
『正確答案』A 【例題3單選題】當(dāng)邊際成本與平均可變成本正好相等時(shí)，（?。┨幱谧畹忘c(diǎn)
A.邊際成本
B.平均可變成本
C.平均總成本
D.平均固定成本
[答疑編號(hào)2883030116]
『正確答案』B 【例題4多選題】下列關(guān)于成本曲線的
19、說法，正確的是（?。?。
A.平均總成本是先下降后上升的曲線
B.平均可變成本是先下降后上升的曲線
C.邊際成本曲線是先下降后上升的曲線
D.平均固定成本是先下降后上升的曲線
E.無論上升或下降，平均可變成本曲線的變動(dòng)快于邊際成本曲線
[答疑編號(hào)2883030117]
『正確答案』ABC 【例題5多選題】（2009年）關(guān)于短期成本曲線的說法，正確的有（?。?
A.總成本曲線從原點(diǎn)開始，并隨產(chǎn)量的增加而逐步上升
B.總成本曲線從縱軸一個(gè)截點(diǎn)即產(chǎn)量為零時(shí)總成本等于固定成本的那個(gè)點(diǎn)開始，并隨產(chǎn)量的增加而逐步上升
C.總可變成本曲線從原點(diǎn)
20、開始，并隨產(chǎn)量的增加而逐步上升
D.總可變成本曲線從縱軸一個(gè)截點(diǎn)即產(chǎn)量為零時(shí)總成本等于固定成本的那個(gè)點(diǎn)開始，并隨著產(chǎn)量的增加而逐步下降
E.總固定成本曲線是平行于橫軸的一條直線
[答疑編號(hào)2883030118]
『正確答案』BCE 【例題6單選題】（2010年）關(guān)于短期總成本曲線的說法，正確的是（?。?
A.總成本曲線從原點(diǎn)開始，隨產(chǎn)量的增加而逐步上升
B.總成本曲線從縱軸一個(gè)截點(diǎn)即產(chǎn)量為零時(shí)總成本等于固定成本的那個(gè)點(diǎn)開始，隨產(chǎn)量的增加而逐步上升
C.總成本曲線不隨產(chǎn)量的變動(dòng)而變動(dòng)
D.總成本曲線從縱軸一個(gè)截點(diǎn)即產(chǎn)量為零時(shí)總成本等于可變成本的那個(gè)
21、點(diǎn)開始，隨產(chǎn)量的增加而逐步下降
[答疑編號(hào)2883030119]
『正確答案』B
"If we dont do that it will go on and go on. We have to stop it; we need the courage to do it."
His comments came hours after Fifa vice-president Jeffrey Webb - also in London for the FAs celebrations - said he wanted to meet Ivory Coast international
22、Toure to discuss his complaint.
CSKA general director Roman Babaev says the matter has been "exaggerated" by the Ivorian and the British media.
Blatter, 77, said: "It has been decided by the Fifa congress that it is a nonsense for racism to be dealt with with fines. You can always find money from
23、 somebody to pay them.
"It is a nonsense to have matches played without spectators because it is against the spirit of football and against the visiting team. It is all nonsense.
"We can do something better to fight racism and discrimination.
"This is one of the villains we have today in our game
24、. But it is only with harsh sanctions that racism and discrimination can be washed out of football."
The (lack of) air up there
Watch mCayman Islands-based Webb, the head of Fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in London for the Football Associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will atten
25、d Citys Premier League match at Chelsea on Sunday.
"I am going to be at the match tomorrow and I have asked to meet Yaya Toure," he told BBC Sport.
"For me its about how he felt and I would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was."
Uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings ag
26、ainst CSKAfor the "racist behaviour of their fans" duringCitys 2-1 win.
Michel Platini, president of European footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.
CSKA said they were "surprised and disappointed" by Toures complaint. In a statement the Ru
27、ssian side added: "We found no racist insults from fans of CSKA."
Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.
The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunda.
The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm -- winds less
28、than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), driftin
29、g even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.
The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet (
Then, I
30、 would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.
Below, the Earth becomes the concrete bottom of a swimming pool that he wants to land on, but not too hard. Still, hell be traveling fast, so despite the distance, it will not be like diving into the deep e
31、nd of a pool. It will be like he is diving into the shallow end.
Skydiver preps for the big jump
When he jumps, he is expected to reach the speed of sound -- 690 mph (1,110 kph) -- in less than 40 seconds. Like hitting the top of the water, he will begin to slow as he approaches the more dense ai
32、r closer to Earth. But this will not be enough to stop him completely.
If he goes too fast or spins out of control, he has a stabilization parachute that can be deployed to slow him down. His team hopes its not needed. Instead, he plans to deploy his 270-square-foot (25-square-meter) main chute at
33、an altitude of around 5,000 feet (1,524 meters).
In order to deploy this chute successfully, he will have to slow to 172 mph (277 kph). He will have a reserve parachute that will open automatically if he loses consciousness at mach speeds.
Even if everything goes as planned, it wont. Baumgartner s
34、till will free fall at a speed that would cause you and me to pass out, and no parachute is guaranteed to work higher than 25,000 feet (7,620 meters).
cause there
Winger Tuivasa-Sheck, who scored two tries in the Kiwis 20-18 semi-final win over England, has been passed fit after a lower-leg injur
35、y, while Slater has been named at full-back but is still recovering from a knee injury aggravated against USA.
Both sides boast 100% records heading into the encounter but Australia have not conceded a try since Josh Charnleys effort in their first pool match against England on the opening day.
Au
36、ssie winger Jarryd Hayne is the competitions top try scorer with nine, closely followed by Tuivasa-Sheck with eight.
But it is recently named Rugby League International Federation player of the year Sonny Bill Williams who has attracted the most interest in the tournament so far.
The Kiwi - with a
37、 tournament high 17 offloads - has the chance of becoming the first player to win the World Cup in both rugby league and rugby union after triumphing with the All Blacks in 2011.
"Id give every award back in a heartbeat just to get across the line this weekend," said Williams.The (lack of) air up t
38、here
Watch mCayman Islands-based Webb, the head of Fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in London for the Football Associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend Citys Premier League match at Chelsea on Sunday.
"I am going to be at the match tomorrow and I have asked to meet Yaya Toure,"
39、he told BBC Sport.
"For me its about how he felt and I would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was."
Uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against CSKAfor the "racist behaviour of their fans" duringCitys 2-1 win.
Michel Platini, president of European footballs governing
40、 body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.
CSKA said they were "surprised and disappointed" by Toures complaint. In a statement the Russian side added: "We found no racist insults from fans of CSKA."
Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.
The supe
41、rsonic descent could happen as early as Sunda.
The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm -- winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the
42、lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he cro
43、sses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.
The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet (
Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.
They blew it in 2008 when they got
44、caught cold in the final and they will not make the same mistake against the Kiwis in Manchester.
Five years ago they cruised through to the final and so far history has repeated itself here - the last try they conceded was scored by Englands Josh Charnley in the opening game of the tournament.
Th
45、at could be classed as a weakness, a team under-cooked - but I have been impressed by the Kangaroos focus in their games since then.
They have been concentrating on the sort of stuff that wins you tough, even contests - strong defence, especially on their own goal-line, completing sets and a good k
46、ick-chase. Theyve been great at all the unglamorous stuff that often goes unnoticed in the stands but not by your team-mates.
It is as though their entire tournament has been preparation for the final.
In Johnathan Thurston, Cooper Cronk, Cameron Smith and either Billy Slater or Greg Inglis at ful
47、l-back they have a spine that is unmatched in rugby league. They have played in so many high-pressure games - a priceless asset going into Saturday.
The Kiwis are a lot less experienced but winning a dramatic match like their semi-final against England will do wonders for their confidence.
They defeated Australia in the Four Nations final in 2010 and the last World Cup, and know they can rise to the big occasion.
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2014年中級(jí)經(jīng)濟(jì)師_經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)_學(xué)習(xí)講義03
