2014年中級經濟師_經濟基礎知識_學習講義03
《2014年中級經濟師_經濟基礎知識_學習講義03》由會員分享,可在線閱讀,更多相關《2014年中級經濟師_經濟基礎知識_學習講義03(11頁珍藏版)》請在裝配圖網上搜索。
1、專業(yè)好文檔 第三章 生產和成本理論 一、生產者的組織形式和企業(yè)理論 ?。ㄒ唬┥a者及其組織形式 掌握生產者的組織形式:生產者即企業(yè)或廠商,企業(yè)的主要形式包括個人企業(yè)、合伙制企業(yè)和公司制企業(yè)。 掌握生產者的基本假設:在生產者行為的分析中,一般假設生產者或企業(yè)的目標是追求利潤最大化。 ?。ǘ┢髽I(yè)形成的理論 掌握科斯的企業(yè)理論:企業(yè)是為了節(jié)約市場交易費用或交易成本而產生的,企業(yè)的本質或者顯著特征是作為市場機制或價格機制的替代物。 企業(yè)產生以后,社會上就形成了兩種交易,即企業(yè)外部的市場交易和企業(yè)內部的交易。兩種交易方式都要支付交易費用或成本。當企業(yè)交易方式的交易費
2、用小于市場交易方式的交易費用時,企業(yè)就產生了。 交易成本的節(jié)約是企業(yè)存在的根本原因,即企業(yè)是市場交易費用節(jié)約的產物。 導致市場機制和企業(yè)的交易費用不同的主要因素在于信息的不完全性。 【例題單選題】企業(yè)存在的根本原因是( )。 A.交易成本的節(jié)約 B.外部性 C.市場失靈 D.企業(yè)內部可以構造權力制衡機制 [答疑編號2883030101] 『正確答案』A 二、生產函數和生產曲線 (一)生產及相關概念 生產要素一般被劃分為勞動、資本、土地和企業(yè)家才能四種類型。 從較長時期來看,企業(yè)的各項投入都是可以改變的;但在短期內,企
3、業(yè)的投入分為不變投入和可變投入。 (二)生產函數 掌握生產函數的含義:在一定時期內,在技術不變的情況下,生產中所使用的各種生產要素的數量與所能生產的最大產量之間的函數關系。 生產函數是最大產量與投入要素之間的函數關系。 ?。ㄈ┮环N可變要素的生產函數及其曲線 考試內容:掌握一種可變要素的生產函數的各種曲線的基本形狀和特征 1.一種可變要素的生產函數 一種可變要素的生產函數也稱短期生產函數,其基本形式: 該函數表示資本量固定不變,這時總產量的變化只取決于勞動量L的變化。 2.總產量、平均產量和邊際產量 總產量(TP):生產
4、出來的用實物單位衡量的產出總量。 平均產量(AP):總產量除以總投入的單位數,或者說是每單位投入生產的產出。 邊際產量:在其他投入保持不變的條件下,由于新增一單位的投入而多生產出來的產量或產出。 教材20頁表3-1。 【例題單選題】某企業(yè)的工人人數為10人時,其總產量為2100個;當工人人數為11人,其總產量為2200個,則工人人數為11人時,該企業(yè)的邊際產量是(?。﹤€,平均產量是(?。﹤€。 A.100 200 B.200 100 C.210 105 D.100 210 [答疑編號2883030102] 『正確答案』A
5、 3.總產量、平均產量和邊際產量曲線及其位置關系 教材21頁圖3-1。 (1)邊際產量曲線的圖形及邊際產量遞減規(guī)律 勞動的邊際產量先遞增,勞動投入達到一定程度L1后,MP最大,然后遞減,繼續(xù)增加勞動投入到L3,MP=0。如果再增加勞動投入,邊際產量為負。 掌握邊際產量遞減規(guī)律的含義:也稱為邊際報酬遞減規(guī)律,在技術水平和其他投入保持不變的條件下,連續(xù)追加一種生產要素的投入量,總是存在著一個臨界點,在這一點之前,邊際產量遞增,超過這一點之后,邊際產量將出現遞減的趨勢,直到出現負值。 【例題單選題】邊際產量遞減規(guī)律的基本含義是(?。?。 A.在技術水平和其他
6、投入保持不變的條件下,連續(xù)追加一種生產要素的投入量,總是存在著一個臨界點,在這一點之前,邊際產量遞增,超過這一點之后,邊際產量將出現遞減的趨勢,直到出現負值。 B.在技術水平和其他投入變動的條件下,連續(xù)追加一種生產要素的投入量,總是存在著一個臨界點,在這一點之前,邊際產量遞增,超過這一點之后,邊際產量將出現遞減的趨勢,直到出現負值 C.在技術水平和其他投入保持不變的條件下,連續(xù)追加一種生產要素的投入量,邊際產量總是遞增的 D.在技術水平和其他投入保持不變的條件下,連續(xù)追加一種生產要素的投入量,邊際產量總是遞減的 [答疑編號2883030103] 『正確答案』A ?。?/p>
7、2)總產量曲線的圖形
根據MP曲線的圖形可以給出TP曲線??偖a量曲線先以遞增的速度上升(此時MP遞增),后以遞減的速度上升(此時MP下降,但MP>0),總產量達到最大值后下降。
MP>0時,TP上升; MP=0,TP最大;MP<0時,TP下降。
?。?)平均產量曲線的圖形
MP曲線與AP曲線交于AP曲線的最高點。相交之前,MP>AP,AP上升;相交之后,MP 8、與AP曲線交于AP曲線的最高點
E.MP曲線與AP曲線交于MP曲線的最高點
[答疑編號2883030104]
『正確答案』ACD 【例題2單選題】(2009年)在其他條件不變的情況下,如果連續(xù)增加勞動的投入,在總產量達到最大值時,勞動的邊際產量(?。?。
A.大于零
B.小于零
C.等于零
D.等于平均產量
[答疑編號2883030105]
『正確答案』C
『答案解析』當邊際產量等于0時,總產量達到最大值。 ?。ㄋ模┮?guī)模報酬
規(guī)模報酬也稱規(guī)模收益,是指在其他條件不變的情況下,企業(yè)內部各種生產要素按照相同比例變化時所帶來的產量的變化。規(guī)模收 9、益研究的是企業(yè)的長期生產決策問題。
根據生產規(guī)模和產量的變化比例的比較,可以將規(guī)模報酬分為三類:
(1)規(guī)模報酬不變,就是產量增加的比例等于各種生產要素增加的比例。
(2)規(guī)模報酬遞增,即產量增加的比例大于各種生產要素增加的比例。
(3)規(guī)模報酬遞減,即產量增加的比例小于各種生產要素增加的比例。
多數行業(yè)會有一個適度最佳規(guī)?;蜻m度規(guī)模,此時企業(yè)的單位生產成本最小。
三、成本函數和成本曲線
(一)成本的含義(掌握)
1.機會成本:當一種生產要素被用于生產單位某產品時所放棄的使用相同要素在其他生產用途中所得到的最高收入。
2.顯成本與隱成 10、本
顯成本是指企業(yè)購買或租用生產要素所實際支付的貨幣支出。
隱成本是指企業(yè)本身所擁有的、并且被用于該企業(yè)生產過程的那些生產要素的總價格。實際上是自有要素的機會成本。
3.經濟利潤
在經濟學中,企業(yè)所有的顯成本和隱成本之和構成了企業(yè)的總成本。企業(yè)的經濟利潤是指企業(yè)的總收益和總成本之間的差額。企業(yè)所追求的最大利潤,指的是最大的經濟利潤。
經濟利潤也稱為超額利潤,企業(yè)的隱成本一般稱為正常利潤。
【例題1單選題】(2007、2008年)機會成本是指當一種生產要素被用于生產某產品時所放棄的使用該生產要素在其他生產用途中所得到的(?。?
A.最高收入
B.最 11、低收入
C.平均收入
D.超額收入
[答疑編號2883030106]
『正確答案』A 【例題2單選題】(2010年)企業(yè)使用自有的資金應計算利息,從成本角度看,這種利息屬于(?。?
A.固定成本
B.顯成本
C.隱成本
D.會計成本
[答疑編號2883030107]
『正確答案』C 【例題3單選題】經濟利潤也稱為(?。?
A.超額利潤
B.正常利潤
C.會計利潤
D.隱成本
[答疑編號2883030108]
『正確答案』A 【例題4多選題】關于成本和利潤的正確表述是(?。?。
A.企業(yè)所有的顯成 12、本和隱成本共同構成企業(yè)的總成本
B.在成本下降時利潤一定是增加的
C.企業(yè)所追求的最大利潤,指的是最大的經濟利潤
D.企業(yè)所追求的最大利潤,指的是最大的正常利潤
E.經濟利潤中包括正常利潤
[答疑編號2883030109]
『正確答案』AC ?。ǘ┏杀竞瘮担ㄕ莆眨?
1.成本函數的含義和類型
成本函數:表示企業(yè)總成本與產量之間關系的公式。
由于考察期的不同,分為短期成本函數和長期成本函數。
短期成本函數:有固定成本與可變成本之分。C=b+f(q)
長期成本函數:無固定成本, C=f(q)
短期成本函數和長期成本函數的區(qū)別 13、在于是否含有固定成本,是否有固定成本和可變成本之分
2.短期成本函數分析
?。?)短期總成本
短期總成本=總固定成本+總可變成本
TC=TFC+TVC
固定成本是指在短期內不隨產量增減而變動的那部分成本,如廠房和設備的折舊、管理人員的工資費用等。
(2)平均成本
平均成本(平均總成本,單位產品成本)分為平均固定成本與平均可變成本
ATC= TC /Q=AFC+AVC=TFC/Q+TVC/Q
?。?)邊際成本
邊際成本是增加一個單位產量時總成本的增加額。
邊際成本是產量變動引起的可變成本的變動。
【例題1單選題】 14、短期成本函數和長期成本函數的區(qū)別在于是否含有( )。
A.固定成本
B.可變成本
C.邊際成本
D.隱成本
[答疑編號2883030110]
『正確答案』A 【例題2多選題】(2008年)下列各項中,屬于企業(yè)固定成本的有(?。?。
A.廠房和設備折舊
B.管理人員工資
C.原材料費用
D.燃料和動力費用
E.生產工人工資
[答疑編號2883030111]
『正確答案』AB 【例題3單選題】增加一個單位產量時總成本的增加額稱為( )。
A.總成本
B.可變成本
C.邊際成本
D.顯成本
[答 15、疑編號2883030112]
『正確答案』C 【例題4單選題】(2008年)當某企業(yè)的產量為2個單位時,其總成本、總固定成本、總可變成本、平均成本分別是2000元、1200元、800元和1000元;當產量為3個單位時,其總成本、總固定成本、總可變成本、平均成本分別是2100元、1200元、900元和700元,則該企業(yè)的邊際成本是( )元。
A.0
B.150
C.100
D.300
[答疑編號2883030113]
『正確答案』C (三)短期成本曲線(熟悉)
1.總成本、總固定成本和總可變成本曲線
在成本曲線中,橫軸時表示產量,縱軸表示成本 16、。
?。?)總固定成本曲線是一條平行于橫軸的直線。
?。?)總成本曲線是從縱軸一個截點,即產量為零時總成本等于固定成本的那個點開始,隨產量增加而逐步上升的曲線。剛開始以遞減的速度上升,之后以遞增的速度上升。
?。?)總可變成本曲線從原點出發(fā),之后隨產量增加而上升。
總可變成本曲線和總成本曲線的變動規(guī)律是一致的。
2.平均總成本、平均固定成本、平均可變成本、邊際成本曲線
(1)平均固定成本曲線隨產量的增加而下降,逐漸接近橫軸
?。?)平均總成本、平均可變成本、邊際成本曲線都是先下降后上升的U型曲線
?。?)邊際成本曲線與平均總成本曲線交于平均總成本曲線的最低 17、點。相交之前,MC 18、030114]
『正確答案』B 【例題2單選題】總可變成本曲線是( )。
A.從原點開始,隨產量的增加而逐步上升的
B.從縱軸一個截點即產量為零時總成本等于固定成本的那個點開始,隨產量的增加而逐步上升
C.與橫軸平行的一條直線
D.先下降后上升的曲線
[答疑編號2883030115]
『正確答案』A 【例題3單選題】當邊際成本與平均可變成本正好相等時,(?。┨幱谧畹忘c
A.邊際成本
B.平均可變成本
C.平均總成本
D.平均固定成本
[答疑編號2883030116]
『正確答案』B 【例題4多選題】下列關于成本曲線的 19、說法,正確的是(?。?。
A.平均總成本是先下降后上升的曲線
B.平均可變成本是先下降后上升的曲線
C.邊際成本曲線是先下降后上升的曲線
D.平均固定成本是先下降后上升的曲線
E.無論上升或下降,平均可變成本曲線的變動快于邊際成本曲線
[答疑編號2883030117]
『正確答案』ABC 【例題5多選題】(2009年)關于短期成本曲線的說法,正確的有(?。?
A.總成本曲線從原點開始,并隨產量的增加而逐步上升
B.總成本曲線從縱軸一個截點即產量為零時總成本等于固定成本的那個點開始,并隨產量的增加而逐步上升
C.總可變成本曲線從原點 20、開始,并隨產量的增加而逐步上升
D.總可變成本曲線從縱軸一個截點即產量為零時總成本等于固定成本的那個點開始,并隨著產量的增加而逐步下降
E.總固定成本曲線是平行于橫軸的一條直線
[答疑編號2883030118]
『正確答案』BCE 【例題6單選題】(2010年)關于短期總成本曲線的說法,正確的是(?。?。
A.總成本曲線從原點開始,隨產量的增加而逐步上升
B.總成本曲線從縱軸一個截點即產量為零時總成本等于固定成本的那個點開始,隨產量的增加而逐步上升
C.總成本曲線不隨產量的變動而變動
D.總成本曲線從縱軸一個截點即產量為零時總成本等于可變成本的那個 21、點開始,隨產量的增加而逐步下降
[答疑編號2883030119]
『正確答案』B
"If we dont do that it will go on and go on. We have to stop it; we need the courage to do it."
His comments came hours after Fifa vice-president Jeffrey Webb - also in London for the FAs celebrations - said he wanted to meet Ivory Coast international 22、Toure to discuss his complaint.
CSKA general director Roman Babaev says the matter has been "exaggerated" by the Ivorian and the British media.
Blatter, 77, said: "It has been decided by the Fifa congress that it is a nonsense for racism to be dealt with with fines. You can always find money from 23、 somebody to pay them.
"It is a nonsense to have matches played without spectators because it is against the spirit of football and against the visiting team. It is all nonsense.
"We can do something better to fight racism and discrimination.
"This is one of the villains we have today in our game 24、. But it is only with harsh sanctions that racism and discrimination can be washed out of football."
The (lack of) air up there
Watch mCayman Islands-based Webb, the head of Fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in London for the Football Associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will atten 25、d Citys Premier League match at Chelsea on Sunday.
"I am going to be at the match tomorrow and I have asked to meet Yaya Toure," he told BBC Sport.
"For me its about how he felt and I would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was."
Uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings ag 26、ainst CSKAfor the "racist behaviour of their fans" duringCitys 2-1 win.
Michel Platini, president of European footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.
CSKA said they were "surprised and disappointed" by Toures complaint. In a statement the Ru 27、ssian side added: "We found no racist insults from fans of CSKA."
Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.
The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunda.
The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm -- winds less 28、than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), driftin 29、g even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.
The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet (
Then, I 30、 would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.
Below, the Earth becomes the concrete bottom of a swimming pool that he wants to land on, but not too hard. Still, hell be traveling fast, so despite the distance, it will not be like diving into the deep e 31、nd of a pool. It will be like he is diving into the shallow end.
Skydiver preps for the big jump
When he jumps, he is expected to reach the speed of sound -- 690 mph (1,110 kph) -- in less than 40 seconds. Like hitting the top of the water, he will begin to slow as he approaches the more dense ai 32、r closer to Earth. But this will not be enough to stop him completely.
If he goes too fast or spins out of control, he has a stabilization parachute that can be deployed to slow him down. His team hopes its not needed. Instead, he plans to deploy his 270-square-foot (25-square-meter) main chute at 33、an altitude of around 5,000 feet (1,524 meters).
In order to deploy this chute successfully, he will have to slow to 172 mph (277 kph). He will have a reserve parachute that will open automatically if he loses consciousness at mach speeds.
Even if everything goes as planned, it wont. Baumgartner s 34、till will free fall at a speed that would cause you and me to pass out, and no parachute is guaranteed to work higher than 25,000 feet (7,620 meters).
cause there
Winger Tuivasa-Sheck, who scored two tries in the Kiwis 20-18 semi-final win over England, has been passed fit after a lower-leg injur 35、y, while Slater has been named at full-back but is still recovering from a knee injury aggravated against USA.
Both sides boast 100% records heading into the encounter but Australia have not conceded a try since Josh Charnleys effort in their first pool match against England on the opening day.
Au 36、ssie winger Jarryd Hayne is the competitions top try scorer with nine, closely followed by Tuivasa-Sheck with eight.
But it is recently named Rugby League International Federation player of the year Sonny Bill Williams who has attracted the most interest in the tournament so far.
The Kiwi - with a 37、 tournament high 17 offloads - has the chance of becoming the first player to win the World Cup in both rugby league and rugby union after triumphing with the All Blacks in 2011.
"Id give every award back in a heartbeat just to get across the line this weekend," said Williams.The (lack of) air up t 38、here
Watch mCayman Islands-based Webb, the head of Fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in London for the Football Associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend Citys Premier League match at Chelsea on Sunday.
"I am going to be at the match tomorrow and I have asked to meet Yaya Toure," 39、he told BBC Sport.
"For me its about how he felt and I would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was."
Uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against CSKAfor the "racist behaviour of their fans" duringCitys 2-1 win.
Michel Platini, president of European footballs governing 40、 body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.
CSKA said they were "surprised and disappointed" by Toures complaint. In a statement the Russian side added: "We found no racist insults from fans of CSKA."
Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.
The supe 41、rsonic descent could happen as early as Sunda.
The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm -- winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the 42、lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he cro 43、sses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.
The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet (
Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.
They blew it in 2008 when they got 44、caught cold in the final and they will not make the same mistake against the Kiwis in Manchester.
Five years ago they cruised through to the final and so far history has repeated itself here - the last try they conceded was scored by Englands Josh Charnley in the opening game of the tournament.
Th 45、at could be classed as a weakness, a team under-cooked - but I have been impressed by the Kangaroos focus in their games since then.
They have been concentrating on the sort of stuff that wins you tough, even contests - strong defence, especially on their own goal-line, completing sets and a good k 46、ick-chase. Theyve been great at all the unglamorous stuff that often goes unnoticed in the stands but not by your team-mates.
It is as though their entire tournament has been preparation for the final.
In Johnathan Thurston, Cooper Cronk, Cameron Smith and either Billy Slater or Greg Inglis at ful 47、l-back they have a spine that is unmatched in rugby league. They have played in so many high-pressure games - a priceless asset going into Saturday.
The Kiwis are a lot less experienced but winning a dramatic match like their semi-final against England will do wonders for their confidence.
They defeated Australia in the Four Nations final in 2010 and the last World Cup, and know they can rise to the big occasion.
11
- 溫馨提示:
1: 本站所有資源如無特殊說明,都需要本地電腦安裝OFFICE2007和PDF閱讀器。圖紙軟件為CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.壓縮文件請下載最新的WinRAR軟件解壓。
2: 本站的文檔不包含任何第三方提供的附件圖紙等,如果需要附件,請聯系上傳者。文件的所有權益歸上傳用戶所有。
3.本站RAR壓縮包中若帶圖紙,網頁內容里面會有圖紙預覽,若沒有圖紙預覽就沒有圖紙。
4. 未經權益所有人同意不得將文件中的內容挪作商業(yè)或盈利用途。
5. 裝配圖網僅提供信息存儲空間,僅對用戶上傳內容的表現方式做保護處理,對用戶上傳分享的文檔內容本身不做任何修改或編輯,并不能對任何下載內容負責。
6. 下載文件中如有侵權或不適當內容,請與我們聯系,我們立即糾正。
7. 本站不保證下載資源的準確性、安全性和完整性, 同時也不承擔用戶因使用這些下載資源對自己和他人造成任何形式的傷害或損失。
最新文檔
- 2023年六年級數學下冊6整理和復習2圖形與幾何第7課時圖形的位置練習課件新人教版
- 2023年六年級數學下冊6整理和復習2圖形與幾何第1課時圖形的認識與測量1平面圖形的認識練習課件新人教版
- 2023年六年級數學下冊6整理和復習1數與代數第10課時比和比例2作業(yè)課件新人教版
- 2023年六年級數學下冊4比例1比例的意義和基本性質第3課時解比例練習課件新人教版
- 2023年六年級數學下冊3圓柱與圓錐1圓柱第7課時圓柱的體積3作業(yè)課件新人教版
- 2023年六年級數學下冊3圓柱與圓錐1圓柱第1節(jié)圓柱的認識作業(yè)課件新人教版
- 2023年六年級數學下冊2百分數(二)第1節(jié)折扣和成數作業(yè)課件新人教版
- 2023年六年級數學下冊1負數第1課時負數的初步認識作業(yè)課件新人教版
- 2023年六年級數學上冊期末復習考前模擬期末模擬訓練二作業(yè)課件蘇教版
- 2023年六年級數學上冊期末豐收園作業(yè)課件蘇教版
- 2023年六年級數學上冊易錯清單十二課件新人教版
- 標準工時講義
- 2021年一年級語文上冊第六單元知識要點習題課件新人教版
- 2022春一年級語文下冊課文5識字測評習題課件新人教版
- 2023年六年級數學下冊6整理和復習4數學思考第1課時數學思考1練習課件新人教版