沙灘鏟手柄注塑模具設(shè)計(jì)（帶CAD圖紙）
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畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)（論 文）任 務(wù) 書
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設(shè)計(jì)（論文）題目：
沙灘鏟手柄注塑模具設(shè)計(jì)
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學(xué)生姓名： 學(xué) 號(hào)：
專 業(yè)：
所在學(xué)院：
指導(dǎo)教師：
職 稱：
20xx年 2月 27日
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1．畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）任務(wù)書由指導(dǎo)教師根據(jù)各課題的具體情況填寫，經(jīng)學(xué)生所在專業(yè)的負(fù)責(zé)人審查、系（院）領(lǐng)導(dǎo)簽字后生效。此任務(wù)書應(yīng)在畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）開始前一周內(nèi)填好并發(fā)給學(xué)生。
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3．任務(wù)書內(nèi)填寫的內(nèi)容，必須和學(xué)生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）完成的情況相一致，若有變更，應(yīng)當(dāng)經(jīng)過所在專業(yè)及系（院）主管領(lǐng)導(dǎo)審批后方可重新填寫。
4．任務(wù)書內(nèi)有關(guān)“學(xué)院”、“專業(yè)”等名稱的填寫，應(yīng)寫中文全稱，不能寫數(shù)字代碼。學(xué)生的“學(xué)號(hào)”要寫全號(hào)，不能只寫最后2位或1位數(shù)字。
5．任務(wù)書內(nèi)“主要參考文獻(xiàn)”的填寫，應(yīng)按照《金陵科技學(xué)院本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）撰寫規(guī)范》的要求書寫。
?6．有關(guān)年月日等日期的填寫，應(yīng)當(dāng)按照國(guó)標(biāo)GB/T 7408—94《數(shù)據(jù)元和交換格式、信息交換、日期和時(shí)間表示法》規(guī)定的要求，一律用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字書寫。如“2002年4月2日”或“2002-04-02”。
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)（論 文）任 務(wù) 書
1．本畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）課題應(yīng)達(dá)到的目的：
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（1）通過畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生具有運(yùn)用已學(xué)理論專業(yè)知識(shí)去分析實(shí)際工程問題和解決實(shí)際工程問題的能力。
（2）通過畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)，對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行基本技能訓(xùn)練，如設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算、繪圖及查閱技術(shù)文獻(xiàn)資料等，以提高學(xué)生的技能水平。
2．本畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）課題任務(wù)的內(nèi)容和要求（包括原始數(shù)據(jù)、技術(shù)要求、工作要求等）：
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1、設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容
注塑成型是塑料成型加工的主要方法，其制品具有高精度、高復(fù)雜程度和高一致性等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，同時(shí)該成型方法效率高而且消耗低，對(duì)各種塑料的加工適用性強(qiáng)，因此有很大的市場(chǎng)需求和良好的發(fā)展前景。
基于上述背景，本課題以生活中某款沙灘鏟手柄塑料件為對(duì)象，進(jìn)行注塑模具設(shè)計(jì)。要求塑料件具有較好的化學(xué)穩(wěn)定性、結(jié)實(shí)耐用、光滑無毛刺。
2、設(shè)計(jì)的基本要求
（1）設(shè)計(jì)圖紙規(guī)范、清晰、準(zhǔn)確，圖面布局勻稱，表達(dá)準(zhǔn)確清楚，圖面清潔。
（2）結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)中要求做到：方案合理，計(jì)算準(zhǔn)確無誤，計(jì)算書寫工整。
（3）設(shè)計(jì)說明書敘述詳盡、內(nèi)容完整，表達(dá)準(zhǔn)確，設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算正確，圖表、字體、文獻(xiàn)資料引用符合相應(yīng)規(guī)范。
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)（論 文）任 務(wù) 書
3．對(duì)本畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）課題成果的要求〔包括圖表、實(shí)物等硬件要求〕：
總裝配圖一份；
零件圖一份；
開題報(bào)告一份；
論文大綱一份；
外文資料翻譯一份；
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說明書一份。
4．主要參考文獻(xiàn)：
[1] 齊曉杰.塑料成型工藝與模具設(shè)計(jì)[M].北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2005
[2] 趙波.UG CAD實(shí)用教程[M].北京:清華大學(xué)出版社,2002
[3] 屈華昌.塑料成型工藝與模具設(shè)計(jì)[M].北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1996
[4] 馮炳堯.模具設(shè)計(jì)與制造簡(jiǎn)明手冊(cè)[M].上海:上海科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社,1998
[5] 唐志玉.塑料模具設(shè)計(jì)師指南[M].北京:國(guó)防工業(yè)出版社,1999
[6] 陸寧.實(shí)用注塑模具設(shè)計(jì)[M].北京:中國(guó)輕工業(yè)出版社,1997
[7] 唐金松.簡(jiǎn)明機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)[M].上?？茖W(xué)技術(shù)出版社,1992
[8] 吳崇峰.實(shí)用注塑模CAD/CAE/CAM技術(shù)[M].中國(guó)輕工業(yè)出版社,2000
[9] 蔣繼宏.注塑模具典型結(jié)構(gòu)100例[M].中國(guó)輕工業(yè)出版社,2000
[10] 黃毅宏.模具制造工藝[M].機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1999
[11] 唐應(yīng)謙.數(shù)控加工工藝學(xué)[M]. 北京:中國(guó)勞動(dòng)社會(huì)保障出版社,2000
[12] 彭建聲.模具技術(shù)問答[M]. 北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2001
[13] 李澄.機(jī)械制圖[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1997
[14] 劉全坤.材料成形基本原理[M].北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2005
[15] 申開智.塑料成型模具[M].中國(guó)輕工出版社.2002
[16] 賈潤(rùn)禮、程志遠(yuǎn)主編.實(shí)用注塑模設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)[M].北京：中國(guó)輕工業(yè)出版社，2000
[17] 王興天.注射成型技術(shù)[M].化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社,1999
[18] 詹友剛.PRO/ENGINEER野火版5.0機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)教程[M].北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2011
[19] 陳錫棟，周小玉.實(shí)用模具技術(shù)手冊(cè)[M].機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2001
[20] 李奇.模具材料及熱處理[M].北京理工大學(xué)出版社. 2008
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)（論 文）任 務(wù) 書
5．本畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）課題工作進(jìn)度計(jì)劃：
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20xx.2.25-2.16.3.9 畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)調(diào)研，完成開題報(bào)告、中英文翻譯、論文大綱
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畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)（論 文）外 文 參 考 資 料 及 譯 文
譯文題目：現(xiàn)代快速經(jīng)濟(jì)制造模具技術(shù)
學(xué)生姓名： 學(xué) 號(hào)：
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20xx年 2月 27日
外文原文
Modern?fast?economy?manufacture?mold?technology?????
Along?with?the?global?economy?development,?the?new?technological?revolution?made?the?new?progress?and?the?breakthrough?unceasingly,?the?technical?leap?development?already?becomes?the?important?attribute?which?the?impetus?world?economics?grew.?The?market?economy?unceasing?development,?urges?the?industry?product?more?and?more?to?the?multi-?varieties,?high?grade,?the?low?cost?direction?to?develop,?in?order?to?maintain?and?strengthens?the?product?in?market?competitive?power,?product?development?cycle,?production?cycle?more?and?more?short,?thereupon?to?makes?each?kind?of?product?the?essential?craft?equipment?mold?request?to?be?more?and?more?harsh.?On?the?one?hand?the?enterprise?for?the?pursue?scale?benefit,?causes?the?mold?to?turn?towards?high?speed,?is?precise,?the?long?life?direction?develops;?On?the?other?hand?enterprise?in?order?to?satisfy?the?multi-?varieties,,?the?product?renewal?quickly,?wins?the?market?the?need,?requests?the?mold?to?turn?towards?the?manufacture?cycle?to?be?short,?the?cost?low?fast?economy?direction?develops.?The?computer,?the?laser,?electronic,?the?new?material,?the?new?technical?development,?causes?the?fast?economical?pattern?making?technology?even?more?powerful,?the?application?scope?expands?unceasingly,?the?type?increases?unceasingly,?the?creation?economic?efficiency?and?the?social?efficiency?are?more?and?more?remarkable.?The?fast?economical?pattern?making?technology?and?the?traditional?machine-finishing?compares,?has?the?pattern?making?cycle?short,?the?cost?is?low,?the?precision?and?the?life?can?satisfy?in?the?production?the?operation?requirements,?is?synthesizes?an?economic?efficiency?quite?remarkable?kind?to?make?the?mold?the?technology,?summarizes?below,?has?several?types?to?leave.?
1. Fast prototype manufactures technology
The?fast?prototype?manufacture?technology?is?called?RPM,?is?one?kind?of?new?manufacture?technology?which?the?80's?later?period?develops.?US,?Japan,?England,?Israel,?Germany,?China?have?all?promoted?own?commercialization?product,?and?has?formed?the?new?industry?gradually.RPM?is?the?computer,?the?laser,?the?optical?scanning,?the?advanced?new?material,?the?computer-aided?design?(CAD),?the?computer?assistance?processing?(CAM),?the?numerical?control?(CNC)?synthesizes?the?application?the?high?technology?and?new?technology.?In?takes?shape?in?the?concept?take?the?plane?separate,?piles?up?as?the?instruction,?in?the?control?take?the?computer?and?the?numerical?control?as?the?foundation.?Take?biggest?flexibility?as?general?goals.?It?has?abandoned?the?traditional?machine-finishing?method;?to?the?manufacturing?industry?transformation?is?a?significant?breakthrough,?anduses?the?RPM?technology?to?be?possible?directly?or?indirectly?the?fast?pattern?making,?this?technology?already?by?profession?widespread?application?and?so?on?automobile,?aviation,?electrical?appliances,?ships,?medical?service.
2.?Surfaces?take?shape?the?pattern?making?technology
?The?surface?takes?shape?the?pattern?making?technology,?mainly?is?the?use?spurts?spreads,?the?electrolytic?casting,?chemistry?corrosion?and?so?on?the?new?technique?formation?cavitysurface?and?the?fine?pattern?one?kind?of?craft?technology,?in?the?practical?application?including?following?several?kind?of?types.??
electric?arcs?spurt?spread?take?shape?the?pattern?making?technology??The?electric?arc?spurts?spreads?takes?shape?the?technical?principle?is:?Has?the?electric?arc?quantity?of?heat?using?between?2?circular?telegrams?tinsel?to?melt?the?tinsel,?depends?upon?the?compressed?gas?its?full?atomization,?and?gives?the?certain?kinetic?energy,?high?speed?sprays?in?the?type?mold?surface,?layer?upon?layer?mounts,?forms?a?metal?shell,?namely?the?cavity?internal?surface,?uses?to?fill?the?substrate?material?again?(generally?for?metal?silt?and?resin?compound?materials)?performs?to?support?the?reinforcement,?enhances?its?intensity?and?the?rigidity,?combines?the?mold?together?with?the?metal?pattern?frame.?This?kind?of?pattern?making?technology?craft?simple,?cost?low,?manufacture?cycle?extremely?short,?the?cavity?surface?takes?shape?only?needs?for?several?hours,?saves?the?energy?and?the?metal?material,?general?cavity?surface?2-3mm?is?only?thick,?simulation?greatly?strengthened,?the?pattern?precision?may?achieve?0.5?mu?m.?At?present?this?technology?widely?uses?in?superficial?shape?and?so?on?airplane,?automobile?mold,?electrical?appliances,?furniture,?shoemaking,?fine?arts?handicraft?is?complex?and?the?pattern?fine?each?kind?of?polyurethane?product?blow?molding,?attracts?models,?the?PVC?injection,?PU?becomes?spongy?and?each?kind?of?injection?takes?shape?in?the?mold.???
????electrolytic?castings?take?shape?the?technology?The?electrolytic?casting?takes?shape?the?technical?principle?to?be?same?with?the?galvanization,?is?according?to?model?the?mold?(ready-made?product?or?female?mold?which?makes?according?to?product?blueprint)?is?the?datum?(negative?pole),?places?in?the?electrolytic?casting?fluid?(anode),?causes?in?the?electrolytic?casting?fluid?the?metallic?ion?to?return?to?original?state?a?latter?place?deposition?on?the?type?mold,?forms?the?metal?shell,?after?strips?it,?contacts?the?surface?with?the?type?mold?namely?for?the?mold?the?cavity?internal?surface.?This?technical?main?characteristic?is?saves?material,?the?mold?manufacture?cycle?short,?electrolytic?casting?level?degree?of?hardness?may?reach?40HRC,?enhanced?the?resistance?to?wear?and?the?life,?roughness,?the?size?precision?is?completely?consistent?with?the?type?mold,?is?suitable?for?the?injection,?attracts?models,?the?blow?molding,?keeps?out?models,?mold?cavity?and?the?electric?spark?and?so?on?bakelite?mold,?glass?mold,?compression?casting?mold?takes?shape?the?electrode?manufacture.????cavities?surfaces?fine?pattern?takes?shape?etching?technology??The?etching?technology?is?optics,?chemistry,?the?machining?synthesis?application?one?kind?of?technology,?its?basic?principle?is?makes?first?the?pattern?design?the?film,?then?in?has?spread?the?film?on?pattern?design?duplication?the?photosensitive?material?on?the?mold?cavity?surface,?process?chemistry?processing,?the?mold?cavity?surface?does?not?form?by?the?etching?partial?protectors,?then?acts?according?to?the?mold?material?quality,?the?choice?corresponding?etching?craft,?pattern?design?etching?in?mold?internal?surface.This?technical?main?characteristic?is?the?time?short,?the?expense?is?low,?patching?damages?the?pattern?design?to?be?possible?to?achieve?flawlessly.?
3.Sprinkle?to?cast?into?the?type?system?mold?technique
?Sprinkling?to?cast?into?technical?and?common?characteristics?of?the?type?system?mold?is?according?to?the?kind?piece?for?basis,?sprinkle?a?convex?and?cave?mold,?a?surface?do?not?need?the?machine?to?process.Make?physically?to?mainly?have?following?several?categories?type?in?the?mold.
4.Extrusions?takes?shape?the?technology??
Using?the?berylliuim?copper?alloy?good?thermal?conductivity?and?the?stability,?after?the?solid?melt?aging?treatment?of?metal,?use?the?swaging?pressure?to?make?the?mold?concave?model?cavity.?Its?characteristic?is?makes?the?cycle?short,?the?cavity?precision?is?high?(the?IT7?level),?surface?roughness?Ra=0.025?mum,?intensity?is?high,?the?life?may?reach?500,000?times,?does?not?have?the?environmental?pollution.?This?technology?is?using?the?metal?material?in?the?thin?crystal?grain,?certainly?takes?shape?the?temperature,?under?the?low?distortion?speed?condition,?when?the?material?has?the?best?superplasticity,?toes?attend?to?carry?out?raised?mold?which?the?initiative?finishes,?then?may?extrude?the?concave?mold?with?the?small?strength?one?kind?of?fast?economical?pattern?making?technology.?Ultra?models?takes?shape?material?typical?representative?is?Zn-22%.????
5.Does?not?have?the?mold?multi-?spots?forming?technology
?Does?not?have?the?mold?multi-?spots?fast?forming?technology?is?by?CAD/CAM/CAT?The?technology?is?the?main?method?about,?may?adjust?the?base?main?body?group?highly?using?the?computer?control?to?form?forms?the?surface,?replaces?the?traditional?mold?to?carry?on?the?three?dimensional?curved?surface?forming?to?the?sheet?an?modern?advanced?manufacture?technology.?This?technology?may?change?the?distortion?way?and?the?stressful?condition?at?will,?enhances?the?material?the?formed?limit,?may?form?repeatedly,?by?this?elimination?material?interior?remaining?stress,?the?realization?does?not?have?the?snapping?back?forming?
6.Uygur?bright?steel?belt?blanking?falls?the?material?pattern?making?technology?
The?new?steel?belt?blanking?falls?the?material?pattern?making?technology?is?one?kind?is?different?with?has?raised,?the?concave?mold?structure?steel?belt?mold?generally,?it?is?with?specially?makes?the?new?fast?economical?pattern?making?technology?by?the?single?edge?steel?belt?which?the?backing?strip?is?composed.?This?kind?of?mold?weight?is?light,?only?then?200kg,?the?processing?precision?for?±0.35-0.50mm,?may?suit?each?kind?of?black?and?the?non-ferrous?metal?0.5-0.65mm?thick?sheet?processing?generally.?The?life?may?achieve?5-25?ten?thousand,?the?production?cost?is?low.??
7.Molds?semifinished?materials?fast?manufacture?technology?solid?casting
?Because?the?massive?molds?are?belong?to?the?single?unit?or?the?production,?the?mold?semifinished?materials?manufacture?quality?and?the?cycle?and?the?cost?to?the?final?mold?quality?and?cyclical?and?the?cost?influence?are?very?important.?The?modern?mold?semifinished?materials?widely?have?used?the?seeds?casting?technology,?the?so-called?solid?casting?is?(polystyrene?PS?either?polymethacrylate?PMMA)?manufactures?using?the?foam?plastics?replaces?traditional?the?wooden?mold?or?the?metal?pattern,?after?the?modelling?does?not?have?to?take?out?the?model,?then?may?the?casting,?under?the?foam?plastics?model?high?temperature?liquid?metal?function,?deflagrate?the?gasification?but?to?vanish,?the?molten?metal?substitution?original?foam?plastics?model?holds?the?position,?after?the?condensation?forms?the?casting.??
8.Other?aspects?technologies
?In?order?to?simplify?the?mold?the?structural?design,?reduces?the?mold?cost,?reduces?the?mold?manufacture?cycle,?in?domestic?and?foreign?also?successively?appeared?some?other?aspects?new?technology?application,?like?trades?the?mold?frame,?the?ramming?unit,?the?cutting?edge?built-up?welding?quickly,?inlays?the?block?casting,?the?nitrogen?spring?and?so?on.?
Nitrogen?springs?on?mold?application?The?nitrogen?spring?is?one?kind?of?new?elastic?function?part,?replaces?the?spring,?the?rubber,?the?polyurethane?or?the?air?cushion?with?it?side,?it?can?accurately?provide?presses?the?strength,?then?may?have?the?greatly?initial?ball?pressure?in?the?small?space,?does?not?need?pre-?tightly,?is?basically?hit?the?pressure?basically?in?the?mold?entire?work?process?to?be?constant.?The?ball?pressure?size?and?the?working?point?position?may,?accurate,?conveniently?adjust?as?necessary,?simplifies?the?mold?to?stretch,?nearby?the?pressure,?ex-denning?isostructuralism,?simplifies?the?mold?design,?reduces?the?pattern?making?cycle,?debugs?the?mold?to?be?convenient,?reduces?the?replacement?mold?time,?enhances?the?production?efficiency.???
fast?trades?the?mold?technology???Because?product?variety?increasing?causes?the?mold?in?the?production?the?transmutation?extremely?frequently,?how?thereupon?reduces?the?ramming?equipment?the?down?time,?enhances?the?production?efficiency,?fast?traded?the?mold?technology?to?receive?people's?attention.?At?present?developed?industrial?nation?some?big?companies?traded?the?mold?speed?to?achieve?astonishing?degree,?whether?had?fast?trades?the?mold?technology?to?become?for?an?enterprise?technology?advancement?sign.?The?always?tendency?is?reduces?the?mold?to?install?on?the?equipment,?to?be?fixed,?the?adjustment?time,?this?both?must?give?in?the?equipment?structural?design?to?consider,?and?must?in?the?mold?structural?design,?the?standardized?aspect?consider,?machine?on?work?as?far?as?possible?placing?machine?under?will?do.?
ramming?units?combination?technology???The?ramming?unit?combination?technology?is?dies?a?resolve?into?each?one?simple?unit?the?convention?to?die,?according?to?the?working?procedure?request,?the?arrangement?combination,?completes?the?many?kinds?of?ramming?working?procedure?when?the?identical?inferior?stroke?the?new?craft?equipment,?the?work?the?ramming?unit?not?with?the?punch?press?slide?joint,?only?needs?the?slide?attack?then?to?complete?the?ramming?work.?When?independent?employment?it?is?1?complete?mold.?It?may?use?for?to?process?the?sheet?or?the?molding?punch?holes,?falls?the?material,?cuts?the?angle,?the?grooving,?shuts?off?and?the?shallow?stretch?and?so?on.?Has?the?assembly?strongly,?the?easy?to?operate,?the?versatility,?the?efficiency?is?quickly?good?and?so?on?the?characteristic,?suits?the?multi-?varieties?specially,?center?the?production.????
may?process?the?plastic?in?mold?manufacture?application??May?process?the?plastic?to?be??common?in?the?developed?industrial?nation?application,?specially?in?manufacturing?industry?and?so?on?automobile,?airplane,?mainly?replaces?the?lumber?or?the?metal?manufacture?automobile?body?host?model,?the?profile,?examines?has?and?the?casting?model?and?so?on.?May?process?the?plastic?the?main?characteristic?is?has?both?the?lumber?and?the?metal?fine?workability,?the?manufacture?craft?simple?and?direct?(may?use?compression?molding,?pour,?spells?sticks,?method?well?and?so?on?sculpture),?the?size?stability,?does?not?distort,?bears?moistly,?anti-corrosive,?is?easy?to?repair,?the?easy?modification,?the?weight?light,?the?manufacture?cycle?short,?the?cost?to?be?low.?Fast?economical?pattern?making?technology?type?very?many,?its?has?the?characteristic,?the?application?scope?are?various,?this?article?only?can?broadly?make?some?simple?introductions,?each?kind?of?technology?still?had?many?concrete?technological?processes,?the?craft?parameter?and?its?the?technical?characteristic?in?the?concrete?application?and?the?implementation?process.????
The?mold?is?one?of?foundation?industries,?in?the?globalization?market?economy?and?under?each?kind?of?high?technology?and?new?technology?swift?and?violent?development?situation,?the?fast?economical?mold?has?entrusted?with?the?new?mission?and?the?brand-new?connotation,?the?classification?increases?unceasingly,?the?fast?economical?pattern?making?material?turns?towards?the?multi-?varieties?seriation?to?make?great?strides?forward,?the?craft?has?the?new?innovation?and?the?breakthrough?unceasingly,?is?published?one?after?another?with?it?supplementary?equipment,?the?service?domain?in?opens?up?unceasingly,?the?creation?economic?efficiency?is?more?and?more?remarkable.?Along?with?the?commodity?economy?development,?the?intense?market?competition,?the?product?renewal?acceleration,?is?reducing?the?cycle?to?the?fast?economical?pattern?making?technology,?reduces?the?cost,?will?increase?the?precision?and?lengthens?the?life?aspect?the?request?to?be?able?to?be?more?and?more?high?inevitably.?Because?it?can?cause?the?enterprise?to?win?the?market,?creates?the?remarkable?economic?efficiency,?more?and?more?receives?entrepreneur's?favor?and?the?concerned?leader?department's?enormous?attention?and?the?policy?fund?support.?Each?kind?of?fast?economical?pattern?making?technology?also?can?consummate?mature?and?the?development?unceasingly?in?the?promoted?application?process,?as?a?result?of?the?high?technology?and?new?technology?development,?each?kind?of?technical?bonding?with?the?seepage,?for?the?adaption?production?in?different?demand,?surely?will?be?able?to?form?some,?the?frugal?energy,?the?frugal?material?fast?pattern?making?technology?new?from?now?on.
外文譯文
現(xiàn)代快速經(jīng)濟(jì)制造模具技術(shù)
?隨著全球經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，新的技術(shù)革命不斷取得新的進(jìn)展和突破，技術(shù)的飛躍發(fā)展已經(jīng)成為推動(dòng)世界經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的重要因素。市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的不斷發(fā)展，促使工業(yè)產(chǎn)品越來越向多品種、小批量、高質(zhì)量、低成本的方向發(fā)展，為了保持和加強(qiáng)產(chǎn)品在市場(chǎng)上的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)周期、生產(chǎn)周期越來越短，于是對(duì)制造各種產(chǎn)品的關(guān)鍵工藝裝備——模具的要求越來越苛刻。?一方面企業(yè)為追求規(guī)模效益，使得模具向著高速、精密、長(zhǎng)壽命方向發(fā)展；另一方面企業(yè)為了滿足多品種、小批量、產(chǎn)品更新?lián)Q代快、贏得市場(chǎng)的需要，要求模具向著制造周期短、成本低的快速經(jīng)濟(jì)的方向發(fā)展。計(jì)算機(jī)、激光、電子、新材料、新技術(shù)的發(fā)展，使得快速經(jīng)濟(jì)制模技術(shù)如虎添翼，應(yīng)用范圍不斷擴(kuò)大，類型不斷增多，創(chuàng)造的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和社會(huì)效益越來越顯著。??快速經(jīng)濟(jì)制模技術(shù)與傳統(tǒng)的機(jī)械加工相比，具有制模周期短、成本低、精度與壽命又能滿足生產(chǎn)上的使用要求，是綜合經(jīng)濟(jì)效益比較顯著的一類制造模具的技術(shù)，概括起來，有以下幾種類別。
1快速原型制造技術(shù)
快速原型制造技術(shù)簡(jiǎn)稱RPM，是80年代后期發(fā)展起來的一種新型制造技術(shù)。美國(guó)、日本、英國(guó)、以色列、德國(guó)、中國(guó)都推出了自己的商業(yè)化產(chǎn)品，并逐漸形成了新型產(chǎn)業(yè)。?RPM是電腦、激光、光學(xué)掃描、先進(jìn)的新型材料、計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)(CAD)、計(jì)算機(jī)輔助加工(CAM)、數(shù)控(CNC)綜合應(yīng)用的高新技術(shù)。在成型概念上以平面離散、堆積為指導(dǎo)，在控制上以計(jì)算機(jī)和數(shù)控為基礎(chǔ)，以最大柔性為總體目標(biāo)。它摒棄了傳統(tǒng)的機(jī)械加工方法，對(duì)制造業(yè)的變革是一個(gè)重大的突破，利用RPM技術(shù)可以直接或間接地快速制模，該技術(shù)已被汽車、航空、家電、醫(yī)療、模具等行業(yè)廣泛使用。
2表面成型制模技術(shù)
表面成型制模技術(shù)，主要是利用噴涂、電鑄、化學(xué)腐蝕等新的工藝方法形成型腔表面及精細(xì)花紋的一種工藝技術(shù)，實(shí)際應(yīng)用中包括一下幾種類型。
電弧噴涂成型制模技術(shù)??
電弧噴涂成型技術(shù)的原理是：利用2根通電的金屬絲之間產(chǎn)生電弧的熱量將金屬絲熔化，依靠高壓氣體將其充分霧化，并給予一定的動(dòng)能，高速噴射在樣模表面，層層鑲嵌，形成金屬殼體，即型腔的內(nèi)表面，再用充填基體材料(一般為金屬粉粒與樹脂的復(fù)合材料)加以支撐加固，提高其強(qiáng)度和剛性，連同金屬模架組合成模具。這種制模技術(shù)工藝簡(jiǎn)單、成本低，制造周期非常短，型腔表面的成型僅需幾個(gè)小時(shí)，節(jié)省能源和金屬材料，一般型腔表面僅2-3mm厚，仿真性極強(qiáng)，花紋精度可達(dá)到0.5μm。?目前該技術(shù)被廣泛地用于飛機(jī)、汽車的內(nèi)飾件模具、家電、家具、制鞋、美術(shù)工藝品等表面形狀復(fù)雜及花紋精細(xì)的各種聚氨酯制品的吹塑、吸塑、PVC注射、PU?發(fā)泡等模具中。
電鑄成型技術(shù)
電鑄成型技術(shù)的原理同電鍍一樣，是依樣模(現(xiàn)成制品或按制
品圖紙制成的母模)為基準(zhǔn)(陰極)，置放在電鑄液中(陽(yáng)極)，使電鑄液中的金屬離子還原后一層一層地沉積在樣模上，形成金屬殼體，將其剝離后，與樣模接觸的表面即為模具的型腔內(nèi)表面。該技術(shù)主要特點(diǎn)是節(jié)省材料、模具制造周期短，電鑄層硬度可達(dá)40HRC，提高了耐磨性和壽命，粗糙度、尺寸精度與樣模完全一致，適用于注射、吸塑、吹塑、搪塑、膠木模、玻璃模、壓鑄模等模具型腔及電火花成型電極的制造。
型腔表面精細(xì)花紋成型的蝕刻技術(shù)
蝕刻技術(shù)是光學(xué)、化學(xué)、機(jī)加工綜合應(yīng)用的一種技術(shù)，它的基本原理是先把花紋圖案制成膠片，再把膠片上的花紋圖案復(fù)制在已涂上光敏材料的模具型腔表面上，經(jīng)過化學(xué)處理，模具型腔表面形成不被蝕刻部分的保護(hù)層，再根據(jù)模具材質(zhì)，選擇相應(yīng)蝕刻工藝，將花紋圖案蝕刻在模具內(nèi)表面上。??該技術(shù)的主要特點(diǎn)是時(shí)間短、費(fèi)用低，修補(bǔ)破損花紋圖案可做到天衣無縫。?
3澆鑄成型制模技術(shù) 其特點(diǎn)是依樣件為基準(zhǔn)澆鑄出 凸、凹模，型腔表面不需要機(jī)械加工。?
4擠壓成型技術(shù)?利用鈹銅合金的良好的導(dǎo)熱性和穩(wěn)定性，經(jīng)固熔時(shí)效處理后，采用冷擠壓制造模具凹模型腔。其特點(diǎn)是制造周期短，型腔精度高(IT7級(jí))，表面粗糙度Ra=0.025μm,強(qiáng)度高，壽命可達(dá)50萬(wàn)次，無環(huán)境污染。該技術(shù)是利用金屬材料在細(xì)化晶粒、一定成型溫度、低變形速率條件下，材料具有最佳超塑性時(shí)，將事先制作好的凸模，用較小的力便可擠壓出凹模的一種快速經(jīng)濟(jì)制模技術(shù)。超塑成型材料的典型代表是Zn-22%AL。
5無模多點(diǎn)成形技術(shù)
??無模多點(diǎn)快速成形技術(shù)是以CAD/CAM/CAT技術(shù)為主要手段，利用計(jì)算機(jī)控制高度可調(diào)基本體群形成上下成形面，代替?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)模具對(duì)板料進(jìn)行三維曲面成形的又一現(xiàn)代先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)。此項(xiàng)技術(shù)可以隨意改變變形路徑與受力狀態(tài)，提高材料的成形極限，可反復(fù)成形，以此消除材料內(nèi)部的殘余應(yīng)力，實(shí)現(xiàn)無回彈成型。
6凱維朗(KEVRON)鋼帶沖裁落料制模技術(shù)
新型鋼帶沖裁落料制模技術(shù)是一種不同于一般具有凸、凹模結(jié)構(gòu)的鋼帶模，它是由單刃鋼帶與特制墊板組成的新型快速經(jīng)濟(jì)制模技術(shù)。這種模具重量輕，一般只有200kg，加工精度為?±0.35-0.50mm，可適合各種黑色和有色金屬的0.5-0.65mm厚的板料加工。壽命可達(dá)到5到25萬(wàn)次，制造成本低。
7模具毛坯的快速制造技術(shù)—實(shí)型鑄造
由于大量的模具是屬于單件或小批量生產(chǎn)，模具毛坯的制造質(zhì)量和周期及成本對(duì)最終的模具質(zhì)量和周期及成本的影響是至關(guān)重要的。
現(xiàn)代模具毛坯已廣泛地采用子實(shí)型鑄造技術(shù)，所謂實(shí)型鑄造就是利用泡沫塑料制作代替?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)的木?；蚪饘倌?，造型后不需取出模型，便可以澆鑄，泡沫塑料模型的高溫液體金屬作用下，迅速燃燒氣化而消失，金屬液取代原來泡沫塑料模型所占有的位置，冷凝后形成鑄件。
8其它方面技術(shù)
如快換模架、沖壓?jiǎn)卧⑷锌诙押?、鑲塊鑄造、氮?dú)鈴椈傻取?
氮?dú)鈴椈稍谀＞呱系膽?yīng)用氮?dú)鈴椈墒且环N新型彈性功能部件，用它代替彈簧、橡膠、聚氨酯或者氣墊，它能夠準(zhǔn)確地提供壓邊力，在較小空間便可產(chǎn)生較大初始彈壓力，不需預(yù)緊，在模具整個(gè)工作過程中彈壓力基本恒定。彈壓力大小及受力點(diǎn)位置可隨時(shí)、準(zhǔn)確、方便地調(diào)整，簡(jiǎn)化模具拉伸、壓邊、卸料等結(jié)構(gòu)，簡(jiǎn)化模具設(shè)計(jì)，縮短制模周期，調(diào)試模具方便，縮短更換模具時(shí)間，提高生產(chǎn)效率。
快速換模技術(shù)?由于產(chǎn)品品種的增多，使模具在生產(chǎn)中更換變得十分頻繁，于是如何縮短沖壓設(shè)備的停機(jī)時(shí)間，提高生產(chǎn)效率，快速換模技術(shù)受到了人們的關(guān)注。目前發(fā)達(dá)工業(yè)國(guó)家的一些大公司換模速度達(dá)到了驚人的程度，是否具有快速換模技術(shù)已成為企業(yè)技術(shù)進(jìn)步的一項(xiàng)標(biāo)志?？偟内厔?shì)就是減少模具在設(shè)備上安裝、固定、調(diào)整的時(shí)間，這既要在設(shè)備結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)上予以考慮，又要在模具的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)、將機(jī)上的作業(yè)盡可能放在機(jī)下做。
沖壓?jiǎn)卧M合技術(shù)
沖壓?jiǎn)卧M合技術(shù)是將常規(guī)的沖模分解為一個(gè)個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的單元沖模，根據(jù)工序件的要求，排列組合，在同一次沖程內(nèi)完成多種沖壓工序的新型工藝裝備，工作時(shí)沖壓?jiǎn)卧慌c沖床滑塊聯(lián)接，只需滑塊打擊即可完成沖壓工作。單獨(dú)使用時(shí)它就是1副完整模具。它可以用來加工板料或型材的沖孔、落料、切角、切槽、切斷及淺拉伸等。具有組裝快捷、使用方便、通用性強(qiáng)、經(jīng)濟(jì)性好等特點(diǎn)，適合多品種，中小批量生產(chǎn)。
可加工塑料在模具制造中的應(yīng)用
可加工塑料在發(fā)達(dá)的工業(yè)國(guó)家應(yīng)用較普遍，特別是在汽車、飛機(jī)等制造業(yè)中，主要代替木材或金屬制作汽車車身主模型、靠模、檢具和鑄造模型等?？杉庸に芰系闹饕攸c(diǎn)是兼?zhèn)淠静暮徒饘俚膬?yōu)良加工性能，制作工藝簡(jiǎn)捷(可采用模塑、澆注、拼粘、雕塑等方法)、尺寸穩(wěn)定性好、不變形，耐潮濕，耐腐蝕易修復(fù)，易改形，重量輕，制作周期短，成本低。
快速經(jīng)濟(jì)制模技術(shù)種類很多，其所具有的特點(diǎn)、應(yīng)用范圍各不相同，本文僅能概括地做一些簡(jiǎn)單介紹，每種技術(shù)在具體應(yīng)用和實(shí)施過程中尚有許多具體的工藝過程、工藝參數(shù)及其技術(shù)特性。?模具是基礎(chǔ)工業(yè)之一，在全球化市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)和各種高新技術(shù)的迅猛發(fā)展形勢(shì)下，快速經(jīng)濟(jì)模具賦予了新的使命和全新的內(nèi)涵，分類不斷增加，快速經(jīng)濟(jì)制模材料向著多品種系列化邁進(jìn)，工藝不斷有新的創(chuàng)新和突破，與之配套設(shè)備相繼問世，服務(wù)領(lǐng)域在不斷地拓寬，創(chuàng)造的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益越來越顯著。隨著商品經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，激烈的市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，產(chǎn)品更新?lián)Q代的加速，對(duì)快速經(jīng)濟(jì)制模技術(shù)在縮短周期、降低成本，提高精度和延長(zhǎng)壽命方面的要求勢(shì)必會(huì)越來越高。由于它能使企業(yè)贏得市場(chǎng)，創(chuàng)造顯著的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益，越來越受到企業(yè)家的青睞和有關(guān)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)部門的極大關(guān)注與政策資金的支持。各種快速經(jīng)濟(jì)制模技術(shù)在推廣應(yīng)用過程中也會(huì)不斷完善成熟和發(fā)展，由于高新技術(shù)的發(fā)展，各種技術(shù)的復(fù)合與滲透，為適應(yīng)生產(chǎn)中的不同需求，今后必定會(huì)形成一些新型節(jié)能能源，節(jié)能材料的快速制模方式。
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