臥式螺旋卸料沉降離心機設(shè)計
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arXiv:cond-mat/0302324v1 cond-mat.stat-mech 17 Feb 2003Parrondos games as a discrete ratchetRa ul Toral1, Pau Amengual1and and Sergio Mangioni21Instituto Mediterr aneo de Estudios Avanzados, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB),ed.Mateu Orfila, Campus UIB, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain2Departament de F sica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales,Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, De an Funes 3350, 7600 Mar del Plata, ArgentinaWe write the master equation describing the Parrondos games as a consistent discretizationof the FokkerPlanck equation for an overdamped Brownian particle describing a ratchet.Ourexpressions, besides giving further insight on the relation between ratchets and Parrondos games,allow us to precisely relate the games probabilities and the ratchet potential such that periodicpotentials correspond to fair games and winning games produce a tilted potential.PACS numbers: 05.10.Gg, 05.40.Jc, 02.50.LeThe Parrondos paradox1, 2 shows that the alternation of two losing games can lead to a winning game. Thissurprising result is nothing but the translation into the framework of very simple gambling games of the ratcheteffect3. In particular, the flashing ratchet4, 5 can sustain a particle flux by alternating two relaxational potentialdynamics, none of which produces any net flux. Despite that this qualitative relation between the Parrondo paradoxand the flashing ratchet has been recognized from the very beginning (and, in fact, it constituted the source ofinspiration for deriving the paradoxical games), only very recently there has been some interest in deriving exactrelations between both6, 7.In this paper, we rewrite the master equation describing the evolution of the probabilities of the different outcomesof the games in a way that shows clearly its relation with the FokkerPlanck equation for the flashing ratchet. In thisway, we are able to give an expression for the dynamical potentials in terms of the probabilities defining the games,as well as an expression for the current. Similarly, given a ratchet potential we are able to construct the games thatcorrespond to that potential.The Parrondos paradox considers a player that tosses different coins such that a unit of “capital” is won (lost)if heads (tails) show up. Although several possibilities have been proposed8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 , in this paperwe consider the original and easiest version in which the probability of winning, pi, depends on the actual value ofthe capital, i, modulus a given number L. A game is then completely specified by giving the set or probabilitiesp0,p1,.,pL1 from which any other value pkcan be derived as pk= pk modL. A fair game, one in which gainsand losses average out, is obtained ifQL1i=0pi=QL1i=0(1 pi).The paradox shows that the alternation (eitherrandom or periodic) of two fair games can yield a winning game. For instance, the alternation of game A defined bypi p = 1/2, i, and game B defined by L = 3 and p0= 1/10,p1= p2= 3/4 produces a winning game althoughboth A and B are fair games.A discrete time can be introduced by considering that every coin toss increases by one. If we denote by Pi()the probability that at time the capital is equal to i, we can write the general master equationPi( + 1) = ai1Pi1() + ai0Pi() + ai1Pi+1()(1)where ai1is the probability of winning when the capital is i 1, ai1is the probability of losing when the capitalis i + 1, and, for completeness, we have introduced ai0as the probability that the capital i remains unchanged (apossibility not considered in the original Parrondo games). Note that, in accordance with the rules described before,we have taken that the probabilities ai1,ai0,ai1 do not depend on time. It is clear that they satisfy:ai+11+ ai0+ ai11= 1(2)which ensures the conservation of probability:PiPi( + 1) =PiPi().It is a matter of straightforward algebra to write the master equation in the form of a continuity equation:Pi( + 1) Pi() = Ji+1(t) Ji(t)(3)where the current Ji() is given by:Ji() =12FiPi() + Fi1Pi1() DiPi() Di1Pi1()(4)andFi= ai+11 ai11,Di=12(ai+11+ ai11)(5)2This form is a consistent discretization of the FokkerPlank equation15 for a probability P(x,t)P(x,t)t= J(x,t)x(6)with a currentJ(x,t) = F(x)P(x,t) D(x)P(x,t)x(7)with general drift, F(x), and diffusion, D(x). If t and x are, respectively, the time and space discretization steps,such that x = ix and t = t, it is clear the identificationFitxF(ix),Dit(x)2D(ix)(8)The discrete and continuum probabilities are related by Pi() P(ix,t)x and the continuum limit canbe taken by considering that M =limt0,x0(x)2tis a finite number. In this case Fi M1xF(ix) andDi M1D(ix).From now on, we consider the case ai0= 0. Since pi= ai+11we haveDi D = 1/2Fi= 1 + 2pi(9)and the current Ji() = (1 pi)Pi() + pi1Pi1() is nothing but the probability flux from i 1 to i.The stationary solutions Pstican be found solving the recurrence relation derived from (4) for a constant currentJi= J with the boundary condition Psti= Psti+L:Psti= NeVi/D1 2JNiXj=1eVj/D1 Fj(10)with a currentJ = NeVL/D 12PLj=1eVj/D1Fj(11)N is the normalization constant obtained fromPL1i=0Psti= 1. In these expressions we have introduced the potentialViin terms of the probabilities of the games16Vi= DiXj=1ln?1 + Fj11 Fj?= DiXj=1ln?pj11 pj?(12)The case of zero current J = 0, implies a periodic potential VL= V0= 0. This reproduces again the conditionQL1i=0pi=QL1i=0(1 pi) for a fair game. In this case, the stationary solution can be written as the exponentialof the potential Psti= NeVi/D.Note that Eq.(12) reduces in the limit x 0 to V (x) = M1RF(x)dxor F(x) = MV (x)x, which is the usual relation between the drift F(x) and the potential V (x) with a mobilitycoefficient M.The inverse problem of obtaining the game probabilities in terms of the potential requires solving Eq. (12) withthe boundary condition F0= FL17:Fi= (1)ieVi/DPLj=1(1)jeVj/D eVj1/D(1)Le(V0VL)/D 1+iXj=1(1)jeVj/D eVj1/D(13)These results allow us to obtain the stochastic potential Vi(and hence the current J) for a given set of probabilitiesp0,.,pL1, using (12); as well as the inverse: obtain the probabilities of the games given a stochastic potential,using (13). Note that the game resulting from the alternation, with probability , of a game A with pi= 1/2, i and3-1.5-1-0.500.511.5-20 -15 -10-505101520V(x)x-1.5-1-0.500.511.5-20 -15 -10-505101520V(x)xFIG. 1:Left panel: potential Viobtained from (12) for the fair game B defined by p0= 1/10, p1= p2= 3/4. Right panel:potential for game B, with p0= 3/10, p1= p2= 5/8 resulting from the random alternation of game B with a game A withconstant probabilities pi= p = 1/2, i.a game B defined by the set p0,.,pL1 has a set of probabilities p0,.,pL1 with pi= (1)12+pi. For theFis variables, this relation yields:Fi= Fi,(14)and the related potential Vfollows from (12).We give now two examples of the application of the above formalism. In the first one we compute the stochasticpotentials of the fair game B and the winning game B, the random combination with probability = 1/2 of game Band a game A with constant probabilities, in the original version of the paradox1. The resulting potentials are shownin figure 1. Notice how the potential of the combined game clearly displays the asymmetry under space translationthat gives rise to the winning game.-1.5-1-0.500.511.5-40 -30 -20 -10010203040V(x)x-1.5-1-0.500.511.5-40 -30 -20 -10010203040V(x)xFIG. 2:Left panel: Ratchet potential (15) in the case L = 9, A = 1.3. The dots are the discrete values Vi= V (i) used inthe definition of game B. Right panel: discrete values for the potential Vifor the combined game Bobtained by alternatingwith probability = 1/2 games A and B. The line is a fit to the empirical form V(x) = x + V (x) with = 0.009525, = 0.4718.The second application considers as input the potentialV (x) = A?sin?2xL?+14sin?4xL?(15)which has been widely used as a prototype for ratchets3. Using (13) we obtain a set of probabilities p0,.,pL1by discretizing this potential with x = 1, i.e. setting Vi= V (i). Since the potential V (x) is periodic, the resulting4game B defined by these probabilities is a fair one and the current J is zero. Game A, as always is defined bypi= p = 1/2, i. We plot in figure 2 the potentials for game B and for the game B, the random combination withprobability = 1/2 of games A and B. Note again that the potential Viis tilted as corresponding to a winning gameB. As shown in figure 3, the current J depends on the probability for the alternation of games A and B.05e-061e-051.5e-052e-0500.20.40.60.81JFIG. 3:Current J resulting from equation (11) for the game Bas a function of the probability of alternation of games Aand B. Game B is defined as the discretization of the ratchet potential (15) in the case A = 0.4, L = 9. The maximum gaincorresponds to = 0.57.In summary, we have written the master equation describing the Parrondos games as a consistent discretization ofthe FokkerPlanck equation for an overdamped Brownian particle. In this way we can relate the probabilities of thegames p0,.,pL1 to the dynamical potential V (x). Our approach yields a periodic potential for a fair game anda tilted potential for a winning game. The resulting expressions, in the limit x 0 could be used to obtain theeffective potential for a flashing ratchet as well as its current.The work is supported by MCyT (Spain) and FEDER, projects BFM2001-0341-C02-01, BMF2000-1108. P.A. issupported by a grant from the Govern Balear.1 G.P. Harmer and D. Abbott, Nature 402, 864 (1999).2 G.P. Harmer and D. Abbott, Fluctuations and Noise Letters 2, R71 (2002).3 P. Reimann, Phys. Rep. 361, 57 (2002).4 R.D. Astumian and M. Bier, Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 1766 (1994).5 J. Prost, J.F. Chauwin, L. Peliti and A. Ajdari, Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 2652 (1994).6 A. Allison and D. Abbott, The Physical Basis for Parrondos Games, preprint (2003).7 D. Heath, D. Kinderlehrer and M. Kowalczyk, Disc. and Cont. Dyn. Syst. Series B, 2, 153 (2002).8 J.M.R. Parrondo, G. Harmer and D.Abbott, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 5226 (2000).9 R. Toral, Fluctuations and Noise Letters 1, L7 (2001).10 R. Toral, cond-mat/0206385, to appear in Fluctuations and Noise Letters (2003).11 A.P. Flitney, J. Ng and D. Abbott, Physica A 314, 384 (2002).12 J. Buceta, K. Lindenberg and J.M.R. Parrondo, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 024103 (2002); ibid, Fluctuations and Noise Letters2, L21 (2002).13 H. Moraal, J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 33, L203 (2000).14 D. Meyer and H. Blumer, J. Stat. Phys. 107, 225 (2002).15 W. Horsthemke and R. Lefever, NoiseInduced Transitions: Theory and Applications in Physics, Chemistry and Biology,SpringerVerlag, Berlin (1984).16 In this, as well as in other similar expressions, the notation is such thatP0j=1= 0. Therefore the potential is arbitrarilyrescaled such that V0= 0.17 The singularity appearing for a fair game VL= V0in the case of an even number L might be related to the lack of ergodicityexplicitely shown in 7 for L = 4開題報告
一. 工作內(nèi)容
本設(shè)計結(jié)合磁性材料的濕法生產(chǎn)工藝,給出臥式螺旋卸料沉降離心機的設(shè)計方案,并按照生產(chǎn)工藝的要求,計算出螺旋卸料沉降離心機的結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù),主要力能參數(shù),主零部件的受力分析和強度計算,以及壓力機的安裝維護和潤滑。并繪制相應(yīng)的圖紙
二. 磁性材料
磁性材料作為一種重要的功能材料,廣泛用于國民經(jīng)濟各個領(lǐng)域,在現(xiàn)今國民經(jīng)濟各個領(lǐng)域中扮演著一個重要的角色。隨著社會步伐的不斷涌進,中國磁性材料又面臨一次發(fā)展良機。
磁性材料作為電子行業(yè)的基礎(chǔ)功能材料,永磁材料作為磁性材料的重要組成部分,在電子工業(yè),電子信息產(chǎn)業(yè)、轎車工業(yè)、摩托車行業(yè)發(fā)揮著重要的作用,同時它還廣泛用于醫(yī)療、礦山冶金、工業(yè)自動化控制、石油能源及民用工業(yè)。永磁材料有永磁以及一切鐵氧體瓷瓦、磁塊、磁環(huán)、磁粉等,廣泛用于各種微電機、揚聲器、自動化裝置、醫(yī)療機械、磁選設(shè)備以及一切需要恒定磁源的地方,用永磁代替電磁結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、使用可靠、節(jié)約能源、維護方便。還有方形、圓形、圓柱、片狀、條形、扇形、瓦形、環(huán)形等多種形狀的永磁材料,可廣泛用于耳機、聽筒、微形發(fā)聲器件、磁性紐扣、磁性門吸、玩具、馬達(dá)、磁療保健、電腦設(shè)備、電子零件等不同領(lǐng)域。另外,采礦業(yè)、航天航空、高保真音響、電機等也是詞性材料涉獵的對象。由此可見,磁性材料對我們的生活各方面將越來越重要。
臥式螺旋沉降離心機是用離心沉降原理分離懸浮液的機器。對固相顆粒在0.005-3mm,固液比重差較大的懸浮液,均可進行固液分離和顆粒分級。有并流、逆流和分級各類型。它主要用于完成固液相有密度差的懸浮液的固相脫水,液相澄清,粒度分級,濃縮等工藝過程。在重力場中,在裝有輕、重兩種液體以及固相顆粒的混合液的容器中,由于重力作用,靜置一段時間后,會出現(xiàn)分層現(xiàn)象,比重最大的固體顆粒會下沉到容器最底部,最上面為輕相液體,在二者之間是重相液體。當(dāng)混合液體進入離心機轉(zhuǎn)鼓并隨轉(zhuǎn)鼓高速旋轉(zhuǎn)起來后,這個分層過程由于離心力場的作用,會比在重力場作用下的過程大幾千倍的速度加快進行(分離因數(shù)就是重力加速度的倍數(shù),一般不大于3000G)。
特性:連續(xù)運行,適應(yīng)性強,自動卸料,效率高,結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,占地面積小
三.離心機的應(yīng)用及其發(fā)展
離心分離是利用離心力對液一固、液一液一固、液一液等非均相混合物進行分離的過程。實現(xiàn)離心分離操作的機械稱為離心機。離心機和其它分離機械相比,不僅能得到含濕量低的固相和高純度的液相,而且具有節(jié)省勞力、減輕勞動強度、改善勞動條件,具有連續(xù)運轉(zhuǎn)、自動遙控、操作安全可靠和占地面積小等優(yōu)點。因此,自1836年第一臺工業(yè)用三足式離心機在德國問世,迄今一百多年以來己獲得很大的發(fā)展。各種類型的離心機品種繁多,各有特色,并正在向提高技術(shù)參數(shù)、系列化、自動化方向發(fā)展,且組合轉(zhuǎn)鼓結(jié)構(gòu)增多,專用機種越來越多。現(xiàn)在,離心機己廣泛用于化工、石油化工、石油煉制、輕工、醫(yī)藥、食品、紡織、冶金、煤炭、選礦、船舶、軍工等各個領(lǐng)域。例如:濕法采煤中粉煤的回收,石油鉆井泥漿的回收,放射性元素的濃縮,三廢治理中的污泥脫水,各種石油化工產(chǎn)品的制造,各種抗菌素、淀粉及農(nóng)藥的制造,牛奶、酵母、啤酒、果汁、砂糖、桔油、食用動物油、米糠油等食品的制造,織品、纖維脫水及合成纖維的制造,各種潤滑油、燃料油的提純等都使用離心機。離心機己成為國民經(jīng)濟各個部門廣泛應(yīng)用的一種通用機械。
離心機基本上屬于后處理設(shè)備,主要用于脫水、濃縮、分離、澄清、凈化及固體顆粒分級等工藝過程,它是隨著各工業(yè)部門的發(fā)展而相應(yīng)發(fā)展起來的。例如:18世紀(jì)產(chǎn)業(yè)革命后,隨著紡織工業(yè)的迅速發(fā)展,1836年出現(xiàn)了棉布脫水機。1877年為適應(yīng)乳酪加工工業(yè)的需要,發(fā)明了用于分離牛奶的分離機。進入20世紀(jì)之后,隨著石油綜合利用的發(fā)展,要求把水、固體雜質(zhì)、焦油狀物料等除去,以便使重油當(dāng)作燃料油使用,50年代研制成功了自動排渣的碟式活塞排渣分離機,到60年代發(fā)展成完善的系列產(chǎn)品。隨著近代環(huán)境保護、三廢治理發(fā)展的需要,對于工業(yè)廢水和污泥脫水處理的要求都很高,因此促使臥式螺旋卸料沉降離心機、碟式分離機和三足式下部卸料沉降離心機有了進一步的發(fā)展,特別是臥式螺旋卸料沉降離心機的發(fā)展尤為迅速。
離心機的結(jié)構(gòu)、品種機器應(yīng)用等方面發(fā)展迅速,但理論研究落后于實踐是個長期存在的問題。目前在理論研究方面所獲得的知識,主要還是用來說明試驗的結(jié)果,而在預(yù)測機器的性能、選型以及設(shè)計計算,往往仍要憑借經(jīng)驗或試驗。但隨著現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,固一液分離技術(shù)越來越受到重視,離心分離理論研究遲緩落后的局面也在積極扭轉(zhuǎn)。
二、離心機的分類
離心分離根據(jù)操作原理可區(qū)分為兩類不同的過程一離心過濾和離心沉降。而與其相應(yīng)的機種可區(qū)分為過濾式離心機和沉降式離心機。
三、螺旋卸料沉降式離心機國內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀
螺旋卸料沉降式離心機是高速運轉(zhuǎn),連續(xù)進料、分離分級、螺旋推進器卸料的離心機,螺旋卸料沉降式離心機分立式螺旋卸料沉降式離心機和臥式螺旋卸料沉降式離心機,現(xiàn)該離心機己廣泛用于石油、化工、冶金、煤炭、醫(yī)藥、輕工、食品等工業(yè)部門和污水處理工程。利用離心沉降法來分離懸浮液,能連續(xù)操作、處理量大、無濾布和濾網(wǎng)、單位產(chǎn)量的耗電量較少、適應(yīng)性強、維修方便、能長期運轉(zhuǎn)。伴隨著我國經(jīng)濟的迅速發(fā)展,螺旋卸料沉降式離心機有著廣闊的市場。例如:城市的建設(shè)得到了迅速發(fā)展,城市的規(guī)模擴大,人口增加,水環(huán)境污染成了一大難題。據(jù)專家統(tǒng)計,我國城市污水排放量年增加為3億立方米左右,加快城市污水廠的建設(shè)步伐勢在必行。城市污水處理廠的污泥脫水設(shè)備應(yīng)用比較廣泛的是帶式壓濾機和螺旋卸料沉降式離心機。但是,由于螺旋卸料沉降式離心機的技術(shù)明顯優(yōu)于帶式壓濾機,螺旋卸料沉降式離心機將逐步取代帶式壓濾機。
1954年國際上出現(xiàn)了真正具有現(xiàn)代實用價值的第一臺螺旋卸料沉降式離心機。根據(jù)不同的分離物料,設(shè)計者根據(jù)物料特點進行專門的設(shè)計?,F(xiàn)就不同的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域,己有相應(yīng)的螺旋卸料沉降式離心機出現(xiàn),在國際上,該技術(shù)己相當(dāng)成熟。處理氣一液一固三相混合物的螺旋卸料沉降式離心機、處理固相密度比液相密度比小的螺旋卸料沉降式離心機、粒子分級用螺旋卸料沉降式離心機、逆流洗滌螺旋卸料沉降式離心機、并流式螺旋卸料沉降式離心機、污泥脫水用螺旋卸料沉降式離心機。在國際上的發(fā)達(dá)國家,污泥用的螺旋卸料沉降式離心機已標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、系列化。近幾年還在其結(jié)構(gòu)上根據(jù)應(yīng)用的實踐進行了許多改進,出現(xiàn)了一些新的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計方面的專利。例如最近推出了一種叫,“nxono”的螺旋卸料沉降式離心機,它的適應(yīng)性非常強,能處理多種不同尺寸和形狀大小的材料,操作方便,用計算機控制。瑞典阿爾法公司新開發(fā)的NX型螺旋卸料沉降式離心機,其結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸根據(jù)不同尺寸、形狀的顆粒而調(diào)整其型號,還可以根據(jù)新的材料要求,設(shè)計新的螺旋卸料沉降式離心機。它的動平衡和靜平衡處理非常好,能在負(fù)載下高速運轉(zhuǎn),其輸入和輸出口的設(shè)計有效地防止物料阻塞。該螺旋卸料沉降式離心機與固體物料有摩擦的部位涂以合金有效防止了磨損,旋轉(zhuǎn)部位用不銹鋼材料,使整個運轉(zhuǎn)過程處在一個封閉的系統(tǒng)里,其自動裝置充分保障了工作安全。該臥螺離心機能有效分離纖維、粒子等,其處理顆粒的尺寸范圍可從1微米到5毫米,而且處理量大,能達(dá)到每小時50000加侖流量。瑞典阿爾法在螺旋卸料沉降式離心機的理論研究和制造設(shè)計己經(jīng)處于世界先進水平,從螺旋卸料沉降式離心機的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計、使用材料、防腐措施、應(yīng)用范圍、自動控制和密封裝置研究的都很透徹。因此,它的機械設(shè)備廣泛應(yīng)用于世界各地的各個領(lǐng)域。國外較著名的離心機生產(chǎn)商有德國FIOTTWE公司、美國SHAPLESS公司、法國GUINARD公司、瑞典ALAF公司等。
我國在螺旋卸料沉降式離心機的理論研究方面也取得了相當(dāng)不錯的進展。80年代,我國開始重視螺旋卸料沉降式離心機的發(fā)展,一些科研工作者開始研究國外螺旋卸料沉降式離心機的發(fā)展動態(tài),機械工業(yè)部通用機械研究所翻譯了大量英文和俄文資料,為我國臥式螺旋沉降離心機的設(shè)計提供了理論基礎(chǔ)。我國在九十年代己能自己研制生產(chǎn)螺旋卸料沉降式離心機,國家在1979年便在工廠進行螺旋卸料沉降式離心機的生產(chǎn),成功的生產(chǎn)出WL200,WL1000,LWB500,LWG500等型號的產(chǎn)品。
重慶江北機械廠是國家最早投入螺旋卸料沉降式離心機生產(chǎn)廠家之一,為我國第一批螺旋卸料沉降式離心機生產(chǎn)作出了較大貢獻(xiàn),為我國離心機理論提供了不少數(shù)據(jù)和實驗。現(xiàn)在該廠引進法國堅納公司技術(shù),并嚴(yán)格按法國堅納公司技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)生產(chǎn)具有國際水準(zhǔn)的新產(chǎn)品D(LW)系列產(chǎn)品。該系列產(chǎn)品性能卓越具有完善的工作特點和傳動裝置,它的差速器可實現(xiàn)無級變速,它是與計算機完美結(jié)合的典型,在計算機的屏幕上,我們可看到其主要參數(shù),其自動裝置和密封系統(tǒng)也比較先進。
金華鐵路機械廠通過二十多年的研制生產(chǎn),也擁有比較雄厚的技術(shù)力量,該廠設(shè)計制造的螺旋卸料沉降式離心機是在引進、消化、吸收國外先進分離機械的基礎(chǔ)上,結(jié)合我國石油、地質(zhì)勘探的需要而研制開發(fā)的系列產(chǎn)品,近來己推出最新機型有LW355x1460,LW400x860,LW500x1250,LWG500—1250。它們的主要特點是能去除泥漿中的有害粗顆粒,調(diào)整泥漿比重,降低粘度,其中LW500xl250,LW500xl250的最大處理量能達(dá)到50立方米。
1958年成立的上海離心機研究所,近些年來通過與國際著名離心機制造公司的密切合作,己生產(chǎn)出大長徑比的螺旋卸料沉降式離心機系列產(chǎn)品,使轉(zhuǎn)鼓的沉降區(qū)域物料分離時間延長,從而顯著提高固液分離效果,并在此基礎(chǔ)上成功的研制了國內(nèi)第一套污泥脫水成套設(shè)備和首輛污泥脫水成套設(shè)備工程車;一些高等院校也在這些方面做了不少工作。
四.方案計劃
第1,2周 知識準(zhǔn)備,文獻(xiàn)檢索, 英文翻譯
第 3 周 實習(xí),撰寫總論
第 4 周 撰寫開題報告,總體方案思路設(shè)計
第 5 周 結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計,結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)計算
第 6 周 力能參數(shù)計算
第7,8周 主要零部件受力分析與強度計算
第9-14周 CAD及手工繪制圖紙
第 15 周 整理撰寫說明書
第 16 周 修改,打印
第 17 周 準(zhǔn)備答辯
五.文獻(xiàn)綜述
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2 曾桓興. 磁性材料產(chǎn)業(yè)現(xiàn)狀與展望. 現(xiàn)代化工, 1994, 第1期, 9~12
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14 鄭州工學(xué)院機械原理及機械零件教研室. 擺線針輪行星傳動. 北京: 科學(xué)出版社, 1979年3月
14 葉能安,余汝生. 動平衡原理與動平衡機. 武漢: 華中工學(xué)院出版社, 1985年12月
16 東北大學(xué)機械設(shè)計機械制圖教研室. 機械零件設(shè)計手冊第一版. 北京: 冶金工業(yè)出版社, 1976年7月
17 常映輝,張小龍,張利芹. 鉆井液臥螺離心機軸承選擇與計算. 機械研究與應(yīng)用, 2006, 第3期
18 湯惠華,楊德武,汪洋等. 螺旋卸料過濾離心機的理論研究. 過濾與分離,2004,第4期,12~14
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