（5年高考3年模擬A版）江蘇省2020年高考英語(yǔ)總復(fù)習(xí) 專題十三 主旨大意學(xué)案（含解析）

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1、專題十三　主旨大意 挖命題 【考情探究】 考點(diǎn) 內(nèi)容 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 合計(jì) 預(yù)測(cè)熱度 主旨 大意 此題型主要考查考生在理解全文后歸納文章或段落要點(diǎn),概括中心思想的能力。 2 0 3 2 1 8 ★★ 分析解讀　從近幾年江蘇高考英語(yǔ)試題來(lái)看,對(duì)于主旨大意題的賦值相對(duì)穩(wěn)定,但考查深度、難度卻不斷加大。解題時(shí)需對(duì)文章的主旨大意進(jìn)行綜合、歸納、推斷后方可得出正確答案。因此,考生需要學(xué)會(huì)分析文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu),抓住文章開(kāi)頭的主題句或文章最后的結(jié)論句,從而找出能概括文章主旨的題目和中心思想。 過(guò)專題 【五年高考】 A組　自

2、主命題·江蘇卷題組 Passage 1(2016江蘇,D)詞數(shù):720 Not so long ago, most people didn’t know who Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce was going to become. She was just an average high school athlete. There was every indication that she was just another Jamaican teenager without much of a future. However, one person wanted to

3、change this. Stephen Francis observed then eighteen-year-old Shelly-Ann at a track meet and was convinced that he had seen the beginnings of true greatness. Her times were not exactly impressive, but even so, he sensed there was something trying to get out, something the other coaches had overlooked

4、 when they had assessed her and found her lacking. He decided to offer Shelly-Ann a place in his very strict training sessions. Their cooperation quickly produced results, and a few years later at Jamaica’s Olympic trials in early 2008, Shelly-Ann, who at that time only ranked number 70 in the world

5、, beat Jamaica’s unchallenged queen of the sprint(短跑). “Where did she come from?” asked an astonished sprinting world, before concluding that she must be one of those one-hit wonders that spring up from time to time, only to disappear again without signs. But Shelly-Ann was to prove that she was an

6、ything but a one-hit wonder. At the Beijing Olympics she swept away any doubts about her ability to perform consistently by becoming the first Jamaican woman ever to win the 100 metres Olympic gold. She did it again one year on at the World Championships in Berlin, becoming world champion with a tim

7、e of 10.73—the fourth fastest time ever. Shelly-Ann is a little woman with a big smile. She has a mental toughness that did not come about by chance. Her journey to becoming the fastest woman on earth has been anything but smooth and effortless. She grew up in one of Jamaica’s toughest inner-city c

8、ommunities known as Waterhouse, where she lived in a one-room apartment, sleeping four in a bed with her mother and two brothers. Waterhouse, one of the poorest communities in Jamaica, is a really violent and overpopulated place. Several of Shelly-Ann’s friends and family were caught up in the killi

9、ngs; one of her cousins was shot dead only a few streets away from where she lived. Sometimes her family didn’t have enough to eat. She ran at the school championships barefooted because she couldn’t afford shoes. Her mother Maxime, one of a family of fourteen, had been an athlete herself as a young

10、 girl but, like so many other girls in Waterhouse, had to stop after she had her first baby.Maxime’s early entry into the adult world with its responsibilities gave her the determination to ensure that her kids would not end up in Waterhouse’s roundabout of poverty. One of the first things Maxime us

11、ed to do with Shelly-Ann was taking her to the track, and she was ready to sacrifice everything. It didn’t take long for Shelly-Ann to realize that sports could be her way out of Waterhouse. On a summer evening in Beijing in 2008, all those long, hard hours of work and commitment finally bore fruit

12、. The barefoot kid who just a few years previously had been living in poverty, surrounded by criminals and violence, had written a new chapter in the history of sports. But Shelly-Ann’s victory was far greater than that. The night she won Olympic gold in Beijing, the routine murders in Waterhouse a

13、nd the drug wars in the neighbouring streets stopped. The dark cloud above one of the world’s toughest criminal neighbourhoods simply disappeared for a few days. “I have so much fire burning for my country,”Shelly said. She plans to start a foundation for homeless children and wants to build a commu

14、nity centre in Waterhouse. She hopes to inspire the Jamaicans to lay down their weapons. She intends to fight to make it a woman’s as well as a man’s world. ? As Muhammad Ali puts it, “Champions aren’t made in gyms. Champions are made from something they have deep inside them. A desire, a dream, a

15、vision.”O(jiān)ne of the things Shelly-Ann can be proud of is her understanding of this truth. 1. Why did Stephen Francis decide to coach Shelly-Ann? A.He had a strong desire to free her family from trouble. B.He sensed a great potential in her despite her weaknesses. C.She had big problems maintainin

16、g her performance. D.She suffered a lot of defeats at the previous track meets. 2.What did the sprinting world think of Shelly-Ann before the 2008 Olympic Games? A.She would become a promising star. B.She badly needed to set higher goals. C.Her sprinting career would not last long. D.Her talen

17、t for sprinting was known to all. 3.What made Maxime decide to train her daughter on the track? A.Her success and lessons in her career. B.Her interest in Shelly-Ann’s quick profit. C.Her wish to get Shelly-Ann out of poverty. D.Her early entrance into the sprinting world. 4.What can we infer

18、from Shelly-Ann’s statement underlined in Paragraph 5? A.She was highly rewarded for her efforts. B.She was eager to do more for her country. C.She became an athletic star in her country. D.She was the envy of the whole community. 5.By mentioning Muhammad Ali’s words, the author intends to tell

19、 us that 　　　.? A.players should be highly inspired by coaches B.great athletes need to concentrate on patience C.hard work is necessary in one’s achievements D.motivation allows great athletes to be on the top 6.What is the best title for the passage? A.The Making of a Great Athlete B.The D

20、ream for Championship C.The Key to High Performance D.The Power of Full Responsibility 答案 1.B　2.C　3.C　4.B　5.D　6.A　 Passage 2(2015江蘇,B) 詞數(shù):391 In the United States alone,over 100 million cell-phones are thrown away each year.Cell-phones are part of a growing mountain of electronic

21、waste like computers and personal digital assistants.The electronic waste stream is increasing three times faster than traditional garbage as a whole. Electronic devices contain valuable metals such as gold and silver.A Swiss study reported that while the weight of electronic goods represented by p

22、recious metals was relatively small in comparison to total waste,the concentration(含量)of gold and other precious metals was higher in so-called e-waste than in naturally occurring minerals. Electronic wastes also contain many poisonous metals.Even when the machines are recycled and the harmful meta

23、ls removed,the recycling process often is carried out in poor countries,in practically uncontrolled ways which allow many poisonous substances to escape into the environment. Creating products out of raw materials creates much more waste material,up to 100 times more,than the material contained in

24、the finished products. Consider again the cell-phone,and imagine the mines that produced those metals,the factories needed to make the box and packaging (包裝)it came in. Many wastes produced in the producing process are harmful as well. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency notes that most waste

25、is dangerous in that “ the production,distribution,and use of products—as well as management of the resulting waste—all result in greenhouse gas release.”Individuals can reduce their contribution by creating less waste at the start—for instance,buying reusable products and recycling. In many countr

26、ies the concept of extended producer responsibility is being considered or has been put in place as an incentive(動(dòng)機(jī))for reducing waste. If producers are required to take back packaging they use to sell their products,would they reduce the packaging in the first place? Governments’ incentive to requ

27、ire producers to take responsibility for the packaging they produce is usually based on money. Why,they ask,should cities or towns be responsible for paying to deal with the bubble wrap(氣泡墊)that encased your television? From the governments’ point of view,a primary goal of laws requiring extended p

28、roducer responsibility is to transfer both the costs and the physical responsibility of waste management from the government and tax-payers back to the producers. 1.By mentioning the Swiss study,the author intends to tell us that　　　.? A.the weight of e-goods is rather small B.e-waste deserves to

29、be made good use of C.natural minerals contain more precious metals D.the percentage of precious metals is heavy in e-waste 2. The responsibility of e-waste treatment should be extended　　　.? A.from producers to governments B.from governments to producers C.from individuals to distributors D.f

30、rom distributors to governments 3.What does the passage mainly talk about? A.The increase in e-waste. B.The creation of e-waste. C.The seriousness of e-waste. D.The management of e-waste. 答案 1.B　2.B　3.D　 Passage 3(2014江蘇,C) 詞數(shù):351 Most damagingly,anger weakens a person’s abili

31、ty to think clearly and keep control over his behaviour.The angry person loses objectivity in evaluating the emotional significance of the person or situation that arouses his anger. Not everyone experiences anger in the same way;what angers one person may amuse another.The specific expression of a

32、nger also differs from person to person based on biological and cultural forces.In contemporary culture,physical expressions of anger are generally considered too socially harmful to be tolerated.We no longer regard duels(決斗)as an appropriate expression of anger resulting from one person’s awareness

33、 of insulting behaviour on the part of another. Anger can be identified in the brain,where the electrical activity changes.Under most conditions,EEG(腦電圖)measures of electrical activity show balanced activity between the right and left prefrontal(額葉前部)areas.Behaviourally this corresponds to the gene

34、ral even-handed disposition(意向)that most of us possess most of the time.But when we are angry the EEG of the right and left prefrontal areas aren’t balanced and,as a result of this,we’re likely to react.And our behavioural response to anger is different from our response to other emotions,whether po

35、sitive or negative. Most positive emotions are associated with approach behaviour:we move closer to people we like.Most negative emotions,in contrast,are associated with avoidance behaviour:we move away from people and things that we dislike or that make us anxious.But anger is an exception to this

36、 pattern.The angrier we are,the more likely we are to move towards the object of our anger.This corresponds to what psychologists refer to as offensive anger:the angry person moves closer in order to influence and control the person or situation causing his anger.This approach-and-confront behaviour

37、 is accompanied by a leftward prefrontal asymmetry(不對(duì)稱)of EEG activity.Interestingly,this asymmetry lessens if the angry person can experience empathy(同感)towards the individual who is bringing forth the angry response.In defensive anger,in contrast,the EEG asymmetry is directed to the right and the

38、angry person feels helpless in the face of the anger-inspiring situation. 1.The “duels” example in Paragraph 2 proves that the expression of anger　　　.? A.usually has a biological basis B.varies among people C.is socially and culturally shaped D.influences one’s thinking and evaluation 2.What c

39、hanges can be found in an angry brain? A.Balanced electrical activity can be spotted. B.Unbalanced patterns are found in prefrontal areas. C.Electrical activity corresponds to one’s behaviour. D.Electrical activity agrees with one’s disposition. 3.Which of the following is typical of offensive

40、anger? A.Approaching the source of anger. B.Trying to control what is disliked. C.Moving away from what is disliked. D.Feeling helpless in the face of anger. 4.What is the key message of the last paragraph? A.How anger differs from other emotions. B.How anger relates to other emotions. C.Beh

41、avioural responses to anger. D.Behavioural patterns of anger. 答案 1.C　2.B　3.A　4.D　 B組　統(tǒng)一命題、省(區(qū)、市)卷題組 Passage 1(2018課標(biāo)全國(guó)Ⅰ,B) 詞數(shù):264 Good Morning Britain’s Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning, but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role—showing famil

42、ies how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget. In Save Money:Good Food, she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste, while preparing recipes for under ￡5 per family a day. And the Good Morning Britain

43、 presenter says she’s been able to put a lot of what she’s learnt into practice in her own home, preparing meals for sons, Sam, 14, Finn, 13, and Jack,11. “We love Mexican churros, so I buy them on my phone from my local Mexican takeaway restaurant,”she explains.“I pay ￡5 for a portion(一份), but Mat

44、t makes them for 26p a portion, because they are flour, water, sugar and oil. Everybody can buy takeaway food, but sometimes we’re not aware how cheaply we can make this food ourselves.” The eight-part series(系列節(jié)目), Save Money:Good Food, follows in the footsteps of ITV’s Save Money: Good Health, wh

45、ich gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast range of health products on the market. With food our biggest weekly household expense, Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each week. In tonight’s Easter special they come to the aid of a family in need of some delicious ins

46、piration on a budget. The team transforms the family’s long weekend of celebration with less expensive but still tasty recipes. 1.What do we know about Susanna Reid? A.She enjoys embarrassing her guests. B.She has started a new programme. C.She dislikes working early in the morning. D.She has h

47、ad a tight budget for her family. 2.How does Matt Tebbutt help Susanna? A.He buys cooking materials for her. B.He prepares food for her kids. C.He assists her in cooking matters. D.He invites guest families for her. 3.What does the author intend to do in paragraph 4? A.Summarize the previous

48、paragraphs. B.Provide some advice for the readers. C.Add some background information. D.Introduce a new topic for discussion. 4.What can be a suitable title for the text? A.Keeping Fit by Eating Smart B.Balancing Our Daily Diet C.Making Yourself a Perfect Chef D.Cooking Well for Less 答案 1.

49、B　2.C　3.C　4.D　 Passage 2(2018課標(biāo)全國(guó)Ⅱ,D) 詞數(shù):312 We’ve all been there:in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, surrounded by people who are, like us, deeply focused on their smartphones or, worse, struggling with the uncomfortable silence. What’s the problem?It’s possible that we

50、 all have compromised conversational intelligence. It’s more likely that none of us start a conversation because it’s awkward and challenging, or we think it’s annoying and unnecessary. But the next time you find yourself among strangers, consider that small talk is worth the trouble. Experts say it

51、’s an invaluable social practice that results in big benefits. Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we can’t forget that deep relationships wouldn’t even exist if it weren’t for casual conversation. Small talk is the grease(潤(rùn)滑劑)for social communication, says Bernardo Carducci, director

52、 of the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Southeast.“Almost every great love story and each big business deal begins with small talk,”he explains. “The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just communicate with them.” In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dun

53、n, associate professor of psychology at UBC, invited people on their way into a coffee shop. One group was asked to seek out an interaction(互動(dòng))with its waiter;the other, to speak only when necessary. The results showed that those who chatted with their server reported significantly higher positive f

54、eelings and a better coffee shop experience.“It’s not that talking to the waiter is better than talking to your husband,”says Dunn.“But interactions with peripheral(邊緣的)members of our social network matter for our well-being also.” Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a signifi

55、cantly greater sense of belonging, a bond with others. Carducci believes developing such a sense of belonging starts with small talk.“Small talk is the basis of good manners,”he says.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 1.What phenomenon is described in the first paragraph? A.Addiction to smartphones. B.Inappropriat

56、e behaviours in public places. C.Absence of communication between strangers. D.Impatience with slow service. 2.What is important for successful small talk according to Carducci? A.Showing good manners. B.Relating to other people. C.Focusing on a topic. D.Making business deals. 3.What does th

57、e coffee-shop study suggest about small talk? A.It improves family relationships. B.It raises people’s confidence. C.It matters as much as a formal talk. D.It makes people feel good. 4.What is the best title for the text? A.Conversation Counts B.Ways of Making Small Talk C.Benefits of Small

58、Talk D.Uncomfortable Silence 答案 1.C　2.B　3.D　4.C　 Passage 3(2018課標(biāo)全國(guó)Ⅲ,B) 詞數(shù):312 Cities usually have a good reason for being where they are, like a nearby port or river. People settle in these places because they are easy to get to and naturally suited to communications and trade. New

59、 York City, for example, is near a large harbour at the mouth of the Hudson River. Over 300 years its population grew gradually from 800 people to 8 million. But not all cities develop slowly over a long period of time. Boom towns grow from nothing almost overnight. In 1896, Dawson, Canada, was unma

60、pped wilderness(荒野).But gold was discovered there in 1897, and two years later, it was one of the largest cities in the West, with a population of 30,000. Dawson did not have any of the natural conveniences of cities like London or Paris. People went there for gold. They travelled over snow-covered

61、 mountains and sailed hundreds of miles up icy rivers. The path to Dawson was covered with thirty feet of wet snow that could fall without warning. An avalanche(雪崩)once closed the path, killing 63 people. For many who made it to Dawson, however, the rewards were worth the difficult trip. Of the firs

62、t 20,000 people who dug for gold, 4,000 got rich. About 100 of these stayed rich men for the rest of their lives. But no matter how rich they were, Dawson was never comfortable. Necessities like food and wood were very expensive. But soon, the gold that Dawson depended on had all been found. The ci

63、ty was crowded with disappointed people with no interest in settling down, and when they heard there were new gold discoveries in Alaska, they left Dawson City as quickly as they had come. Today, people still come and go—to see where the Canadian gold rush happened. Tourism is now the chief industry

64、 of Dawson City—its present population is 762. 1.What attracted the early settlers to New York City? A.Its business culture. B.Its small population. C.Its geographical position. D.Its favourable climate. 2.What do we know about those who first dug for gold in Dawson? A.Two-thirds of them sta

65、yed there. B.One out of five people got rich. C.Almost everyone gave up. D.Half of them died. 3.What was the main reason for many people to leave Dawson? A.They found the city too crowded. B.They wanted to try their luck elsewhere. C.They were unable to stand the winter. D.They were short of

66、 food. 4.What is the text mainly about? A.The rise and fall of a city. B.The gold rush in Canada. C.Journeys into the wilderness. D.Tourism in Dawson. 答案 1.C　2.B　3.B　4.A　 Passage 4(2018天津,C) 詞數(shù):365 There’s a new frontier in 3D printing that’s beginning to come into focus:food. Recent development has made possible machines that print, cook, and serve foods on a mass scale. And the industry isn’t stopping there. Food production With a 3D printer, a cook can print complicate