（5年高考3年模擬A版）江蘇省2020年高考英語總復(fù)習(xí) 專題十二 推理判斷學(xué)案（含解析）

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1、專題十二　推理判斷 挖命題 【考情探究】 考點(diǎn) 內(nèi)容 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 合計(jì) 預(yù)測(cè)熱度 推理判斷 此題型主要考查考生根據(jù)文章表面文字的信息進(jìn)行分析、綜合、歸納及邏輯推理的能力。 6 9 6 10 9 40 ★★★ 分析解讀　推理判斷題是閱讀理解題中難度較大的一類,答案不是文章直接給出的,必須經(jīng)過分析、綜合、歸納及邏輯推理獲取。該類題最能考查學(xué)生的英語綜合運(yùn)用能力和邏輯思維能力。因此,此題型要求考生能根據(jù)全文所提供的事實(shí)及自己的一些常識(shí),進(jìn)行合理的邏輯推測(cè),判斷作者的意圖,人物的動(dòng)機(jī)、目的以及性格的特征,事件發(fā)生的前因

2、后果等;還能理解某句、某段的深層意義,進(jìn)而把握全篇的文脈,即句與句、段與段之間的關(guān)系,并能據(jù)此進(jìn)行推理和判斷。 過專題 【五年高考】 A組　自主命題·江蘇卷題組 Passage 1(2018江蘇,D) 詞數(shù):704 Children as young as ten are becoming dependent on social media for their sense of self-worth, a major study warned. It found many youngsters (少年) now measure their status b

3、y how much public approval they get online, often through “l(fā)ikes”. Some change their behaviour in real life to improve their image on the web. The report into youngsters aged from 8 to 12 was carried out by Children’s Commissioner (專員) Anne Longfield. She said social media firms were exposing child

4、ren to major emotional risks, with some youngsters starting secondary school ill-equipped to cope with the tremendous pressure they faced online. Some social apps were popular among the children even though they supposedly require users to be at least 13. The youngsters admitted planning trips arou

5、nd potential photo-opportunities and then messaging friends—and friends of friends—to demand “l(fā)ikes” for their online posts. The report found that youngsters felt their friendships could be at risk if they did not respond to social media posts quickly, and around the clock. Children aged 8 to 10 w

6、ere “starting to feel happy” when others liked their posts. However, those in the 10 to 12 age group were “concerned with how many people like their posts”, suggesting a “need” for social recognition that gets stronger the older they become. Miss Longfield warned that a generation of children riske

7、d growing up “worried about their appearance and image as a result of the unrealistic lifestyles they follow on platforms, and increasingly anxious about switching off due to the constant demands of social media”. She said: “Children are using social media with family and friends and to play games

8、when they are in primary school. But what starts as fun usage of apps turns into tremendous pressure in real social media interaction at secondary school.” As their world expanded, she said, children compared themselves to others online in a way that was “hugely damaging in terms of their self-iden

9、tity, in terms of their confidence, but also in terms of their ability to develop themselves”. Miss Longfield added: “Then there is this push to connect—if you go offline, will you miss something, will you miss out, will you show that you don’t care about those people you are following, all of thos

10、e come together in a huge way at once.” “For children it is very, very difficult to cope with emotionally.”The Children’s Commissioner for England’s study—Life in Likes—found that children as young as 8 were using social media platforms largely for play. However, the research—involving eight group

11、s of 32 children aged 8 to 12—suggested that as they headed toward their teens, they became increasingly anxious online. By the time they started secondary school—at age 11—children were already far more aware of their image online and felt under huge pressure to ensure their posts were popular, th

12、e report found. However, they still did not know how to cope with mean-spirited jokes, or the sense of incompetence they might feel if they compared themselves to celebrities (名人) or more brilliant friends online. The report said they also faced pressure to respond to messages at all hours of the d

13、ay—especially at secondary school when more youngsters have mobile phones. The Children’s Commissioner said schools and parents must now do more to prepare children for the emotional minefield (雷區(qū)) they faced online. And she said social media companies must also “take more responsibility”. They sho

14、uld either monitor their websites better so that children do not sign up too early, or they should adjust their websites to the needs of younger users. Javed Khan, of children’s charity Barnardo’s, said: “It’s vital that new compulsory age-appropriate relationship and sex education lessons in Engla

15、nd should help equip children to deal with the growing demands of social media.” “It’s also hugely important for parents to know which apps their children are using.” 1.Why did some secondary school students feel too much pressure? A.They were not provided with adequate equipment. B.They were no

16、t well prepared for emotional risks. C.They were required to give quick responses. D.They were prevented from using mobile phones. 2.Some social app companies were to blame because 　　　.? A.they didn’t adequately check their users’ registration B.they organized photo trips to attract more youngs

17、ters C.they encouraged youngsters to post more photos D.they didn’t stop youngsters from staying up late 3.Children’s comparing themselves to others online may lead to 　　　.? A.less friendliness to each other B.lower self-identity and confidence C.an increase in online cheating D.a stronger de

18、sire to stay online 4.According to Life in Likes, as children grew, they became more anxious to 　　　.? A.circulate their posts quickly B.know the qualities of their posts C.use mobile phones for play D.get more public approval 5.What should parents do to solve the problem? A.Communicate more w

19、ith secondary schools. B.Urge media companies to create safer apps. C.Keep track of children’s use of social media. D.Forbid their children from visiting the web. 6.What does the passage mainly talk about? A.The influence of social media on children. B.The importance of social media to childre

20、n. C.The problem in building a healthy relationship. D.The measure to reduce risks from social media. 答案 1.B　2.A　3.B　4.D　5.C　6.A　 Passage 2(2017江蘇,C) 詞數(shù):452 A new commodity brings about a highly profitable, fast-growing industry, urging antitrust(反壟斷)regulators to step in to che

21、ck those who control its flow. A century ago, the resource in question was oil. Now similar concerns are being raised by the giants(巨頭)that deal in data, the oil of the digital age. The most valuable firms are Google, Amazon, and Microsoft. All look unstoppable. Such situations have led to calls f

22、or the tech giants to be broken up. But size alone is not a crime. The giants’ success has benefited consumers. Few want to live without search engines or a quick delivery. Far from charging consumers high prices, many of these services are free(users pay,in effect, by handing over yet more data). A

23、nd the appearance of new-born giants suggests that newcomers can make waves, too. But there is cause for concern. The internet has made data abundant, all-present and far more valuable, changing the nature of data and competition. Google initially used the data collected from users to target advert

24、ising better. But recently it has discovered that data can be turned into new services:translation and visual recognition, to be sold to other companies. Internet companies’ control of data gives them enormous power. So they have a“God’s eye view”of activities in their own markets and beyond. This

25、nature of data makes the antitrust measures of the past less useful. Breaking up firms like Google into five small ones would not stop remaking themselves:in time, one of them would become great again. A rethink is required—and as a new approach starts to become apparent, two ideas stand out. The f

26、irst is that antitrust authorities need to move from the industrial age into the 21st century. When considering a merger(兼并), for example, they have traditionally used size to determine when to step in. They now need to take into account the extent of firms’ data assets(資產(chǎn))when assessing the impact

27、of deals. The purchase price could also be a signal that an established company is buying a new-born threat. When this takes place, especially when a new-born company has no revenue to speak of, the regulators should raise red flags. The second principle is to loosen the control that providers of o

28、n-line services have over data and give more to those who supply them. Companies could be forced to reveal to consumers what information they hold and how much money they make from it. Governments could order the sharing of certain kinds of data, with users’ consent. Restarting antitrust for the in

29、formation age will not be easy. But if governments don’t want a data economy controlled by a few giants, they must act soon. 1.Why is there a call to break up giants? A.They have controlled the data market. B.They collect enormous private data. C.They no longer provide free services. D.They dis

30、missed some new-born giants. 2.What does the technological innovation in Paragraph 3 indicate? A.Data giants’ technology is very expensive. B.Google’s idea is popular among data firms. C.Data can strengthen giants’ controlling position. D.Data can be turned into new services or products. 3.By

31、paying attention to firms’ data assets, antitrust regulators could 　　　.? A.kill a new threat B.avoid the size trap C.favour bigger firms D.charge higher prices 4.What is the purpose of loosening the giants’ control of data? A.Big companies could relieve data security pressure. B.Governments c

32、ould relieve their financial pressure. C.Consumers could better protect their privacy. D.Small companies could get more opportunities. 答案 1.A　2.C　3.B　4.D　 Passage 3(2016江蘇,C) 詞數(shù):443 El Ni?o, a Spanish term for “the Christ child”, was named by South American fishermen who notic

33、ed that the global weather pattern, which happens every two to seven years, reduced the amount of fishes caught around Christmas. El Ni?o sees warm water, collected over several years in the western Pacific, flow back eastwards when winds that normally blow westwards weaken, or sometimes the other w

34、ay round. The weather effects, both good and bad, are felt in many places. Rich countries gain more from powerful Ni?os, on balance, than they lose. A study found that a strong Ni?o in 1997-98 helped America’s economy grow by$15 billion, partly because of better agricultural harvests:farmers in the

35、 Midwest gained from extra rain. The total rise in agricultural incomes in rich countries is greater than the fall in poor ones. But in Indonesia extremely dry forests are in flames. A multi-year drought(干旱)in south-east Brazil is becoming worse. Though heavy rains brought about by El Ni?o may reli

36、eve the drought in California, they are likely to cause surface flooding and other disasters. The most recent powerful Ni?o, in 1997-98, killed around 21,000 people and caused damage worth$36 billion around the globe. But such Ni?os come with months of warning, and so much is known about how they h

37、appen that governments can prepare. According to the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), however, just 12% of disaster-relief funding in the past two decades has gone on reducing risks in advance, rather than recovery and rebuilding afterwards. This is despite evidence that a dollar spent on risk-

38、reduction saves at least two on reconstruction. Simple improvements to infrastructure(基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施)can reduce the spread of disease. Better sewers(下水道)make it less likely that heavy rain is followed by an outbreak of the disease of bad stomach. Stronger bridges mean villages are less likely to be left with

39、out food and medicine after floods. According to a paper in 2011 by Mr Hsiang and co-authors, civil conflict is related to El Ni?o’s harmful effects—and the poorer the country, the stronger the link. Though the relationship may not be causal, helping divided communities to prepare for disasters woul

40、d at least reduce the risk that those disasters are followed by killing and wounding people. Since the poorest are least likely to make up for their losses from disasters linked to El Ni?o, reducing their losses needs to be the priority. 1.What can we learn about El Ni?o in Paragraph 1? A.It is na

41、med after a South American fisherman. B.It takes place almost every year all over the world. C.It forces fishermen to stop catching fish around Christmas. D.It sees the changes of water flow direction in the ocean. 2.What may El Ni?os bring about to the countries affected? A.Agricultural harves

42、ts in rich countries fall. B.Droughts become more harmful than floods. C.Rich countries’ gains are greater than their losses. D.Poor countries suffer less from droughts economically. 3.The data provided by ODI in Paragraph 4 suggest that　　　.? A.more investment should go to risk reduction B.gov

43、ernments of poor countries need more aid C.victims of El Ni?o deserve more compensation D.recovery and reconstruction should come first 4.What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage? A.To introduce El Ni?o and its origin. B.To explain the consequences of El Ni?o. C.To show ways of figh

44、ting against El Ni?o. D.To urge people to prepare for El Ni?o. 答案 1.D　2.C　3.A　4.D　 Passage 4(2015江蘇,C) 詞數(shù):460 Suppose you become a leader in an organization. It’s very likely that you’ll want to have volunteers to help with the organization’s activities.To do so,it should help to

45、 understand why people undertake volunteer work and what keeps their interest in the work. Let’s begin with the question of why people volunteer.Researchers have identified several factors that motivate people to get involved.For example,people volunteer to express personal values related to unself

46、ishness,to expand their range of experiences,and to strengthen social relationships.If volunteer positions do not meet these needs,people may not wish to participate.To select volunteers,you may need to understand the motivations of the people you wish to attract. People also volunteer because they

47、 are required to do so.To increase levels of community service,some schools have launched compulsory volunteer programs.Unfortunately,these programs can shift people’s wish of participation from an internal factor(e.g.,“I volunteer because it’s important to me”)to an external factor(e.g.,“I voluntee

48、r because I’m required to do so”).When that happens,people become less likely to volunteer in the future.People must be sensitive to this possibility when they make volunteer activities a must. Once people begin to volunteer,what leads them to remain in their positions over time?To answer this ques

49、tion,researchers have conducted follow-up studies in which they track volunteers over time.For instance,one study followed 238 volunteers in Florida over a year.One of the most important factors that influenced their satisfaction as volunteers was the amount of suffering they experienced in their vo

50、lunteer positions.Although this result may not surprise you,it leads to important practical advice.The researchers note that attention should be given to“training methods that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do expe

51、rience”. Another study of 302 volunteers at hospitals in Chicago focused on individual differences in the degree to which people view“volunteer”as an important social role.It was assumed that those people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be most lik

52、ely to continue volunteer work.Participants indicated the degree to which the social role mattered by responding to statements such as“Volunteering in Hospital is an important part of who I am.”Consistent with the researchers’ expectations,they found a positive correlation(正相關(guān))between the strength o

53、f role identity and the length of time people continued to volunteer.These results,once again,lead to concrete advice:“Once an individual begins volunteering,continued efforts might focus on developing a volunteer role identity...Items like T-shirts that allow volunteers to be recognized publicly fo

54、r their contributions can help strengthen role identity”. 1.People volunteer mainly out of　　　.? A.academic requirements B.social expectations C.financial rewards D.internal needs 2.What can we learn from the Florida study? A.Follow-up studies should last for one year. B.Volunteers should

55、get mentally prepared. C.Strategy training is a must in research. D.Volunteers are provided with concrete advice. 3.What is most likely to motivate volunteers to continue their work? A.Individual differences in role identity. B.Publicly identifiable volunteer T-shirts. C.Role identity as a vol

56、unteer. D.Practical advice from researchers. 4.What is the best title of the passage? A.How to Get People to Volunteer B.How to Study Volunteer Behaviors C.How to Keep Volunteers’ Interest D.How to Organize Volunteer Activities 答案 1.D　2.B　3.C　4.A　 Passage 5(2014江蘇,D) 詞數(shù):676

57、August 1990,Boston Dear Maya Shao-ming, To me,June 6,1990 is a special day.My long-awaited dream came true the minute your father cried,“A girl!” You are more than just a second child,more than just a girl to match our boy.You,little daughter,are the link to our female line,the legacy of another w

58、oman’s pain and sacrifice 31 years ago. Let me tell you about your Chinese grandmother.Somewhere in Hong Kong,in the late fifties,a young waitress found herself pregnant(懷孕)by a cook,probably a co-worker at her restaurant.She carried the baby to term,suffered to give it birth,and kept the little gi

59、rl for the first three months of her life.I like to think that my mother—your grandmother—loved me and fought to raise me on her own,but that the daily struggle was too hard.Worn down by the demands of the new baby and perhaps the constant threat of starvation,she made the painful decision to give a

60、way her girl so that both of us might have a chance for a better life. More likely,I was dropped at the orphanage(孤兒院)steps or somewhere else.I will probably never know the truth.Having a baby in her unmarried state would have brought shame on the family in China,so she probably kept my existence

61、a secret.Once I was out of her life,it was as if I had never been born.And so you and your brother and I are the missing leaves on a family tree. Do they ever wonder if we exist? Before I was two,I was adopted by an Anglo couple.Fed three square meals a day,I grew like a wild weed and grasped all

62、the opportunities they had to offer—books,music,education,church life and community activities.In a family of blue-eyed blonds,though,I stood out like a sore thumb.Whether from jealousy or fear of someone who looked so different,my older brothers sometimes teased me about my unpleasing skin,or made

63、fun of my clumsy walk.Moody and impatient,burdened by fears that none of us realized resulted from my early years of need,I was not an easy child to love.My mother and I conflicted countless times over the years,but gradually came to see one another as real human beings with faults and talents,and a

64、s women of strength in our own right.Lacking a mirror image in the mother who raised me,I had to seek my identity as a woman on my own.The Asian American community has helped me regain my double identity.? But part of me will always be missing:my beginnings,my personal history,all the delicate deta

65、ils that give a person her origin.Nevertheless,someone gave me a lucky name“Siu Wai”.“Siu”means“l(fā)ittle”,and“Wai”means“clever”.Therefore,my baby name was“Clever little one.”Who chose those words?Who cared enough to note my arrival in the world? I lost my Chinese name for 18 years.It was Americanized

66、 for convenience to“Sue”.But like an ill-fitting coat,it made me uncomfortable.I hated the name.But even more,I hated being Chinese.It took many years to become proud of my Asian origin and work up the courage to take back my birth-name.That,plus a little knowledge of classroom Cantonese is all the Chinese culture I have to offer you.Not white,certainly,but not really Asian,I try to pave the way between the two worlds and bridge the gap for you.Your name,“Shao-ming”,is very much like min