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1、第九講 名詞和冠詞01010202名詞名詞1. 名詞的分類 | 2. 名詞的數(shù) | 3. 抽象名詞具體化 4. 名詞所有格冠詞冠詞1. 不定冠詞 | 2. 定冠詞 | 3. 零冠詞 | 4. 冠詞的幾個注意事項(xiàng)I. 單句語法填空 | II. 單句改錯 | III. 翻譯句子 | IV. 語法填空 | V. 短文改錯0606針對訓(xùn)練針對訓(xùn)練 名詞名詞專有名詞普通名詞一、名詞的分類一、名詞的分類專有名詞表示具體的人、事物、地點(diǎn)或機(jī)構(gòu)的專有名稱。如：Asia，Washington，English，the United Nations，WTO，WHO1一、名詞的分類普通名詞表示某些人、某類事物、某種物
2、質(zhì)或抽象概念的名稱。如：teacher，tea，peace，weapon普通名詞又可進(jìn)一步分為四類。(1)個體名稱：表示單個的人和事物。如：horse，car，room，apple，picture(2)集體名稱：表示一群人或一些事物的名稱。如：people，family，army，team，group(3)物質(zhì)名詞：表示物質(zhì)或不具備確定形狀和大小的個體的物質(zhì)。如：steel，air，milk，ink，gold，sugar(4)抽象名詞：表示動作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)或其他抽象概念。如：information, advice，knowledge，word/news，traffic，weather2二、名詞
3、的數(shù)不可數(shù)名詞(1)不可數(shù)名詞一般沒有單、復(fù)數(shù)之分，包括物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞。如：health，advice，glass，wood，English(2)表示學(xué)科名稱的以ics結(jié)尾的名詞常為不可數(shù)名詞。如：mathematics，physics，politics1二、名詞的數(shù)可數(shù)名詞可數(shù)名詞包括個體名詞和集體名詞，有單、復(fù)數(shù)形式。復(fù)數(shù)名詞構(gòu)成方法如下：2(1)一般情況在名詞后加s。如：desks，days(2)以s，x，ch，sh結(jié)尾的名詞后加es。如：busbuses，watchwatches，boxboxes，brushbrushes二、名詞的數(shù)可數(shù)名詞可數(shù)名詞包括個體名詞和集體名詞，有單、復(fù)
4、數(shù)形式。復(fù)數(shù)名詞構(gòu)成方法如下：2(3)以o結(jié)尾的名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)時，常在詞尾加s，但下列名詞要加es，它們是：黑人英雄在回聲中吃土豆、西紅柿，即Negroes，heroes，echoes，potatoes，tomatoes。(4)以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)時，一般將f或fe去掉加ves，如 thiefthieves，knifeknives，leafleaves。但下列以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞直接加s，它們是：屋頂上的首領(lǐng)信仰保險箱，即roofs，chiefs，beliefs，safes。二、名詞的數(shù)可數(shù)名詞可數(shù)名詞包括個體名詞和集體名詞，有單、復(fù)數(shù)形式。復(fù)數(shù)名詞構(gòu)成方法如下：2(5)合成名詞變成復(fù)數(shù)
5、時，通常只將里面所含的主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)，如果沒有主體名詞，則將最后一部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)。sons-in-law女婿；passers-by過路人；story-tellers講故事的人；breakfasts早餐；housewives家庭主婦。二、名詞的數(shù)可數(shù)名詞可數(shù)名詞包括個體名詞和集體名詞，有單、復(fù)數(shù)形式。復(fù)數(shù)名詞構(gòu)成方法如下：2(6)一些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的manmen womanwomen footfeet toothteeth goosegeese childchildren(7)常見單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞Chinese中國人；Japanese 日本人；sheep 綿羊；deer鹿；series
6、系列；means 方式；works 工廠等。二、名詞的數(shù)可數(shù)名詞2 名師指津部分名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式表示特別的意思：papers文件times時代customers 關(guān)稅，海關(guān) goods 貨物works 著作 drinks 飲料manners 禮貌 brains 頭腦minutes 記錄 damages 賠償費(fèi)三、抽象名詞具體化具有某種特性、狀態(tài)、情感的抽象名詞在表示具體的概念時，可以與不定冠詞連用，?？嫉降挠校?單詞抽象名詞意義具體化名詞意義success成功成功的人或事pleasure樂趣令人高興的事attraction吸引有吸引力的人或事物beauty美；美麗美麗的人或事物comfort安慰
7、；慰藉令人感到安慰的人或事物danger危險危險的人或因素三、抽象名詞具體化具有某種特性、狀態(tài)、情感的抽象名詞在表示具體的概念時，可以與不定冠詞連用，?？嫉降挠校?單詞抽象名詞意義具體化名詞意義delight高興令人高興的事failure失敗失敗的人或事物surprise驚奇令人驚奇的事情shock震驚令人震驚的事情pride驕傲令人驕傲的事或人They regard overpopulation as a danger to society.他們把人口過剩視為對社會的威脅。三、抽象名詞具體化抽象名詞與a (an)連用，淡化了抽象概念，轉(zhuǎn)化為具體的動作、行為或類別。2Being able to
8、 afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough times.在那些艱難的時期，能夠買得起一杯飲料都會是一件令人感到欣慰的事。四、名詞所有格s 所有格1表示有生命的事物的名詞及某些表示時間、距離、星球、世界、國家、城市、團(tuán)體機(jī)構(gòu)等無生命的名詞后加s來表示所有關(guān)系。students eyesight 學(xué)生的視力todays newspaper 今天的報紙四、名詞所有格of所有格2of所有格修飾前面的名詞，表示兩個名詞之間的所屬關(guān)系，多用于無生命名詞。From the top of the hill，you can get a birds view
9、 of the city.從山頂上，你可以鳥瞰整個城市。四、名詞所有格雙重所有格3指名詞所有格或名詞性物主代詞同of構(gòu)成的所有格，即“of名詞所有格”。a play of Shakespeares 莎士比亞的一個戲劇a friend of my wifes 我妻子的一個朋友 冠詞冠詞作為一種虛詞，在英語中只能和名詞一起使用。英語中的冠詞分為不定冠詞和定冠詞。不定冠詞有兩個，a 和 an。a用在輔音開頭的單詞前面；an用于以元音開頭的單詞前。如：a book，an apple。一、不定冠詞不定冠詞最基本的用法是表示泛指，用在單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前表示“某一個”。1There is a policeman
10、 at the door.門口有個警察。一、不定冠詞不定冠詞用在單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞之前，表示“任何，每個”。2A soldier must obey orders.軍人必須服從命令。一、不定冠詞不定冠詞用于第一次出現(xiàn)的單數(shù)名詞之前。3There is a box in the room. The box is heavy.房間里有個箱子。這個箱子很重。一、不定冠詞不定冠詞用在價格、速度、比率等名詞前，有every之意。4The car travels at sixty kilometers an hour.汽車以每小時60公里的速度行駛。一、不定冠詞用在序數(shù)詞前，表示“再一，又一”。5He miss
11、ed the gold medal in the high jump，but he will get a second chance in the long jump.他在跳高比賽中錯失了金牌，但是在跳遠(yuǎn)比賽中他還有機(jī)會。一、不定冠詞用在形容詞的比較等級前，表示“一個更 的”。6If we sit near the front of the bus，well have a better view.如果我們坐在公共汽車的前部，視野就會更好些。一、不定冠詞用于物質(zhì)名詞或抽象名詞具體化時。7物質(zhì)名詞或抽象名詞僅表示概念時，是不可數(shù)名詞，前面不加不定冠詞。但如果表示具體的人或事，特別是前面有形容詞修飾
12、時，就變成了可數(shù)名詞，前面可加不定冠詞。Im certain that his concert this Sunday will be a success.我確信這個星期天他的音樂會一定成功。一、不定冠詞不定冠詞用于某些固定短語中。8have a try 試一下take a break 休息一下have a good time 玩得痛快make a living 謀生as a matter of fact 事實(shí)上in a word 總而言之二、定冠詞定冠詞和名詞連用，表示某個或某些特定的人或事物。1Mother carved the meat into slices.媽媽把肉切成了片。二、定冠
13、詞定冠詞用于可數(shù)名詞前，表示一類人或東西。2The panda is a rare animal. 大熊貓是一種稀有動物。名師指津本句也可以用下列表達(dá)：A panda is a rare animal.Pandas are rare animals.二、定冠詞定冠詞用于第二次出現(xiàn)的名詞之前。3I got a letter yesterday. The letter was sent by email.我昨天接到了一封信。那信是電子郵件。二、定冠詞定冠詞用于某些名詞或者形容詞前，表示一類人，一個民族，階級或階層。4the Chinese 中國人 the rich 富人the dead 死者 th
14、e deaf 聾人二、定冠詞定冠詞用于指說話雙方都知道的人或事。5Please close the door.請把門關(guān)上。二、定冠詞用在世界上獨(dú)一無二的人或物、自然現(xiàn)象、表示方位或表示發(fā)明物等名詞前。6the sun 太陽 the moon 月亮 the earth 地球 the sky 天空 the world 世界注意：有些物體雖然也是獨(dú)一無二的，但習(xí)慣上卻不用冠詞。space太空nature自然man人類二、定冠詞用在序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級前。7The first truck is carrying a few baskets.第一輛卡車裝運(yùn)了一些筐。 This is the most i
15、nteresting book I have ever read. 這是我所讀過的書中最有趣的一本。二、定冠詞用在由普通名詞構(gòu)成的專有名詞前。8the Great Wall長城the Summer Palace頤和園the Peoples Farm人民農(nóng)場the Science Museum科學(xué)館二、定冠詞用在姓氏復(fù)數(shù)形式前，表示“全家人”或“夫婦倆”。 9The Turners are going home on a train.特納一家要乘火車回家。二、定冠詞用在方位詞前。10on the left/right 在左/右邊 in the east/west/north/south 在東/西
16、/北/南方 at the back of 在 的后面 二、定冠詞用在樂器特別是西洋樂器名詞前。11My brother is playing the violin while my sister is chatting on the Internet.我弟弟在拉小提琴而我妹妹正在網(wǎng)上聊天。二、定冠詞用在表示海洋、河流、山脈、群島及國家和黨派名詞前。12the East China Sea 東海the Huai River 淮河 the Jinggang Mountains 井岡山the United States of America 美國 三、零冠詞零冠詞的基本用法1(1)表示泛指的不可數(shù)名
17、詞或復(fù)數(shù)名詞前。Keeping a diary is a good habit，by which youll make great progress.記日記是一個可以讓你取得巨大進(jìn)步的好習(xí)慣。Telephones are still playing an important role in peoples life.電話在人們的生活中仍然起著重要的作用。三、零冠詞零冠詞的基本用法1(2)表示月、季、星期、節(jié)假日、洲、三餐、球類、學(xué)科、棋類名詞前。in spring 在春天 on Sunday 在星期天play football 踢足球 play chess下象棋have breakfast/l
18、unch/supper吃早飯/午飯/晚飯三、零冠詞零冠詞的基本用法1(3)與by連用的表示交通工具名詞前。by car 坐汽車 by ship 坐船by plane 坐飛機(jī) on foot 步行三、零冠詞零冠詞的基本用法1(4)系動詞turn后的單數(shù)名詞作表語時。After years of hard work，Tom turned engineer while Mary good manager.多年的努力之后，湯姆成了工程師而瑪麗成了一位好經(jīng)理。三、零冠詞零冠詞的基本用法1(5)表示頭銜和職務(wù)的名詞作表語、同位語或補(bǔ)足語時。Li Ming，monitor of our class，is a
19、 warmhearted person.我們的班長李明是一個熱心的人。三、零冠詞固定結(jié)構(gòu)及固定短語中的零冠詞2(1)固定結(jié)構(gòu)中的零冠詞“零冠詞單數(shù)名詞as/though主語謂語，主句”，意為“雖然 但是 ”。Young man as he is，he has seen much of the world.盡管他很年輕，但他閱歷很豐富。三、零冠詞固定結(jié)構(gòu)及固定短語中的零冠詞2(2)固定短語中的零冠詞on purpose故意地by chance碰巧catch fire 著火 at dawn 在黎明face to face 面對面 out of date 過時的四、冠詞的幾個注意事項(xiàng)表示世界上獨(dú)一無
20、二的事物的名詞前一般加定冠詞the; 但如果名詞前有修飾語，也可能用不定冠詞a，an。1the world，a peaceful world the moon，a bright moon四、冠詞的幾個注意事項(xiàng)表示一日三餐的名詞前面一般不用冠詞，但前面如果有了定語修飾，也可能用不定冠詞a，an。2Have you had supper?We had a wonderful supper.四、冠詞的幾個注意事項(xiàng)表示樂器的名詞前一般用定冠詞the，但前面如果出現(xiàn)定語修飾，也可能用不定冠詞a，an。3He starts his day by playing the violin.He is playi
21、ng a borrowed violin.四、冠詞的幾個注意事項(xiàng)介詞與表示交通工具的名詞連用表示籠統(tǒng)的方式，前面一般不用冠詞，但如果名詞的前面出現(xiàn)了修飾語，前面需加冠詞。4He went to the station by car.He went to the station in a black car.四、冠詞的幾個注意事項(xiàng)表示語言的名詞前一般不用冠詞，但后面如果出現(xiàn)language一詞，前面需加定冠詞the。5Englishthe English languageFrenchthe French language四、冠詞的幾個注意事項(xiàng)高考中常見的純不可數(shù)名詞，它們是：baggage，lu
22、ggage，furniture，health，weather，fun，space(太空)，advice，word(news)，progress，information，news，luck，wealth(財產(chǎn))等。以上不可數(shù)名詞永遠(yuǎn)不能與不定冠詞連用。6. 單句語法填空1This trend has some unintended side _ (effect) such as overweight and heart disease.(2017全國卷)2The underground railway in London ran for just under seven kilometers a
23、nd allowed people to avoid terrible _ (crowd) on the roads above.(2017全國卷)3This development was only possible with the _ (introduce) of electricpowered engines and lifts.(2017全國卷)4Handle the most important tasks first so youll feel a real sense of _ (achieve)(2016全國卷)5Recent _ (study) show that we a
24、re far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.(2016全國卷) effects crowds introduction achievement studies . 單句語法填空6Now，years later，this river is one of _ most outstanding examples of environmental cleanup.7Nowadays，how we can take good care of _ old is becoming a hot and serious top
25、ic.8It was raining hard，so I had to borrow _ umbrella.9My friend Mary comes from _ European country.10As a matter of fact, _ rich arent always happy. the the an a the . 單句語法填空11Women live longer than men in most _ (country)12These _ (child)spend a lot of time watching TV.13There are branch _ (librar
26、y) in many villages.14We may be one family and live under _ same roof.15The tree measuring over 100 _ (foot) high has a history of 1,000 years. countries children libraries the feet . 單句語法填空16Its _ pleasure for me to be here to speak to such a distinguished group from all over the world.17No one kno
27、ws exactly how _ moon came into existence，as it happened so long ago.18We often watch football _ (match) on TV together.19I used to love science _ (class)，including biology，chemistry，geography and physics.20Annan will be remembered for his ability and his _ (warm) a the matches classes warmth . 單句改錯
28、1The instructor kept repeating the word，“Speed up！” “Slow down！” “Turn left！”(2017全國卷)2Besides, they often get some useful informations from the Internet. (2017全國卷)3The airs we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier. Many rare animals are dying out.(2015全國卷)4This afternoon I went to see my grandf
29、ather by a bus.wordsinformation air . 單句改錯5I hope that you two could come and visit us some times soon.6On the way up I was busy taking picture since the scenery was so beautiful. 7Without enough knowledges，you can never teach well. 8He made his the first time visit to China when he was 18. time pic
30、tures knowledge 或去掉或去掉the . 單句改錯9After a hour or so we began to feel very frightened.10Modern people know more about the health，have better food，and live in clearer surroundings.11There is no doubt that English has become an universal language nowadays.12If you want to make a progress，you need to pu
31、t your heart into your study and work hard. an a . 翻譯句子1我永遠(yuǎn)不會忘記我們在海南度過的那個夏天。2我很失望這次試驗(yàn)又以一次失敗而告終。3婚禮早宴是在她父親家舉行的。4我對他的第一印象是他是一個善良且有思想的年輕人。I will never forget the summer we spent in Hainan.Im disappointed that the experiment turned out to be a complete failure again.The wedding breakfast was held in her
32、 fathers house.My first impression of him was that he was a kind and thoughtful young man. 翻譯句子5無論什么時候我犯了錯誤，老師總是耐心地把它們指出來。6這個校園占地20平方公里。7今天我在趕著去上班的路上遇到了你的一位朋友。8你可以向任何人求助，這里的每個人都樂意幫助你。Whenever I made mistakes，the teacher pointed them out with patience.The campus covers an area of twenty square kilome
33、tres.I met a friend of yours today as I hurried off to work.You can ask anyone for help. Everyone here is willing to lend you a hand. 語法填空 Studying abroad is an exciting experience，giving you the opportunity to learn more about the traditions and cultures of the host country and its people. Apart fr
34、om the excellent 1._ (educate) I received during my three years in England，I also made a wide circle of friends and improved my language skills. I learned how 2._ (deal) with various problems，and as a result，I have become more 3._ (depend) and selfconfident. I studied English Literature and when I f
35、irst arrived I had trouble 4._ (understand) some of the accents and the slang (俚語) 5._ are in everyday use. However，making many friends and doing a parttime job have helped improve my English. Now I am a much more fluent and natural speaker.educationto dealindependentunderstandingthat/which. 語法填空 6_
36、 biggest problems I faced were finding somewhere to live when I did not know the area well，getting the electricity and phone 7._ (connect) and learning to look after myself. I had to get used to shopping，cooking and doing the housework，as well as studying and working，so I mastered the art of plannin
37、g my time 8._ (wise)Although adjusting to living in a new country 9._ (be) not easy，learning to take care of myself helped me grow as a person. I feel I can deal with any problem now 10._ a calm and confident manner，without having to immediately ask someone for help.Theconnectedwiselywas in . 短文改錯 E
38、very year，my school hold summer camps. I love it very much，because I can have a lot fun with my friends. Whats more，I can take a break from study times. Last year，we went to a country farm and experienced different life. I was so impressed by the clear river and fresh air here. We woke up early and then walked on the country road，what was extremely quiet. I am so close to nature and could appreciate its beauty. I felt peacefully in my heart. I am looking forward to the summer camp on this year.holdsofthemtimeatherewhichwaspeaceful
英語語法突破篇 9 名詞和冠詞
