牛津高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全集至模塊語(yǔ)法.doc

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. —－可編輯修改，可打印—— 別找了你想要的都有！ 精品教育資料 ——全冊(cè)教案，，試卷，教學(xué)課件，教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)等一站式服務(wù)—— 全力滿足教學(xué)需求，真實(shí)規(guī)劃教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié) 最新全面教學(xué)資源，打造完美教學(xué)模式 2018高考牛津高中英語(yǔ)－模塊一至模塊十語(yǔ)法 牛津高中英語(yǔ)－模塊一 第一單元 一 定語(yǔ)從句：定語(yǔ)從句的介紹 · 就像是一個(gè)形容詞或介詞短語(yǔ)修飾名詞一樣，定語(yǔ)從句也可以修飾名詞。定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的名詞稱為先行詞。 形容詞：The green team 介詞短語(yǔ)：The team in green 定語(yǔ)從句：The team who were wearing green · 定語(yǔ)從句通常由關(guān)系代詞來(lái)引導(dǎo)，如which, that, who, whom, whose,或關(guān)系副詞來(lái)引導(dǎo)，如when, where, why。關(guān)系代詞可以在定語(yǔ)從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)，定語(yǔ)；關(guān)系副詞可以在定語(yǔ)從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)。 如：做主語(yǔ)The trees which are on the school campus have lost their leaves. 做賓語(yǔ)The student whom we saw just now is the best runner in our school. 做表語(yǔ)Jack is no longer the lazy boy that he used to be. 做定語(yǔ)She has a brother whose name I can’t remember. 做狀語(yǔ)The school where he studied is in Shenzhen. 二 定語(yǔ)從句：關(guān)系代詞：that，which，who，whom，和whose · 在定語(yǔ)從句中，that和which用來(lái)指代物。 如：This is the story that /which we wrote for our storytelling contest. · 在定語(yǔ)從句中，who 用來(lái)指代人。 如：I am going to see a friend who has just come back from the UK. · 當(dāng)who在定語(yǔ)從句中做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以用whom來(lái)取代，且whom比who更正式。 如：I don’t know the name of the teacher who/whom I saw in the computer room the other day. · 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，who，whom，which和that可以被省略。 如：He likes all the birthday presents(that/which)his friends gave him. · Whose用來(lái)表示所屬，它既可指人也可指物。 如：I sat next to a girl whose name was Diane. The club whose members are music fans meet in the school garden every Saturday afternoon. 第二單元 一 定語(yǔ)從句：介詞提前的定語(yǔ)從句 （preposition＋which; preposition＋whom） · 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞（which/whom）做定語(yǔ)從句中介詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以把介詞提到關(guān)系代詞的前面。 如：We thought you were a person from whom we could expect good decisions. · 在非正式英語(yǔ)中，介詞通常放在定語(yǔ)從句的最后。 如：Art is the subject which I know little about. · 如果介詞放在定語(yǔ)從句的最后，which 可以被that取代，whom可以被that和who取代。 如：Dad is a person whom/that/who I can easily talk to. · 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞做定語(yǔ)從句中介詞的賓語(yǔ)，并且介詞又放在定語(yǔ)從句的末尾時(shí)，我們通常省略關(guān)系代詞who和that。 如：The topic (which) Eric is interested in is Physics. Daniel is the person (whom) I want to make friends with. · 當(dāng)先行詞是way時(shí)，我們用in which或that來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，這種情況下，in which或that 可以被省略。 如：I didn’t like the way (that /in which) she talked to me. 二 定語(yǔ)從句：關(guān)系副詞：when，where， why 1．我們通常用關(guān)系副詞when 引導(dǎo)先行詞是time，moment，day， season，year 等的定語(yǔ)從句。 如：Do you remember the day when we left you in charge? I often think of the moment when I saw the UFO. 2．我們通常用關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)先行詞是place，house，city，country，city，world等的定語(yǔ)從句。 如：The police searched the house where the thief had stayed. This is not a family where bad behavior goes unpunished. 3．我們通常用關(guān)系副詞why引導(dǎo)先行詞是reason的定語(yǔ)從句。 如：I don’t know the reason why the house is so dirty. 4．在更加正式的英語(yǔ)中，where，when和why能夠被介詞＋which 所替代。 如：The study is the place where/in which I often have talks with my father. This is the reason why/for which my parents got home earlier. It rained the whole day when/on which he traveled with his family. 第三單元 一 定語(yǔ)從句：非限制性定語(yǔ)從句 1．非限制性定語(yǔ)從句是一個(gè)為主句添加額外信息的從句，在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句前通常有個(gè)逗號(hào)。 如：Amy, who took weight-loss pills, now realizes that health is important. My pills are in the bathroom, where I always keep them. 2．當(dāng)先行詞是整個(gè)主句時(shí)，可以用which來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。 如：He missed the show, which was a great pity. 3．我們可以用all＋whom/which 來(lái)表示全部數(shù)量，用some of＋whom/which來(lái)表示部分?jǐn)?shù)量。 如：I am doing different types of exercises, all of which are quite helpful to my health. Many people, some of whom are not overweight, are going on diet. 二 附加疑問(wèn)句 1．附加疑問(wèn)句是放在陳述句后面的短問(wèn)句。它們通常被用在口語(yǔ)中來(lái)引出一段對(duì)話，以一個(gè)更加禮貌的方式來(lái)詢問(wèn)信息，溫柔的發(fā)號(hào)施令或要求某人做某事。我們用附加疑問(wèn)句來(lái)詢問(wèn)意見(jiàn)或征求同意。 當(dāng)我們用附加疑問(wèn)句來(lái)詢問(wèn)意見(jiàn)時(shí)，為了期待對(duì)方能同意我們的觀點(diǎn)，附加疑問(wèn)句會(huì)用降調(diào)來(lái)表達(dá)。 當(dāng)我們用附加疑問(wèn)句來(lái)征求同意時(shí)，我們實(shí)際上是在詢問(wèn)我們自己也不太能確信的事情，這時(shí)候附加疑問(wèn)句會(huì)用升調(diào)來(lái)表達(dá)。 2．附加疑問(wèn)句的構(gòu)成有以下幾種： 1）在肯定的陳述句之后，我們會(huì)用否定的附加疑問(wèn)句。在否定的陳述句之后，我們會(huì)用肯定的附加疑問(wèn)句。 如：We can still be friends, can’t we? He doesn’t like ice cream, does he? · 當(dāng)主句中有像neither，none，nobody，nothing，few，little，never，hardly或seldom這類詞時(shí)，它們被認(rèn)為是否定的，因此后面會(huì)跟個(gè)肯定的附加疑問(wèn)句。 如：Neither of you will have coffee, will you? No one has found my CD, have they? Nobody understood his speech, did they? His sister seldom argues with people, does she? · 人稱代詞如I，we，you，he，she，it或they會(huì)放在附加疑問(wèn)句中。 如：I was pretty silly, wasn’t I? Everyone has advises you not to go on a diet, haven’t you? · 助動(dòng)詞，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或be動(dòng)詞會(huì)放在附加疑問(wèn)句中。 如：You like traveling, don’t you? There is something wrong, isn’t there? You can’t speak Italian, can you? · 祁使句后用will you， Let’s后用shall we 如：Post a letter for me, will you? Let’s have a break, shall we? 牛津高中英語(yǔ)－模塊二 第一單元 一 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài) 1．我們用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)表示在最近的過(guò)去發(fā)生的但跟現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系的事情。 如：The disappearance of Justin has made Kelly very unhappy. 2．我們也用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)表示在過(guò)去剛開(kāi)始，并且現(xiàn)在還沒(méi)結(jié)束的事情。 如：I have not seen Justin since last Friday night. · 當(dāng)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的確切時(shí)間不清楚或不重要時(shí)，我們也用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)。經(jīng)常連用的時(shí)間短 語(yǔ)有：already ever for just lately never recently since yet already 用語(yǔ)肯定句，yet用語(yǔ)否定句。 如：The boy has already come home. I haven’t heard anything from him yet. for+一段時(shí)間 since+點(diǎn)時(shí)間 如：We haven’t seen him for two years. We haven’t seen him since 2002. 注：當(dāng)已給定具體的時(shí)間時(shí)，我們往往用一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，而不是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)。 · 我們用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)談?wù)搫倓偼瓿傻膭?dòng)作。 如：The police have just finished searching the area. · 我們也用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)表示重復(fù)的動(dòng)作。 如：Some villages say that they have seen UFOs many times. · 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成是：have/has+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞 二 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài) 1．我們用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)表示在過(guò)去發(fā)生的并且仍將繼續(xù)的動(dòng)作。 如：I have not been sleeping well since I returned home. 2．我們用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)表示剛剛結(jié)束但以某種方式和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系的動(dòng)作。 如：--- Sorry I’m late. Have you been waiting long? --- Yes, I’ve been waiting for an hour. 3．現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成：have/has +been +doing 注：for和since和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)連用。 如：I have been waiting for a long time. He has been waiting since nine o’clock. 三 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)還是現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài) 1．我們用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)談?wù)搫倓偼瓿傻膭?dòng)作，用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)表示發(fā)生在過(guò)去并且現(xiàn)在仍在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 如：Li Jia has read a book about Stonehenge. (She finished reading the book.) Li Jia has been reading a book about Stonehenge. (She is still reading the book.) 2．我們用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)表示重復(fù)的動(dòng)作，用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)表示不停的動(dòng)作。 如：I have visited Egypt twice this month. I have been touring Egypt for two months. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)用于回答how many/much的提問(wèn)，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)用語(yǔ)回答how long的提問(wèn)。 如：How many times have you swum in the lake? How long have you been swimming in the lake? 3．狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞都可以用在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)中，但只有動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞可以用在現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)中。 如：I have had this camera for five years. (狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞) I have taken photos of UFO with this camera. （動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞） I have been taking photos of UFO with this camera. （動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞） 注：動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞表示發(fā)生或變化的動(dòng)作，如go，play。狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示保持不變的動(dòng)作，如like， know，exist 4．當(dāng) never，yet，already，ever出現(xiàn)在句子中時(shí)，只用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)，而不用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。 如：I’ve never visited Paris. I’ve already been to Paris. 第二單元 一 將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài) 1．我們用將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)： 1）談?wù)搶?lái)一段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的事情。 如：Toby will be climbing in the Himalayas all next week 2）談?wù)搹膶?lái)的某一點(diǎn)開(kāi)始并且有可能要持續(xù)一段時(shí)間的事情。 如：Toby will not be in London next Tuesday. He will be climbing in the Himalayas. 3）沒(méi)有任何意圖的表達(dá)將來(lái)的事情。 如：The weather report says that it will be raining when we arrive in London. 在這種情況下表示事情是很自然的發(fā)生的，沒(méi)有人為的安排。 4）禮貌地詢問(wèn)有關(guān)其他人將來(lái)的計(jì)劃。 如：Will you be visiting your uncle in Tanzania? 2．將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成： 1）陳述句：will(not)+v-ing 如：Toby and his brother, Colin, will (not) be flying to Morocco. 2）疑問(wèn)句：will 提到主語(yǔ)的前面 如：Will they be flying to Morocco on 15th July? 3）回答：will（not） 如：Yes, they will. /No, they will not(won’t) 二 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài) 1．我們用過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)和過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)： 1）表示過(guò)去的將來(lái)某一時(shí)間要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 如：They set off at 9 a.m. and would reach the airport an hour later. 2) 暗指一個(gè)過(guò)去的目的。 如：I was going to leave, but then it rained. 3) 暗指一個(gè)過(guò)去的安排。 如：Colin called Jennifer to say that he was seeing her later that afternoon. 4) 指代實(shí)際已經(jīng)發(fā)生過(guò)的將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。 如：The journey that was to change Toby’s life started in July that year. 2．陳述句中過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成： 1）would +動(dòng)詞原形 如：I told you Colin and I would spend a few weeks traveling. 2) was/were going to，was /were to , was/were about to 如：We were going to see the wild animals, but then we didn’t have time. It was his last day at school---he was to leave the next morning. Colin was about to get off the camel when a child ran towards him. 第三單元 一 過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài) 1．我們用一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)談?wù)撘粋€(gè)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作。當(dāng)我們想要談?wù)摫冗^(guò)去更早的時(shí)間里發(fā)生的事情時(shí)，就用過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)。 如：Upon entering the tomb, Carter’s lucky pet bird, which had led him to the place, was eaten by a snake. 2．在直接引語(yǔ)中，我們用過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)指代說(shuō)話的時(shí)候就已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。直接引語(yǔ)中的一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)在間接引語(yǔ)中改為過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)。 如：“We emptied the tomb of everything it contained,” said Carter.------- Carter said that they had emptied the tomb of everything it contained. 3．過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)只是指在另一個(gè)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，并不是指發(fā)生在一長(zhǎng)段時(shí)間以前的動(dòng)作。 如：I had done my homework this morning before I went to the museum. 4．過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)經(jīng)常跟以下引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間短語(yǔ)連用，如when, after, before, as soon as, until, since, by, for, already. 如：Then a few months after Carter had opened the tomb, Lord Carnarvon fell ill with a fever and died. 5．過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成：had+v-ed 如：Howard Carter had received money from Lord Carnarvon before he made his most amazing discovery. 二 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)還是過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài) 當(dāng)我們談?wù)撘粋€(gè)與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)的過(guò)去的事情時(shí)，我們用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)。 如：Howard Carter is one of the most famous explorers the world has ever known. 當(dāng)我們?cè)谡務(wù)撨^(guò)去，并要說(shuō)明一個(gè)更早發(fā)生的動(dòng)作的時(shí)候，我們就要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)。 如：Not long after the tomb had been opened, people in Carter’s team began to fall ill and die strangly. 牛津高中英語(yǔ)－模塊三 第一單元 一 名詞性從句：名詞性從句的介紹 名詞性從句在句中的作用和名詞或名詞短語(yǔ)的作用是一樣的。 · 我們可以用名詞性從句做句子的主語(yǔ)。 如：That I can pay back the help people give me makes me happy. Whether he’ll be able to come is not yet known. Why they have not left yet is unclear. 我們可以用it來(lái)做形式主語(yǔ)。 如：It was good news that everyone got back safely. · 我們可以用名詞性從句來(lái)做動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)。 如：she sensed that she was being watched. I wonder if/whether that’s a good idea. Polly didn’t know which way she should go. 我們可以用名詞性從句來(lái)做介詞的賓語(yǔ)。 如：I’m interested in who that tall man is. There was a discussion about whether Polly had found the blind man. 我們可以用it來(lái)做形式賓語(yǔ)。 如：we all thought it good news that the fog had finally gone. The conductor has made it clear that no buses will be running. · 我們可以用名詞性從句來(lái)做表語(yǔ)。 如：the truth is that the fog is too think for the bus to run that far. My question is whether Polly can find her way home. The problem is how Polly is going to find us in the crowd. · 我們可以用名詞性從句來(lái)做一個(gè)名詞的同位語(yǔ)。 如：the fact that Polly didn’t ask for the man’s name is a pity. The news that the plane had crashed made us sad. Whatever gave you the idea that I can sing? · 我們用that，if/whether或一個(gè)疑問(wèn)詞來(lái)引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。 如：I hope that Polly will be OK. No one knew if/whether he lost his sight because of an accident. She couldn’t imagine how the blind man had found her. 二 名詞性從句：用that或if/whether引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句 1．我們用that 來(lái)引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。 1）當(dāng)從句是一個(gè)陳述句時(shí)，我們用that來(lái)引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。 如：She sensed that she was being watched by a tall man in a dark coat. 2) 在大多數(shù)情況下，我們不用that來(lái)引導(dǎo)介詞后的名詞性從句，但是，可以用that來(lái)引導(dǎo)in或except后的賓語(yǔ)從句。 如：The problem lies in that the mist may become a thick fog. I didn’t tell him anything except that I wasn’t able to find my way back. 3）當(dāng)名詞性從句做句子的主語(yǔ)時(shí)，that不能省略。 如：That we couldn’t find our way out was really bad news. 4）在非正式英語(yǔ)中，當(dāng)名詞性從句做句子的賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)時(shí)，that可以省略。 如：She wished (that) someone would come along to help her. The truth is (that) the buses will not be running. · 我們用if或whether 來(lái)引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。 · 當(dāng)從句是個(gè)一般疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，我們用if或whether來(lái)引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。我們把if或whether后面從句的順序改成陳述句的語(yǔ)序。 如：She wondered. Would the buses still be running? She wondered if/whether the buses would still be running. · 介詞后只能用whether，而不能用if。 如：She is not certain about whether she has done anything wrong. · 當(dāng)從句做主語(yǔ)放在句子開(kāi)頭時(shí)，只能用whether，而不能用if。 如：Whether it is going to clear up keeps me wondering. · 只能用whether or not，而不能用if or not。 如：I want to know whether or not the train goes to King Street. · 如果and或but引導(dǎo)兩個(gè)并列的that或whether/if引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句，后一個(gè)句子的that或whether/if不可省。 如：He said that he liked rain very much and that he wouldn’t use an umbrella when it was raining. No one knows whether it will be fine tomorrow and whether he will come to work. 第二單元 一 名詞性從句：由疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句 我們用以下的疑問(wèn)詞來(lái)引導(dǎo)名詞性從句：what, which, who/whom, whose, when, where, why and how。 · 當(dāng)從句是wh-引導(dǎo)的疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，我們用疑問(wèn)詞來(lái)引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。從句可以做句子的主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。 如：Where a person comes from will affect their style of speech. You can begin to see why English has such strange rules. That is why English is a language with so many confusing rules. · 我們把疑問(wèn)詞后面的句式改成陳述句的語(yǔ)序。 如：What are people from the north saying? People from the south find it difficult to understand. People from the south find it difficult to understand what people from the north are saying. 3．在任何情況下，都不可以省略名詞性從句中的疑問(wèn)引導(dǎo)詞。 二 形式主語(yǔ)it 在英語(yǔ)中，我們通常把最重要的信息放在句子的末尾用于強(qiáng)調(diào)。這被稱做句末強(qiáng)調(diào)效果。用形式主語(yǔ)it就可以達(dá)到這一效果。It只是語(yǔ)法意義上的主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)在句子的后面。 · 我們通常用it來(lái)做形式主語(yǔ)。 · 當(dāng)我們用一個(gè)名詞性從句來(lái)做句子的主語(yǔ)時(shí)： （更好的）It is certain that we would not be able to understand Old English today. （正確的）That we would not be able to understand Old English today is certain. · 當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式時(shí)： （更好的）It is hard to master a foreign language. （正確的）To master a foreign language is hard. · 當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)詞-ing形式時(shí)： （更好的）Smoking is difficult to stop. （正確的）It is difficult to stop smoking. · It可以被放在seem，appear，happen，chance，turn out 和prove前做句子的形式主語(yǔ)。 如：It seems that he speaks two languages.=he seems to speak two languages. It happens that my new neighbor comes from my hometown.=my new neighbor happens to come from my hometown. · 我們可以用句型it+be+被強(qiáng)調(diào)的名詞或短語(yǔ)+that或who引導(dǎo)的從句來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)句子中的主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)。 如：It was last night (not any other time)that I read about the history of English. 如果不強(qiáng)調(diào)任何成分，句子可以是： I read about the history of English last night. 第三單元 一 賓語(yǔ)不足語(yǔ) 1．賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)為賓語(yǔ)提供更多的信息。 如：They called her the Loulan Beauty. 2．賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)通常以下面形式出現(xiàn)：動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)通常可以是名詞短語(yǔ)或形容詞。 如：They made Professor Zhang chairman of the society. We found the ruins most interesting. · 有時(shí)侯帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式和不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式可以做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。 如：They believed him to be honest. Professor Zhang’s speech made us all laugh. · 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)可以時(shí)介詞短語(yǔ)。 如：She found ourselves in the middle of a desert. · 賓語(yǔ)不足語(yǔ)通常和賓語(yǔ)在數(shù)上是一致的。 如：She made Joe her assistant. She made Joe and Sue her assistants. 二 Either… or… 和 Neither… nor… 1．我們用either…or…來(lái)表示選擇性。 如：（連接主語(yǔ)）either Ann or Jane should have arrived by now. (連接動(dòng)詞) people either tried to escape or stayed in their houses. (連接賓語(yǔ))we could choose to eat either noodles or rice. (連接狀語(yǔ))they are going to the museum either today or tomorrow. · 我們用neither…nor…來(lái)連接表示否定的觀點(diǎn)。（both…and…的反義詞） 如：neither the museum nor the site itself interested her. They neither told me the location nor showed me the map. I ate neither the noodles nor the rice. They went there neither by train nor by air. 三 主謂一致 主謂一致是指在主語(yǔ)后選擇正確的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。以下幾點(diǎn)幫助我們決定動(dòng)詞是單數(shù)或是復(fù)數(shù)。 · 動(dòng)詞應(yīng)是單數(shù)，如果主語(yǔ)是： · 單數(shù)的名詞或不可數(shù)名詞 如：the city was founded in the 8th century BC. The food they offered on the plane was delicious. 2) 計(jì)量的短語(yǔ)，標(biāo)題或名字 如：two hours is too short for the visit. Little women is a great novel. 3) 一個(gè)短語(yǔ)或從句 如：travelling to Pompeii is exciting. That it keeps raining worries the tourists. · 動(dòng)詞應(yīng)是復(fù)數(shù)，如果主語(yǔ)是： · 一個(gè)復(fù)數(shù)名詞 如：both cities were very rich. · 由and連接的兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的單詞或短語(yǔ) 如：the noodles and rice they offered on the plane were quite plain. · 當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是all of/ most of/ some of/ half of/ a part of +名詞/代詞，動(dòng)詞與名詞或代詞保持一致。 如：all of us have attended the lecture about Pompeii. Most of the lecture was about how the ancient city was discovered. · 當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是集合名詞，如band, crowd, class, dozen, family, public, team 時(shí)，如果名詞指代的是集體，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；如果名詞指代的是個(gè)體，動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。 如：our team is very important to me. Our team are now traveling to Xinjiang. · 當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是news, physics, mathematics, Aids時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是goods, clothes, congratulations, earnings, remains, belongings 時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。 如：the latest news is that the Loulan Beauty is being displayed in Shanghai. All their belongings were destroyed in the earthquake. · 當(dāng)either…or…, neither…nor…, not only…but also…, not…but…,連接句子的主語(yǔ)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞采取就近原則。 如：either the team leader or the guides are looking after the students. Either the guides or the team leader is looking after the students. 注：當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是anybody/anyone/anything/everybody/everyone/everything/nobody/no one/nothing/somebody/someone/something/each/each one/either/neither/one時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 牛津高中英語(yǔ)－模塊四 第一單元 一 直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ) 1．我們用直接引語(yǔ)來(lái)闡述所說(shuō)的話。如果我們把引語(yǔ)寫(xiě)下來(lái)，這些單詞就會(huì)被放在引號(hào) 但是，我們通常更愿意用間接引語(yǔ)來(lái)闡述所說(shuō)的話。 直接引語(yǔ)：She said, “China has been using PSAs to educate people.” 間接引語(yǔ)：She said China had been using PSAs to educate people. 2．我們可以通過(guò)把所說(shuō)的話改成賓語(yǔ)從句或動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)的形式來(lái)把直接引語(yǔ)變成間接引語(yǔ)。 如：She said, “I’m used to ads.”---- She said that she was used to ads. “We must not fall for this kind of trick!” she said.----- She warned us not to fall for that kind of trick. 3．除了句型的改變外，還有其它的改變： · 人稱代詞的改變： 如：She said, “I did some research.” ----- She said that she had done some research. · 時(shí)態(tài)的改變： 如：She said, “This as is very clever.” ----- She said that that ad was very clever. 下面列舉當(dāng)動(dòng)詞是過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)是如何變化的： 直接引語(yǔ) 間接引語(yǔ) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 一般過(guò)去時(shí) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) 一般過(guò)去時(shí) 過(guò)去完成時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 過(guò)去完成時(shí) 一般將來(lái)時(shí) 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí) 過(guò)去完成時(shí) 過(guò)去完成時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 注：當(dāng)陳述一個(gè)不變的事實(shí)時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。 如： “l(fā)ight travels at great speed,” he said. ---- He said that light travels at great speed. · 時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)的變化： 如：Tom said, “I am working here today.” ----- Tom said he was working there that day. 下面列舉這種變化的例子： 直接引語(yǔ) 間接引語(yǔ) today that day/ yesterday / on Wednesday, etc. tomorrow the next day / the following day / on Thursday, etc. yesterday the day before / the previous day/ on Tudesay,etc. next month the month after/ the following month / in July,etc. last year the year before / the previous year, etc. a week ago a week before / a week earlier,etc. 4）其它的例子： 直接引語(yǔ) 間接引語(yǔ) this that these those come go 二 間接引語(yǔ)：陳述句，疑問(wèn)句和祈使句 1．陳述句 1）我們用that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句來(lái)陳述一件事。 如：She said, “Advertisements are an important part of our lives.”------ She said that advertisements are an important part of our lives. 2) 除了say之外，還有其它的動(dòng)詞可以這樣用： tell, advise, agree, explain, insist, promise, remind, suggest, warn 如： “PSAs are often placed for free,” the writer said.----- The writer explained that PSAs are often placed for free. 2．疑問(wèn)句 · 我們用whether/if引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句來(lái)陳述一般疑問(wèn)句。 如：Matt asked Ann, “Are you the happiest person in the world?”----- Matt asked Ann whether/if she was the happiest person in the world. · 我們用wh-疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句來(lái)陳述wh-疑問(wèn)句。 如：I asked her, “How can that could be?’----- I asked her how that could be true. 3．祈使句 1）我們用以下結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)陳述祈使句：陳述動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+（not）+ to-動(dòng)詞不定式 如：The writer said, “Think about why you should do the things the ad suggests.”----- The writer told us to think about why we should do the things the ad suggested. “Don’t worry, Mickey,” Jen said.----- Jen asked Mickey not to worry. 2) 其它的單詞也有同樣的用法：advise, encourage, invite, remind, warn 如： “Don’t believe every advertisement you read,” Michelle said to me.----- Michelle advised me not to believe every advertisement I read. 第二單元 一 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：總體介紹 1．我們用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞來(lái)談?wù)摚? 1）能力 如：He can run the 100m sprint in11seconds. 2) 義務(wù) 義務(wù)性由弱到強(qiáng)排列：ought to/ should----have to -----must 如：You must work hard to win the gold medal. 3)確定 確定性由弱到強(qiáng)排列：might---- may---- could----should-----ought to----will----must 如：She might win a medal at the Olympics. 4) 允許 正式性由弱到強(qiáng)排列：can----could----may----might 如：He is injured but may take part in the games. 2 我們也用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞來(lái)： 1）提要求： 正式性由弱到強(qiáng)排列：will---can----could----would 如：Can you help me with my training? · 提意見(jiàn)： 如：Shall we do exercise this morning? · 提供幫助： 如：I’ll wash your sports jacket. Shall I get a ticket for you? · 提建議： 如：You should not/ ought not to eat a lot before swimming. 3 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后應(yīng)該接不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式。 如：She could win the gold medal. 4 我們用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)來(lái)談?wù)摤F(xiàn)在可能發(fā)生的事情，用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的完成時(shí)來(lái)談?wù)撨^(guò)去可能發(fā)生的事情。 如：The boys may be playing football on the playground. He plays basketball very well. He must have practiced it a lot. 二 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：can和be able to 等 1．Can 和be able to 1）當(dāng)指能力時(shí)，can和be able to可以互換，但be able to比can更加正式但也不常用。 如：My brother can/is able to play table tennis very well. 2) 我們用can來(lái)談?wù)搶?lái)可能發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 如：Let’s get some exercise. We can go and jog in the park. · be able to可以用在不同的時(shí)態(tài)中，可以后面直接接動(dòng)詞原形或放在另一個(gè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之后。 如：I’m sorry I haven’t been able to play tennis with you recently. It’s nice to be able to attend the lecture. Wang Gong might be able to win the chess game. 4) can的過(guò)去式是could，be able to的過(guò)去式是was /were able to 如：He could swim across the river when he was young. Mike was a good swimmer, so he was able to take first place in the competitio