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附 錄A
The development of livestock transporters paper
Livestock truck belongs to the store house bar type car one kind, store house bar type car is refers has the warehouse cage type or the fence car type structure, it is mainly used in the vehicle transport bulk grain food or feed, livestock and other goods. At present our country store house bar type car mainly bulk grain bulk truck, bulk carriers, livestock transporters, feed poultry truck, a beekeeper car etc. Among them, the bulk grain bulk truck, bulk feed transporter designed for warehouse cage type car, livestock transporters, poultry truck, a beekeeper vehicles for the fence type car.
With the development of society, the automobile transport have developed rapidly. Among them, bulk transportation and container transport is the main development direction of automobile transport. Euramerican developed country since the 1930s began to research and application of bulk transportation, at present the scattered grain of material transportation accounts for about 80%, bulk truck technology also have very big development.
Our bulk transportation start later, in the late 1960s first car market, then car bulk cement of various types of arise bulk cement truck, food truck, bulk cement truck, bulk pulverized coal electric vehicle, etc. At present, our country bulk transportation level is still very low, although since 1970s some domestic research departments and manufacturers in the bulk carriers, especially the development of car bulk cement achieved gratifying achievements, but compared with the developed countries, the country is still a big gap.
In today's world, with the rapid development of economy, the expressway mileage rapid increase, car to specialization, fast pace, the development trend of ChongXingHua direction is more and more apparent, contributed to the special demand increases year by year. A. has become transportation and various special use main in the automobile industry that will be a pivotal status. Special automobile refers to device has a special equipment, have special function, used to undertake special transportation tasks or special assignments car, special automobile manufacture, production and application of not only in achieving specialization transportation and operations by the social attention and welcome, and in improving transportation efficiency and reduce the transportation cost, expand the application fields car has played a very important role.
At present, China's pig, ox, sheep livestock and chicken, duck, goose to wait the buying and selling of poultry, egg transport is used mostly ordinary cars. Purchase season, still use tractor transporting, thus inevitable existence many insurmountable shortcomings. If transport unsafe, livestock high mortality rate, transport losses, etc. Each country by hundreds of millions of dollars of losses. Due to the economic benefit of transport backward, and low, make livestock management appear generally losses. Then double livestock transporters emerged, double livestock truck belongs to the store house bar type truck. And the standard of store house bar called store house bar type truck in special truck, car on exterior design, strive to modelling beautiful, internal rational structure, advanced technology and using high quality steel skeletons in strict accordance with industry standards, welded by jig, compartments board into corrugated type, suppress and high strength, with light-weight, store house bar railing can half complete disconnect and optional splits, lifting, convenient and practical, safe and reliable, etc. According to user requirements design double fresh animal vechile, lots of fruits and vegetables truck, etc. Suitable for the masses of users ZhongDuanTu highway transportation use, also can make ordinary bills in highly developed car use, the highway transportation, particularly the rapid development of modern logistics industry. Store house bar type truck will get rapid promotion, popularity. Is the city, the development of logistics market intercity economical products.
Although China special vehicle development has made great progress, but China special automobile industry with overall from Europe, America, Japan and other countries and regions, compared to the advanced level in domestic special automobile market development is slower, market segmentation, product ray enough big, cannot satisfy user homosexual individualized demand, low level of competition is relatively serious, mainly reflects in following aspects. (1) production enterprise too much too scattered, currently China most special automobile production enterprise symptom is: ChangDian dispersed, on a smaller scale, development ability are relatively weak. (2) product structure is unreasonable, because China is in developing countries to developed countries in the process of transformation, infrastructure construction also at peak, so China special automobile market demand or to transport supplies, meet the infrastructure construction is given priority to, plus China labor resources abundant, the market form decided the Chinese special vehicle structure form a single, presented at single function, low value-added products too many conditions. (3) high scientific and technological content of products lack of independent research and development capacity. (4) production process tooling level is low. (5) the development and production of special chassis with market demand still have difference. (6) special-purpose automobile market development certain limits.
The development of specialized automobile industry in China market space is huge, economic development brings refinement, social division of labor of special automobile demand performance for diversity. Along with market demand increases, technology demand increase, will push towards the brand, specialized automobile factory specialization, collectivization, scale direction. The new situation, how to narrow the gap with foreign developed countries, the Chinese special automobile market bigger and stronger is an important and far-reaching subject. With China's sustained economic development, national policies and the gradual improvement in the industry, believe that the joint efforts, our special automobile industry through actively participates in the international market competition, will catch up with and even surpass the developed countries of the world development level, achieved by China manufacturing to China to create leap.
Along with the healthy development of the national economy, the continued expansion of domestic demand, our special automobile market will obtain rapid development. In the next few years are mainly concentrated in focusing on the development of urban construction, service and high grade highway transportation aspects. Specific to the following aspects:
1, Dump Truck
With the expansion of domestic demand in recent years the policy of national implementation, actively investing in infrastructure construction and the construction of large project, all of the corresponding dump vehicle demand have plenty of growth, and the big and heavy tonnage is the direction of development, mov proportion will further increase.
2,Traction car
With China's highways and roads of growth, the highway, the highway expansion to improve transport efficiency brings the need, this will be for the leading models in the future in highway's big volume of van semi-trailer will greatly increase, the corresponding half hanged tractor demand will also be greatly increased, and long distance transportation of high-power, highway of tractor is the hot market demand.
3, Tank car
Tank cars including common tanker, bulk cement car, concrete mixing truck, and use the high pressure tanker relatively few, chemical liquid gas tanker, suck unclean liquid tanker, etc. Along with the development of the western region oil and gas resources will drive petrochemical oil-refining development, so big a tanker demand will also increase. The half hanging large-tonnage tanker growth rate will also accelerated.
4, Bulk cement car and Concrete mixer
In recent years, along with the rise of the housing boom and public infrastructure construction of development of bulk cement caused the car and concrete mixing the car is in great demand.
5, Municipal transport
Municipal transport including large buses, pavement sweeper, can change the CheXiangShi car, suck FenChe garbage compression, sewer dredge car, all kinds of YouZhengChe, sprinkler and cleaning tall buildings to aloft working car etc. As countries establish accelerating urbanization, in order to adapt to all kinds of urban construction need special construction projects will be huge demand is very rich, and varieties will. Urbanization will not only drive economic development, at the same time for all sorts of special needs will increase up, pull the car industry development.
6, Highway maintenance vehicles
The rapid development of national highway, with "five longitudinal and transverse" give priority to seven of road network, the complete skeleton national highway traffic total mileage will reach 3.5 million kilometers. As the great western development constantly advancing and western regions of the increasing expressway mileage, large highway pavement maintenance QingZhangChe, car, pavement sweeper, rescue trailers, take the large crane JiuYuanChe etc have big market.
7, Fire trucks
The number of specialization, the special jin-wei more and more, but the actual situation of car from view, at present our country engines in quantity and quality of there is great, especially models lack structure unreasonable, the special low proportion of the total amount of 69.2%, water pottruck accounted for, and the special (except pitchers, dry powder, foam outside of the vehicle) only 10%. In the future the special will become the specialization of the key demand.
8,Medical exclusive
A. including the ambulance, medical treatment of medical CaiXieChe, epidemic prevention ambulance, car, assay car etc. 2003 national due to the influence of the SARS epidemic and southeast Asia countries currently popular bird flu virus, will greatly boost domestic medical exclusive demand.
9, Airport exclusive
Current, the country to establish the airport construction on the development of western China, along with the airport is built, the airport car, need the ramp baggage car, food supplies, the plane large car tanker truck, JiuYuanChe, fire truck aircraft tractor, etc. In addition to the airport's power engines for no other than domestic production of all with enterprise production, but one of the big tonnage refuel aircraft in the car, structure and technical performance, can not completely guaranteed, arid improve soon pass level.
10, Oilfield exclusive
Oilfield in universal special is the heavy tonnage truck chassis with various drilling and workover on such a special equipment operation. Along with the development of the western oil resources, the western regions with the vehicle demand desert oilfield large cementing car, drilling car, life cars, car and other types of repairing.
11, Container car
With the high-speed development of national economy, modern logistics speeding up and used in meat, quick-frozen food, cold, dairy products and fruit class commodity production and transportation, container transportation will increase of China's automobile transportation development is an important direction of container car every year, the demand will increase greatly.
Along with the development of our national economy, improvement of people's living standard. People on the poultry, meat products demand has increased dramatically. And livestock and poultry breeding sites away from downtown, so it needs to fresh livestock and poultry transportation to the designated place. So the market demand of livestock transporters bigger also. And double livestock transporters can transport chicken, duck, goose to wait to poultry, can also transport pig, ox, sheep, meet consumer and evaluated the animal breeding owner needs, thus double livestock transporters in recent years more and more domestic market demand, market prospect. Special automobile manufacture, production and application of not only in real door to door professional transportation and operations by the social attention and welcome, and in the large scale enhancement transportation efficiency and reduce the transportation cost, expanding car aspects of application field play an important role, automobile transport system, can reduce damage in transit goods sent to improve transport and the safety and reduce the pollution, and protect the environment. With the development of economy, livestock transporters presents ChongXingHua, intelligent, high-grade, multipolarization development trend.
附 錄B
畜禽運(yùn)輸車的發(fā)展概述
畜禽運(yùn)輸車屬于倉(cāng)柵式汽車的一種，倉(cāng)柵式汽車是指具有倉(cāng)籠式或柵欄式結(jié)構(gòu)的車廂的車輛，它主要用于運(yùn)輸散裝顆粒食物或飼料、畜禽等貨物。目前我國(guó)倉(cāng)柵式汽車主要有散裝糧食運(yùn)輸車、散裝飼料運(yùn)輸車、牲畜運(yùn)輸車、家禽運(yùn)輸車、養(yǎng)蜂車等。其中，散裝糧食運(yùn)輸車、散裝飼料運(yùn)輸車為倉(cāng)籠式汽車，牲畜運(yùn)輸車、家禽運(yùn)輸車、養(yǎng)蜂車等為柵欄式汽車。
隨著社會(huì)的發(fā)展，汽車運(yùn)輸?shù)玫搅孙w速的發(fā)展。其中，散裝運(yùn)輸和集裝箱運(yùn)輸是汽車運(yùn)輸發(fā)展的主要方向。歐美發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家自20世紀(jì)30年代便開(kāi)始研究和應(yīng)用散裝運(yùn)輸，目前其散粒物資運(yùn)輸約占80%以上，散裝運(yùn)輸車技術(shù)也有很大的發(fā)展。
我國(guó)散裝運(yùn)輸起步較晚，20世紀(jì)60年代末期第一輛散裝水泥車問(wèn)世，隨后相繼出現(xiàn)了各種型式的散裝水泥運(yùn)輸車、糧食運(yùn)輸車、散裝電石粉運(yùn)輸車、散裝煤粉運(yùn)輸車等。目前，我國(guó)散裝運(yùn)輸?shù)乃竭€很低，雖然20世紀(jì)70年代末以來(lái)國(guó)內(nèi)一些科研部門和廠家在散裝運(yùn)輸車的研制方面，特別是散裝水泥車的研究取得了可喜的成績(jī)，但與國(guó)外發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家相比，仍有很大差距。
當(dāng)今世界，隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速發(fā)展，高速公路里程的迅速增加，汽車向?qū)I(yè)化、高速化、重型化方向發(fā)展的趨勢(shì)越來(lái)越明顯，促使對(duì)專用車的需求逐年增加。專用車已成為運(yùn)輸及各種特殊用途的主力車種，在汽車工業(yè)中占有舉足輕重的地位。專用汽車是指裝置有專用設(shè)備、具備專用功能、用于承擔(dān)專門運(yùn)輸任務(wù)或?qū)ｍ?xiàng)作業(yè)的汽車，專用汽車的研制、生產(chǎn)和應(yīng)用不僅在實(shí)現(xiàn)專業(yè)化運(yùn)輸和作業(yè)方面受到社會(huì)的廣泛重視和歡迎，而且在提高運(yùn)輸效率、降低運(yùn)輸成本、擴(kuò)大汽車的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域等方面都發(fā)揮著極重要的作用。
目前,我國(guó)豬、牛、羊等牲畜及雞、鴨、鵝等家禽蛋品的收購(gòu)銷售,運(yùn)輸工具大多采用普通汽車。收購(gòu)?fù)緯r(shí),還使用拖拉機(jī)運(yùn)輸,因而必然存在許多不可克服的缺點(diǎn)。如運(yùn)輸不安全,禽畜死亡率高,運(yùn)輸虧損等。每年給國(guó)家造成數(shù)億元的損失。由于運(yùn)輸工具落后,經(jīng)濟(jì)效益低,使禽畜經(jīng)營(yíng)普遍出現(xiàn)虧損。于是雙層畜禽運(yùn)輸車應(yīng)運(yùn)而生，雙層畜禽運(yùn)輸車屬于倉(cāng)柵式運(yùn)輸車。而倉(cāng)柵式運(yùn)輸車的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)稱為倉(cāng)柵式專用運(yùn)輸車，車廂在外型設(shè)計(jì)上，力求造型美觀、內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)合理、工藝先進(jìn)，采用優(yōu)質(zhì)鋼材為骨架，嚴(yán)格按照行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)焊接而成，廂板經(jīng)工裝夾具壓制而成瓦楞型，具有較高的強(qiáng)度，同時(shí)具有自重輕、倉(cāng)柵欄桿可半拆、全拆和隨意升降、方便實(shí)用、安全可靠等特點(diǎn)。根據(jù)用戶要求設(shè)計(jì)制作雙層鮮活動(dòng)物運(yùn)輸車、瓜果蔬菜運(yùn)輸車等。適合廣大用戶的中短途公路運(yùn)輸使用，也可作普通載貨汽車使用，在高度發(fā)達(dá)的公路運(yùn)輸業(yè)，特別是現(xiàn)代物流產(chǎn)業(yè)的飛速發(fā)展。倉(cāng)柵式運(yùn)輸車必將得到迅速的推廣、普及。是城市、城際物流運(yùn)輸市場(chǎng)開(kāi)發(fā)的經(jīng)濟(jì)型產(chǎn)品。
雖然中國(guó)專用汽車發(fā)展取得了很大進(jìn)步，但是，中國(guó)專用汽車行業(yè)整體上與歐、美、日等國(guó)家和地區(qū)的先進(jìn)水平相比，國(guó)內(nèi)專用汽車市場(chǎng)開(kāi)發(fā)比較緩慢，市場(chǎng)細(xì)分程度不夠，產(chǎn)品雷同性大，不能滿足用戶個(gè)性化需求，低水平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)還比較嚴(yán)重，主要體現(xiàn)在一下幾個(gè)方面。（1）生產(chǎn)企業(yè)過(guò)多過(guò)散，目前中國(guó)大多數(shù)專用汽車生產(chǎn)企業(yè)的癥狀是：廠點(diǎn)分散，規(guī)模較小，開(kāi)發(fā)能力較弱。（2）產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)不合理，由于中國(guó)正處于發(fā)展中國(guó)家向發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家轉(zhuǎn)變的過(guò)程中，基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)還處于高峰期，所以中國(guó)專用汽車市場(chǎng)的需求還是以運(yùn)輸物資、滿足基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)為主，加上中國(guó)勞動(dòng)力資源比較豐富，該市場(chǎng)形態(tài)決定了中國(guó)專用汽車現(xiàn)階段呈現(xiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)形式單一、功能單一、低附加值產(chǎn)品過(guò)多的狀況。（3）科技含量高的產(chǎn)品缺乏自主研發(fā)能力。（4）生產(chǎn)工藝工裝水平低。（5）專用底盤的開(kāi)發(fā)生產(chǎn)與市場(chǎng)需求仍有差距。（6）專用汽車市場(chǎng)的拓展受到一定的限制。
我國(guó)專用汽車行業(yè)發(fā)展的市場(chǎng)空間是巨大的，經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展帶來(lái)社會(huì)分工的細(xì)化，將對(duì)專用汽車的需求表現(xiàn)為多元化。隨著市場(chǎng)需求的增大，技術(shù)需求的提高，勢(shì)必推動(dòng)專用汽車制造廠向著品牌化、專業(yè)化、集團(tuán)化、規(guī)?；较虬l(fā)展。新形勢(shì)下，如何縮小與國(guó)外發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的差距，將中國(guó)專用車市場(chǎng)做大做強(qiáng)是一項(xiàng)重要而深遠(yuǎn)的課題。隨著我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的持續(xù)發(fā)展，國(guó)家各項(xiàng)政策的逐步完善，相信在全行業(yè)的共同努力下，我國(guó)的專用汽車產(chǎn)業(yè)通過(guò)積極參與國(guó)際市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，一定會(huì)趕上甚至超越世界發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的發(fā)展水平，實(shí)現(xiàn)由中國(guó)制造向中國(guó)創(chuàng)造的飛躍。
隨著國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的健康發(fā)展，國(guó)內(nèi)需求的持續(xù)擴(kuò)大，我國(guó)專用汽車市場(chǎng)也將取得飛速的發(fā)展。今后幾年發(fā)展的重點(diǎn)主要集中在城市建設(shè)、服務(wù)和高等級(jí)公路運(yùn)輸方面。具體到車型上體現(xiàn)在下列方面：?
1、自卸汽車?
隨著近幾年來(lái)國(guó)家實(shí)施擴(kuò)大內(nèi)需的方針，積極投資基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)和興建大型工程，都對(duì)相應(yīng)的自卸汽車需求量有大量的增長(zhǎng)，而且大、重噸位的自卸車是發(fā)展的方向，所占的比例也將進(jìn)一步增大。
2、牽引汽車?
隨著我國(guó)高速公路、高等級(jí)公路的高速增長(zhǎng)，高速公路、高等級(jí)公路拓展帶來(lái)的對(duì)提高運(yùn)輸效率的需要，這將為我國(guó)公路今后的主導(dǎo)車型大容積的廂式半掛車將大大增加，相應(yīng)的半掛牽引車的需求量也將大量增加，并且大功率、高速公路長(zhǎng)距離運(yùn)輸?shù)臓恳囀鞘袌?chǎng)需求的熱點(diǎn)。
3、罐式汽車?
罐式汽車包括常見(jiàn)的油罐車、散裝水泥車、混凝土攪拌運(yùn)輸車，以及使用量相對(duì)較少的液化氣高壓罐車、化工液罐車、吸污液罐車等。隨著西部地區(qū)油氣資源的開(kāi)發(fā)必然會(huì)帶動(dòng)石化煉油業(yè)的發(fā)展，因此大型油罐車的需求也會(huì)增大。大噸位的半掛式油罐車增長(zhǎng)比率還將加快。? ?????????????????????
4、散裝水泥車及混凝土攪拌機(jī)
近幾年來(lái)，隨著房地產(chǎn)熱的興起和公共基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)的開(kāi)發(fā)等原因?qū)е铝藢?duì)散裝水泥車及混凝土攪拌車的大量需求。?
5、市政用車?
市政用車包括大型公交車、路面清掃車、可換車廂式的垃圾壓縮車、吸糞車、下水道疏通車、各種郵政車，灑水車及清洗高層建筑物的高空作業(yè)車等。隨著國(guó)家確立加快城市化進(jìn)程，為適應(yīng)城市建設(shè)需要的各類建筑工程專用車需求量將會(huì)很大，而且品種會(huì)十分豐富。城市化進(jìn)程不僅會(huì)拉動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，同時(shí)對(duì)各種專門的需要會(huì)增多起來(lái)，拉動(dòng)專用車行業(yè)的發(fā)展。? ????????????????
6、高速公路維護(hù)車輛?
我國(guó)高速公路的飛速發(fā)展，以“五縱七橫”為主骨架的公路網(wǎng)的完成，我國(guó)高速公路通車總里程將達(dá)3.5萬(wàn)公里。隨著西部大開(kāi)發(fā)的不斷推進(jìn)和西部地區(qū)高速公路里程的不斷增加，大型高速公路清障車、路面養(yǎng)護(hù)車、路面清掃車、救援拖車、帶大型起重機(jī)的救援車等有大的市場(chǎng)。?
7、消防車?
專業(yè)化、特種消防車的數(shù)量愈來(lái)愈多，但從在用車輛的實(shí)際情況看，目前我國(guó)消防車在數(shù)量和質(zhì)量上還存在很大的欠缺，尤其是車型結(jié)構(gòu)不合理、特種消防車比例過(guò)低，水罐車占總量的69.2%，而特種消防車(除水罐、干粉、泡沫以外的車輛)僅占10%。今后專業(yè)化的特種消防車將成為需求的重點(diǎn)。?
8、醫(yī)療專用車?
醫(yī)療專用車包括救護(hù)車、醫(yī)療急救車、采血車、防疫車、化驗(yàn)車等。由于2003年初全國(guó)“非典”疫情的影響和當(dāng)前流行于東南亞國(guó)家的禽流感病毒，將大大刺激國(guó)內(nèi)醫(yī)療專用車的需求。
9、機(jī)場(chǎng)專用車?
當(dāng)前，國(guó)家把機(jī)場(chǎng)建設(shè)確立為西部大開(kāi)發(fā)的重點(diǎn)，隨著機(jī)場(chǎng)的建成，機(jī)場(chǎng)大量需要舷梯車、行李運(yùn)送車、食品供應(yīng)車，飛機(jī)大型的加油車、飛機(jī)牽引車、救援車、消防車等。除機(jī)場(chǎng)專用的大功率消防車國(guó)內(nèi)尚無(wú)生產(chǎn)以外，其他都已有企業(yè)生產(chǎn)，但其中的大噸位的飛機(jī)加油車，在性能結(jié)構(gòu)和技術(shù)保證上，還不能完全過(guò)關(guān)，急待盡快提高水平。?
10、油田專用車?
油田專用車，是在通用型的重噸位貨車底盤上加裝各種鉆井、修井等作業(yè)的專用裝備而成。隨著西部石油資源的開(kāi)發(fā)，西部地區(qū)的非沙漠油田用車輛的需求大型固井車、鉆井車、生活車、修井車等車型。?
11、集裝箱車
隨著國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的高速發(fā)展，現(xiàn)代物流的加快以及用于肉類，速凍食品、冷飲、乳制品及鮮果類商品的總產(chǎn)量和運(yùn)輸量的增加，集裝箱運(yùn)輸將是我國(guó)汽車運(yùn)輸發(fā)展的一個(gè)重要方向，國(guó)家每年對(duì)集裝箱車的需求量將大大增加。?
隨著我國(guó)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，人民生活水平的提高。人們對(duì)禽類、肉類制品的需求量急劇增加。而畜禽的養(yǎng)殖場(chǎng)地遠(yuǎn)離市區(qū)，這樣就需要將鮮活畜、禽運(yùn)輸?shù)街付ǖ攸c(diǎn)。因此畜禽運(yùn)輸車的市場(chǎng)需求量也較大。而雙層畜禽運(yùn)輸車既可以運(yùn)輸雞、鴨、鵝等禽類，也可以運(yùn)輸豬、牛、羊等中大型動(dòng)物，滿足消費(fèi)者和養(yǎng)殖業(yè)主的需要，因此雙層畜禽運(yùn)輸車近年來(lái)國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)需求量越來(lái)越大，市場(chǎng)前景十分廣闊。專用汽車的研制、生產(chǎn)和應(yīng)用不僅在實(shí)現(xiàn)門到門的專業(yè)運(yùn)輸和作業(yè)方面受到社會(huì)的廣泛重視和歡迎，而且在大幅度的提高運(yùn)輸效率、降低運(yùn)輸成本、擴(kuò)大汽車的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域等方面都發(fā)揮著重要的作用，汽車運(yùn)輸?shù)膶I(yè)化，可以減少運(yùn)輸途中的貨損和貨差，提高運(yùn)輸?shù)陌踩?，同時(shí)減少了污染，保護(hù)了環(huán)境。隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，畜禽運(yùn)輸車呈現(xiàn)出重型化、智能化、高檔化，多極化發(fā)展的趨勢(shì)。
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