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機(jī)械工程學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)開題報(bào)告
機(jī)械工程學(xué)院
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)開題報(bào)告
題 目:
裝載機(jī)后驅(qū)動(dòng)橋設(shè)計(jì)
專業(yè)班級(jí):
機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化 機(jī)電0701班
學(xué)生姓名:
吳海龍
學(xué) 號(hào):
07000047
指導(dǎo)教師:
張曉俊 講師
2011 年 4 月 8 日
1.課題名稱:
裝載機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)橋后橋設(shè)計(jì)
2.課題研究背景
課題研究現(xiàn)狀:
為了提高裝載機(jī)的作業(yè)生產(chǎn)率,自90年代以來,各生產(chǎn)廠商在廣泛采用新技術(shù)、新結(jié)構(gòu)的同時(shí),經(jīng)過不懈地努力,相繼研制出許多超強(qiáng)功能的系統(tǒng)?,F(xiàn)列舉如下:1)行駛平穩(wěn)性控制系統(tǒng)——在動(dòng)臂舉升油缸液壓回路中增加一個(gè)蓄能器,以衰減工作裝置在機(jī)器行駛過程中產(chǎn)生的振動(dòng),減少裝載機(jī)的顛簸。2)附著力控制系統(tǒng)——在每個(gè)車輪上安裝一個(gè)速度傳感器,自動(dòng)將所需的制動(dòng)力施加到車輪上,并將扭矩傳給與之緊密相連的車輪,便于裝載機(jī)直線行駛及轉(zhuǎn)向。3)動(dòng)力電子控制/管理系統(tǒng)——根據(jù)傳動(dòng)裝置及液壓系統(tǒng)的工作狀態(tài),自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)輸出功率,以滿足不同作業(yè)工況的需要,提高燃料的經(jīng)濟(jì)性。4)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)——當(dāng)裝載機(jī)處于非作業(yè)工況時(shí),自動(dòng)降低發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速,減少燃料消耗及發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)噪音。5)關(guān)鍵信息顯示/管理系統(tǒng)——采用網(wǎng)絡(luò)通訊技術(shù),在辦公室的控制中心實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)控裝載機(jī)的作業(yè)狀態(tài),據(jù)此向司機(jī)提供基于文字提示的精確的故障診斷信息。6)轉(zhuǎn)向變速集成控制系統(tǒng)——取消傳統(tǒng)的方向盤和變速桿,將轉(zhuǎn)向與變速操縱裝置集成為一個(gè)操縱手柄,并采用簡單的觸發(fā)式方向控制開發(fā)和選擋用的分裝式加速按鈕。利用肘節(jié)的自然動(dòng)作左右扳動(dòng)操縱桿,實(shí)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)向;利用大拇指選擇按鈕,實(shí)現(xiàn)前進(jìn)與后退、加速與減速行駛。7)銷軸潤滑系統(tǒng)——能為工作裝置上的所有銷軸提供為期200h的潤滑服務(wù),并使銷軸的潤滑作業(yè)易于完成。8)舒適驅(qū)動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)——其目的是提高司機(jī)的舒適性,幫助長時(shí)間進(jìn)行作業(yè)的司機(jī)減輕勞累,保持作業(yè)效率。9)負(fù)載感應(yīng)變速系統(tǒng)——根據(jù)負(fù)載狀態(tài),自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)車速及發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)飛輪扭矩,實(shí)現(xiàn)高速、小扭矩或低速、大扭矩的動(dòng)力輸出。10)計(jì)算機(jī)故障診斷系統(tǒng)——通過控制面板上的指示燈、聽覺與視覺相結(jié)合的報(bào)警信號(hào),提醒司機(jī)可能潛在的故障隱患。這樣,司機(jī)只管全神貫注地工作而無需不斷查看儀表讀數(shù)。11)負(fù)載自動(dòng)穩(wěn)定器——采用一對(duì)鋼膜氮?dú)庑钅芷鳎惭b在前車架中,與工作裝置液壓系統(tǒng)聯(lián)通。當(dāng)作業(yè)或低速行駛時(shí),系統(tǒng)自動(dòng)斷
開;當(dāng)車速超過4.8km/h時(shí),由電子速度開關(guān)控制的電磁閥自動(dòng)開啟,蓄能器吸收工作裝置液壓系統(tǒng)的振動(dòng)與沖擊載荷,提高了操作的穩(wěn)定性、安全性和舒適性。12)自動(dòng)運(yùn)輸控制系統(tǒng)——降低機(jī)器在凹凸不平路面上的振動(dòng),提高駕駛舒適性和作業(yè)效率。JC B公司456BZX(18t)安裝此系統(tǒng),最高車速達(dá)38km/h。13)燃油/空氣比例控制系統(tǒng)——提高燃料的利用率,確保發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)排出的廢氣符合環(huán)境控制法規(guī)要求。14)計(jì)算機(jī)監(jiān)控/管理系統(tǒng)——連續(xù)監(jiān)控/管理裝載機(jī)數(shù)十項(xiàng)性能指標(biāo)參數(shù),在遇到突發(fā)或緊急情況時(shí),很容易通過液晶儀表顯示、聽覺與視覺相結(jié)合報(bào)警信號(hào),提醒駕駛?cè)藛T注意。15)裝載量稱量系統(tǒng)——自動(dòng)稱量并顯示鏟斗的凈裝載量,測(cè)量誤差小于3%。16)面板控制系統(tǒng)——采用
聲、光、電及數(shù)字顯示的控制面板,實(shí)現(xiàn)裝載機(jī)儀器與儀表的報(bào)警與監(jiān)控。17)油泵電子管理系統(tǒng)——自動(dòng)監(jiān)控油泵的運(yùn)行狀態(tài)。18)柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)先進(jìn)管理系統(tǒng)——燃油噴射控制及維護(hù)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)最佳性能的電子控制模塊,亦可與監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行通信,當(dāng)發(fā)生故障時(shí)提醒司機(jī)注意。C a t3516B型發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)裝備有此模塊。19)先進(jìn)的轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)——替代傳統(tǒng)的方向盤和控制手柄,安裝在W A1200型上。
課題發(fā)展趨勢(shì) :
1.系列化、特大型化
系列化是工程機(jī)械發(fā)展的重要趨勢(shì)。國外著名大公司逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)其產(chǎn)品系列化進(jìn)程,形成了從微型到特大型不同規(guī)格的產(chǎn)品。與此同時(shí),產(chǎn)品更新?lián)Q代的周期明顯縮短。所謂特大型工程機(jī)械,是指其裝備的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)額定功率超過1000H P,主要用于大型露天礦山或大型水電工程工地。產(chǎn)品特點(diǎn)是科技含量高,研制與生產(chǎn)周期較長,投資大市場(chǎng)容量有限,市場(chǎng)競爭主要集中少數(shù)幾家公司。以裝載機(jī)為例,目前僅有馬拉松?勒?qǐng)D爾勒、卡特彼勒和小松—德雷塞這三家公司能夠生產(chǎn)特大型裝載機(jī)。
2.多用途、微型化
為了全方位地滿足不同用戶的需求,國外工程機(jī)械在朝著系列化、特大型化方向發(fā)展的同時(shí),已進(jìn)入多用途、微型化發(fā)展階段。推動(dòng)這一發(fā)展的因素首先源于液壓技術(shù)的發(fā)展———通過對(duì)液壓系統(tǒng)的合理設(shè)計(jì),使得工作裝置能夠完成多種作業(yè)功能;其次,快速可更換聯(lián)接裝置的誕生———安裝在工作裝置上的液壓快速可更換聯(lián)接器,能在作業(yè)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)完成各種附屬作業(yè)裝置的快速裝卸及液壓軟管的自動(dòng)聯(lián)接,使得更換附屬作業(yè)裝置的工作在司機(jī)室通過操縱手柄即可快速完成。一方面,工作機(jī)械通用性的提高,可使用戶在不增加投資的前提下充分發(fā)揮設(shè)備本身的效能,能完成更多的工作;另一方面,為了盡可能地用機(jī)器作業(yè)替代人力勞動(dòng),提高生產(chǎn)效率,適應(yīng)城市狹窄施工場(chǎng)所以及在貨棧、碼頭、倉庫、艙位、農(nóng)舍、建筑物層內(nèi)和地下工程作業(yè)環(huán)境的使用要求,小型及微型工程機(jī)械有了用武之地,并得到了較快的發(fā)展。為占領(lǐng)這一市場(chǎng),各生產(chǎn)廠商都相繼推出了多用途、小型和微型工程機(jī)械。如卡特彼勒公司生產(chǎn)的IT系列綜合多用機(jī)、克拉克公司生產(chǎn)的“山貓”等。
3.不斷創(chuàng)新的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)
裝載機(jī)的工作裝置已不再采用單一的“Z型”連桿機(jī)構(gòu),繼出現(xiàn)了八桿平行結(jié)構(gòu)和TP連桿機(jī)構(gòu)之后,卡特彼勒公司于1996年首次在礦用大型裝載機(jī)上采用了單動(dòng)臂鑄鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的特殊工作裝置,即所謂的“Ve rsaL ink機(jī)構(gòu)”。這種機(jī)構(gòu)替代綜合多用機(jī)上的八桿平行舉升機(jī)構(gòu)和傳統(tǒng)的“Z型” 連桿機(jī)構(gòu),可承受極大的扭矩載荷和具有卓越的可靠性(耐用性),駕駛室前端視野開闊。O&K公司研制的創(chuàng)新LEAR連桿機(jī)構(gòu),專為小型裝載機(jī)而設(shè)計(jì)。Sch ae ff公司于2000年3月在In te rm a t展覽會(huì)上展出的高卸位式SK L873型輪式裝載機(jī)的可折疊式創(chuàng)新連桿機(jī)構(gòu)工作裝置,進(jìn)一步增加了輪式裝載機(jī)的工作裝置的種類。
3.課題研究意義
自90年代以來,國內(nèi)外工程機(jī)械進(jìn)入了一個(gè)新的發(fā)展時(shí)期,工程機(jī)械產(chǎn)品以信息技術(shù)為先導(dǎo),在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)燃料燃燒與電控、液壓控制系統(tǒng)、自動(dòng)操縱、可視化駕駛、精確定位與作業(yè)、故障診斷與監(jiān)控、節(jié)能與環(huán)保等方面,進(jìn)行了大量的研究,開發(fā)出許多新結(jié)構(gòu)(或系統(tǒng))和新產(chǎn)品,提高了工程機(jī)械的高科技含量,促進(jìn)了工程機(jī)械的發(fā)展。
裝載機(jī)是一種用途十分廣泛得工程機(jī)械,它可以用來鏟裝、搬運(yùn)、卸載、平整散裝物料,也可以對(duì)巖石硬土等進(jìn)行輕度得鏟掘工作,因此,它被廣泛應(yīng)用于建筑、公路、鐵路、水電、港口、礦山及國防等工程中,對(duì)加快工程建設(shè)速度、減輕勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度、提高工程質(zhì)量、降低工程成本具有重要作用,所以裝載機(jī)在國內(nèi)外不論是品種或是在產(chǎn)量方面都得到迅速發(fā)展,成為工程機(jī)械得主要品種之一。而合理的工作裝置結(jié)構(gòu)更能起到事半功倍之成效。
4.文獻(xiàn)查閱概況
1.張鳳儀 李且根 分宜驅(qū)動(dòng)橋廠 ZL30裝載機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)橋的改進(jìn) 隨著工程機(jī)械整機(jī)性能參數(shù)的不斷提高, 如發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)功率, 整機(jī)質(zhì)量, 牽引力、掘起力的加大,驅(qū)動(dòng)橋的載荷相對(duì)過大, 薄弱環(huán)節(jié)隨之暴露了出來, 出現(xiàn)螺旋錐齒輪打壞、小螺旋錐齒輪軸承損壞等比較嚴(yán)重的故障。同時(shí), 等強(qiáng)度設(shè)計(jì)思想的形成和發(fā)展, 原先用來保險(xiǎn)絲杠作用的半軸, 其斷裂也是不允許的, 為進(jìn)一步滿足整機(jī)性能要求, 提高產(chǎn)品可靠性, 有必要對(duì)驅(qū)動(dòng)橋進(jìn)行改進(jìn)。
2.范立成 劉代勇 解決裝載機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)橋漏油問題的措施 旋轉(zhuǎn)軸唇形密封(簡稱密封) 的選擇、貯存、安裝和使用, 對(duì)防止機(jī)械產(chǎn)品的泄漏、失效、提高產(chǎn)品性能、節(jié)約能源意義重大。
3.王盟 輪式裝載機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)橋輪輛螺栓擰緊力矩的計(jì)算 通過對(duì)輪式裝載機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)橋輪輛螺栓擰緊力矩的計(jì)算, 確定了既滿足設(shè)計(jì)和使用要求, 又易于裝配、防松能力強(qiáng)的輪輛螺栓擰緊力矩。同時(shí), 此法也適用于其他工程車輛輪輛螺栓擰緊力矩的計(jì)算。
4.范立成 郝國強(qiáng) 輪式裝載機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)橋內(nèi)齒輪輪齒硬度的計(jì)算 通過對(duì)ZL 50輪式裝載機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)橋內(nèi)齒輪輪齒硬度的計(jì)算, 確定了既滿足設(shè)計(jì)和使用要求, 又易于加工的內(nèi)齒輪輪齒的合適硬度。同時(shí), 此法也適用于變速箱、驅(qū)動(dòng)橋中其它直齒圓柱齒輪的硬度計(jì)算。
5.趙士善 臨沂工程機(jī)械股份有限公司 裝載機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)橋系統(tǒng)圓錐滾子軸承裝配工藝改進(jìn) 介紹了() 系列裝載機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)橋系統(tǒng)圓錐滾子軸承裝配工藝的改進(jìn)措施,介紹了增加軸向預(yù)緊力的作用,具體說明了各圓錐滾子軸承裝配預(yù)緊力的大小與裝配方法。
6.肖家幸 江西省分宜驅(qū)動(dòng)橋廠 裝載機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)橋主減速器斷齒和半軸扭斷分析 裝載機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)橋主減速器齒輪斷齒與半軸扭斷的主要原因之一是強(qiáng)化不當(dāng)。采用兩次正火和嚴(yán)格的防脫碳措施, 可有效地提高齒輪質(zhì)量。實(shí)現(xiàn)仿應(yīng)力強(qiáng)化是提高半軸質(zhì)量的關(guān)鍵;40CrMnMo半軸調(diào)質(zhì)處理宜采用低油溫淬火, 并適當(dāng)提高其表面硬度。
7.楊春永 山東臨工工程機(jī)械有限公司 裝載機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)橋主減速器殼體組件的結(jié)構(gòu)改進(jìn) 主減速器(或叫主傳動(dòng))是裝載機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)橋的重要組成部分,主要由主動(dòng)螺旋傘齒輪組件、主減速器殼體(也有的叫托架)組件、差速器組件和從動(dòng)螺旋傘齒輪組件等零部件組成,其主要功能是降低傳動(dòng)系的轉(zhuǎn)速、增大傳動(dòng)系的轉(zhuǎn)矩并改變轉(zhuǎn)矩的方向,把縱置發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)矩傳遞到橫置的兩根驅(qū)動(dòng)橋的半軸上。其中,主減速器殼體組件主要對(duì)差速器組件及主、從動(dòng)螺旋傘齒輪組件起定位和支承作用。
8.蔡春源,楊文通。(機(jī)械零件設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè))東北大學(xué)(機(jī)械零件設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè))編寫組,冶金工業(yè)出版社。1994。
9.鄭玉華,秦四成。(典型機(jī)械產(chǎn)品構(gòu)造)科學(xué)出版社。2004。
10.【San98】 K Sandstrom, C. Eriksson, and G. Fohler. Handling
Interrupts with Static Scheduling in an Automotive Vehicle Control System. In Proceedings of the fifth International Conferance on Real-Time Computing Systems and Applications, pp. 158-165, October 1998.ISBN 0-8 186-9209-X.
11.[Ka188] D. Kalinsky and J. Ready. Distinctions between requirements specification and design of real-time systems. Conference proceedings on TRI-Ada ‘88 ,1988, Pages 426 - 432.
5.設(shè)計(jì)的主要內(nèi)容
(1)結(jié)合本課題查閱并翻譯2萬個(gè)印刷符號(hào)的英文資料;
(2)裝載機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)橋總體方案設(shè)計(jì),分析其工作原理和運(yùn)動(dòng)方式;
(3)驅(qū)動(dòng)橋結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算和強(qiáng)度、剛度校核;
(4)系統(tǒng)裝配圖的設(shè)計(jì)和繪制;
(5)對(duì)系統(tǒng)的工作原理進(jìn)行分析和說明;
(6)編寫設(shè)計(jì)說明書。
6設(shè)計(jì)提交形式
(1)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)開題報(bào)告一份;
(2)裝載機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)后橋裝配圖一份;
(3)主要零件圖若干;
(4)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說明書一份;
7.進(jìn)度安排
第四周 收集資料及查閱文獻(xiàn);
第五周 外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯;
第六周 編制開題報(bào)告;
第七周 裝卸料機(jī)械手總體方案設(shè)計(jì);
第八周 繪制裝配圖;
第九周 繪制裝配圖;
第十周 繪制裝配圖;
第十一周 繪制裝配圖;
第十二周 繪制裝配圖;
第十三周 繪制重要零件圖;
第十四周 繪制重要零件圖;
第十五周 整理說明書;
第十六周 整理說明書;
第十七周 編寫設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算說明書,形成畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)全部文件,準(zhǔn)備答辯;
第十八周 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)答辯;
8. 指導(dǎo)教師意見
指導(dǎo)教師(簽名)
年 月 日
英文
Loader
A loader is a type of construction equipment (engineering vehicle) machinery that is primarily used to "load" material into another type of machinery (dump truck, conveyor belt, rail-car, etc.).Loaders are used mainly for uploading materials into trucks, laying pipe, clearing rubble, and digging. A loader is not the most efficient machine for digging as it cannot dig very deep below the level of its wheels, like a backhoe can. Their deep bucket can usually store about 3-6 cubic meters of earth. The front loader's bucket capacity is much bigger than a bucket capacity of a backhoe loader. Loaders are not classified as earthmoving machinery, as their primary purpose is other than earthmoving.
Unlike most bulldozers, most loaders are wheeled and not tracked, although track loaders are common. They are successful where sharp edged materials in construction debris would damage 2 rubber wheels, or where the ground is soft and muddy. Wheels provide better mobility and speed and do not damage paved roads as much as tracks, but provide less traction.
Unlike standard tractors fitted with a front bucket, many large loaders do not use automotive steering mechanisms. Instead, they steer by a hydraulically actuated pivot point set exactly between the front and rear axles. This is referred to as "articulated steering" and allows the front axle to be solid, allowing it to carry greater weight. Articulated steering provides better maneuverability for a given wheelbase. Since the front wheels and attachment rotate on the same axis, the operator is able to "steer" his load in an arc after positioning the machine, which can be useful.
The loader assembly may be a removable attachment or permanently mounted. Often the bucket can be replaced with other devices or tools--for example, many can mount forks to lift heavy pallets or shipping containers, and a hydraulically-opening "clamshell" bucket allows a loader to act as a light dozer or scraper.
In construction areas loaders are also used to transport building materials - such as bricks,
pipe, metal bars, and digging tools - over short distances.Loaders are also used for snow removal, using their bucket or a snowbasket, but usually using a snowplow attachment. They
clear snow from streets, highways and parking lots. They sometimes load snow into dump trucks for transport.
Front loaders gained popularity during the last two decades, especially in urban engineering projects and small earthmoving works. Many engineering vehicle manufacturers offer a wide range of loaders, the most notable are those of John Deere, Caterpillar, Case, Volvo, Komatsu and Liebherr.
The following we will introduce Carter 938G Series II Wheel Loader.
Engine
The 938G II provides more power, excellent fuel economy, and reduced maintenance.
Turbocharged, ATAAC. Turbocharging packs dense air into the cylinders for more complete combustion and lower emissions. Air-to-air aftercooling (ATAAC) provides a separate cooling system for intake manifold air. The ATAAC system reduces smoke and emissions by providing cooler inlet air for more efficient combustion.
Constant Net Horsepower. The 938G II’s electronic engine is integrated with an on-demand cooling fan. The engine compensates for varying fan loads and provides constant net horsepower, regardless of operating conditions. A consistent level of “working” horsepower is provided and fuel consumption is reduced.
Oil Change Intervals. The engine oil change interval is increased to
500 hours (with CH-4 oil), reducing costs and downtime
Powerful Performance. The 3126B ATAAC engine delivers net power of 119 kW (160 hp), and meets EPA Tier 2 emissions standards. Its advanced system keeps fuel at low pressure in the fuel lines until it is injected into the cylinder. Fuel pressure is created hydraulically in response to a signal from the ADEM III? Electronic Control Module.
Electronic Control Module. The Advanced Diesel Engine Module (ADEM III) fuel system is
a proprietary electronic control module, which provides improved engine response and fuel efficiency,plus advanced diagnostics and reduced emissions. Altitude capability is increased to 3050 meters (10,000 feet) without derating. ADEM III allows full electronic integration
of the engine and transmission for maximum power train efficiency.
Power Train
Advanced Caterpillar power train is reliable and fuel efficient.
Electronic Power Shift Transmission.The electronic power shift transmission with automatic shift capability is a countershaft design built by Caterpillar. It is electronically controlled and allows full power shifts and directional changes. Fully modulated gear shifts contribute to operator comfort and increase component life.
Electronic Clutch Pressure Control (ECPC). Senses input from both the transmission and the operator controls in the cab to modulate each individual clutch through a proportional electro-hydraulic valve. This results in smoother gear changes and improved shift quality. Energy is modulated into the clutches, resulting in longer clutch life.
Integrated Braking System. New for G Series II, IBS integrates downshifting and transmission neutralization into the left-hand brake pedal. IBS provides smooth, optimized transmission neutralizer performance with a greater range of adjustability. The Integrated Braking System also lowers owning and operating costs by reducing axle oil temperatures, which can extend service brake life.
Easy Service. Daily transmission oil level check is done from the ground through a well-protected sight gauge.An oil sampling valve allows quick,clean access to the transmission for S?O?SSM oil analysis.
Cooling System
New G Series II cooling package reduces radiator plugging and improves fuel efficiency.
Reverse Flow. Air enters through the rear grill and exits out the top opening and side hood doors. Rear air flow picks up less debris from the ground, reducing plugging.
Improved System Access. The 938G II adds a swing-out grill, hydraulic oil cooler and air conditioner condenser for easier cleaning. Side panels open to allow access to both sides of all cores for cleaning. A heavy duty Airborne Debris Grill, with 4 mm perforations is available as an attachment.
On-Demand Fan. Electronically controlled, variable speed on-demand fan adjusts to meet the varying cooling requirements of the machine. Fan speed is determined by oil, coolant and inlet
manifold temperatures. In cooler operating conditions, average fan speed is reduced, resulting in less fuel consumption, lower noise levels and less radiator plugging.
Unit Core Radiator. New unit core radiator with square wave shaped fins.Lower fin density (6 fins per inch) allows debris to pass through more easily.
Environmental Features
Caterpillar cares about the environment and continues to develop innovative solutions.
Low Exhaust Emissions. The Cat 3126B ATAAC engine used in the 938G Series II is a low emission engine designed to meet Tier 2 emission regulations. It is electronically controlled, with air-to-air aftercooling for more efficient combustion and cleaner emissions.
Reduced Sound. The electronic on-demand fan automatically
regulates fan speed depending on cooling requirements. The fan draws less horsepower in cooler ambient temperatures, which reduces fuel consumption. Sound levels are also reduced when the fan slows down.There is additional insulation around the engine to reduce sound levels.
Environmental Fluids. Extended Life Coolant/Antifreeze with anti-foaming and anti-corrosion properties provide extended service intervals (up to 6000 hours) and requires less frequent fluid changes and disposals. Air conditioning refrigerant is CFC-free.
Operator Station
The ultimate in wheel loader operator comfort and efficiency.
1 Steering. Low effort hand metering unit steering. Tilt steering column helps fit the wheel to the operator. Load sensing steering directs power through the steering system only when needed. When not steering, more engine power is available to generate rimpull, breakout and lift forces.
2 Excellent Visibility. The front window provides remarkable forward and peripheral
viewing, including the machine wheels and bucket corners. Bonded glass in the windshield eliminates frame obstructions.The sloping hood provides excellent visibility to the rear of the machine.
3 Finger Tip Controls. New pilot-assisted hydraulic implement controls deliver comfortable, low-effort operation. Single lever joystick and lift lever F-N-R switch are available as attachments.
4 New Instrument Cluster. Gauges, status indicators and alert indicators are now centrally located. 3-level warning system monitors key functions. The system alerts the operator of immediate or impending problems with engine oil pressure, parking brake, fuel pressure,electrical system, brake oil pressure,hydraulic oil temperature, transmission filter bypass, engine inlet manifold temperature, primary steering oil pressure and the air inlet heater. LED warning indicators with no bulbs to replace.
5 Cab Access. Left and right side doors swing open 180 degrees and latch for optimal ventilation, visibility and communication to ground level. Left and right side sliding windows are available as an attachment. Full service platforms are provided on both sides of the machine for safety and easy maintenance access.
6 Floor Mounted Pedals. All pedals including the new electronic governor,are floor mounted for greater operator comfort. Left pedal incorporates the new Integrated Braking System that combines service brake, transmission neutralizer and downshift functions.
7 Generous Storage Space.Compartments for lunchbox, coolers
and cups.
8 Seat Options. The standard cloth and vinyl seat adjusts 6 ways. A new Caterpillar Contour
air suspension seat (attachment) provides increased operator comfort with 6-way adjustment and automotive-style lumbar support.
9 Electronic Autoshift Control. Set for manual or one of two fully automatic shifting modes.
10 Ride Control System Switch.Attachment that reduces fore and aft pitch for a smoother, more comfortable ride. Allows the selection of three different modes: Off – always off service. On – always in service.Auto – the system is automatically actuated when the
machine travels at a speed greater than 9 km (6 mph).
11 Transmission Neutralizer Lockout Switch. Rocker switch that locks out the neutralizer. Defaults back to neutralizer “on” upon machine start up.
譯文
裝載機(jī)
裝載機(jī)是一種主要用于向另一種機(jī)械(自卸車、輸送皮帶、鐵路運(yùn)輸車輛等)“裝載”物料的建設(shè)機(jī)械(工程車輛)設(shè)備。裝載機(jī)主要用于向卡車裝載物料,以及鋪設(shè)管道、清理碎石和挖土等工作。作為挖土作業(yè)裝載機(jī)不是最有效的機(jī)械,與挖掘機(jī)不同,裝載機(jī)不適用于輪胎支承面以下較深處的挖掘作業(yè)。裝載機(jī)的深底鏟斗一般可裝載3~6立方米的土壤。鏟斗前置裝載機(jī)的斗容量遠(yuǎn)大于挖掘裝載機(jī)的斗容量。裝載機(jī)不屬于鏟土運(yùn)輸機(jī)械,因其主要用途并非土方運(yùn)輸。
盡管履帶式裝載機(jī)是普遍的,但與大多數(shù)推土機(jī)不同,大多數(shù)裝載機(jī)是輪式的而并非履帶式。履帶式裝載機(jī)適用于棱角銳利的建筑材料會(huì)破壞橡膠輪胎的場(chǎng)合,或者在松軟泥濘道路上的作業(yè)。輪式裝載機(jī)具有良好的機(jī)動(dòng)性和較高的工作速度,并且不像履帶那樣破壞鋪裝路面,但其所能提供的牽引力較小。
與安裝前置鏟斗的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)拖拉機(jī)不同,許多大型裝載機(jī)不使用汽車轉(zhuǎn)向機(jī)構(gòu)。取而代之,它們通過液壓驅(qū)動(dòng)的安裝于前、后橋之間的轉(zhuǎn)向鉸接裝置轉(zhuǎn)向。這種轉(zhuǎn)向稱為“鉸接轉(zhuǎn)向”,它可使前橋固定,并使其承受更大的重量。對(duì)于一定的軸距鉸接轉(zhuǎn)向提供了較好的機(jī)動(dòng)性。由于前輪與工作裝置繞同一車軸旋轉(zhuǎn),駕駛員在使機(jī)械定位后可使鏟斗沿弧線“轉(zhuǎn)向”,這一點(diǎn)是實(shí)用的。
裝載機(jī)的工作裝置可以是更換式的或者是固定安裝。鏟斗常常可用其它裝置或工具更換,例如,許多裝載機(jī)可以安裝叉車工裝提升重型貨物或者裝運(yùn)集裝箱,裝備液壓開啟式“蛤殼”型鏟斗可以使裝載機(jī)像推土機(jī)或鏟運(yùn)機(jī)一樣作業(yè)。
在各種建筑工地上裝載機(jī)也經(jīng)常用來近距離轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)建筑材料,例如磚塊、管材、鋼筋、各種挖掘工具等。借助鏟斗或除雪鏟,裝載機(jī)也用于除雪作業(yè),但通常使用除雪裝置。它們用來清除街道、公路和停車場(chǎng)上的積雪。有時(shí)用裝載機(jī)將積雪裝載到自卸車上進(jìn)行運(yùn)輸。
近20年來,特別是在城市建設(shè)工程和小型土方運(yùn)輸工程中,裝載機(jī)獲得了普遍的應(yīng)用。許多工程車輛制造商可生產(chǎn)多種類型的裝載機(jī),其中最知名的有約翰迪爾、卡特彼勒、凱斯、沃爾沃、小松和利勃海爾等品牌。
下面我們將介紹卡特938GII系列輪式裝載機(jī)。
發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)
這個(gè)938GII提供更大的動(dòng)力,優(yōu)良的燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性,并減少維修。
渦輪增壓,ATAAC。渦輪增壓使包裹著更大密度的空氣進(jìn)入汽缸以便更完全的燃燒,更少的排放物。ATAAC提供了一個(gè)獨(dú)立的冷卻空氣進(jìn)氣系統(tǒng)。ATAAC系統(tǒng)通過冷卻進(jìn)氣空氣使更完全的燃燒從而減少煙氣的排放。
恒定的凈功率 :該938G II的電子引擎集成了可調(diào)節(jié)散熱風(fēng)扇。不管什么樣的工作條件,發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)風(fēng)扇補(bǔ)償了變化的負(fù)載,并提供恒定的凈馬力。一個(gè)恒定馬力的“工作”狀態(tài)被
提供并且燃料消耗降低。
換油周期。該發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)機(jī)油更換間隔增加至 500小時(shí)(用CH - 4油),降低了成本和停機(jī)時(shí)間。該3126B ATAAC發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)提供119千瓦(160馬力)的凈功率,并符合美國環(huán)保署2級(jí)排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。其先進(jìn)的系統(tǒng)在燃料管線上保持低壓,直到它被注入氣缸。燃油壓力產(chǎn)生液壓從電子控制模塊中做出響應(yīng)信號(hào)。
電子控制模塊:先進(jìn)的柴油引擎模塊燃料系統(tǒng)是一種專有的電子控制模塊,它提供了改進(jìn)的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)響應(yīng)和燃油效率,再加上先進(jìn)的診斷減少了排放量。爬坡能力提高到三千零五十零米(10,000英尺)。ADEM III 允許電子發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)一體化使傳動(dòng)系傳輸效率最高。
傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)
卡特動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)先進(jìn)可靠,省油。
電子式動(dòng)力換擋變速器.電子式自動(dòng)換擋變速箱自動(dòng)換擋能力是一個(gè)被卡特彼勒建成的中間軸設(shè)計(jì)。它是電子控制,并允許全功率的變化和方向變化。充分調(diào)制換檔有助于提高操作員舒適性和元件壽命。
電子離合器壓力控制(ECPC)。來自傳動(dòng)裝置和操作員在駕駛室控制的感官輸入通過各比例電動(dòng)液壓閥來調(diào)制離合器。這就有了換檔順暢和改善換擋質(zhì)量這樣的結(jié)果。能源被調(diào)制到離合器中,使離合器的壽命較長。
綜合制動(dòng)系統(tǒng): 新的G II系列,IBS集成低速變速器進(jìn)入左邊的剎車踏板。 IBS提供平穩(wěn),更大范圍的可調(diào)節(jié)性能優(yōu)化的傳動(dòng)裝置。綜合制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)還能通過減少車軸油的溫度降低生產(chǎn)費(fèi)用,那可以延長制動(dòng)器壽命成本。
便于維修:通過被防護(hù)的觀測(cè)計(jì)從接觸面檢查每日傳動(dòng)油油位.一個(gè)油采樣閥門允許快速,清理傳動(dòng)裝置進(jìn)口為獲得S?O?SSM油液分析。
冷卻系統(tǒng)
新的GII系列II散熱器冷卻封裝減少堵塞,提高燃油效率。
反向流動(dòng)。空氣通過后部進(jìn)入,從頂口和側(cè)口排出。后方的氣流從地面帶來更少的污物,減少堵塞。
改進(jìn)的系統(tǒng)通道。938GII添加了個(gè)擺動(dòng)刷,液壓油冷卻器和空調(diào)冷凝器更容易清洗。打開側(cè)板,允許磁芯的兩面都被清洗。重型機(jī)載碎片水箱護(hù)罩與4毫米齒孔,作為附件提供。
風(fēng)機(jī)。電控變速風(fēng)機(jī)調(diào)節(jié),以滿足需求的不同冷卻要求的機(jī)器。風(fēng)扇速度取決于油、冷卻介質(zhì)及進(jìn)口氣管的溫度。在較涼的操作條件下,平均風(fēng)速減小,導(dǎo)致更少的燃料消耗,降低噪音,更少的散熱器堵塞。
散熱器核心單元:新單元散熱器帶有方波成形散熱片.更低密度的散熱器散熱片讓核心碎片更容易通過。
環(huán)境特征
卡特注重環(huán)境和持續(xù)發(fā)展創(chuàng)意的解決方案。
低廢氣排放??ㄌ?126B ATAAC引擎在938GII使用的是一種低排放發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī),以滿足二
級(jí)排放法規(guī)。它是電子控制,ATAAC為更有效率和更清潔的排放量。
降低聲音。風(fēng)扇自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)需根據(jù)冷卻風(fēng)扇速度的要求。風(fēng)機(jī)吸收更少的馬力,從而降低環(huán)境溫度冷卻器的燃料消耗。當(dāng)風(fēng)機(jī)減緩時(shí)聲級(jí)也減小。又額外減少絕緣引擎周圍的聲音級(jí)別。
環(huán)境流體。冷卻劑/防凍劑具有抗起泡性和抗腐蝕性能提供延長服務(wù)時(shí)間間隔(6000小時(shí)),需要更少的頻繁的流體變化和處置。空調(diào)制冷劑無氟。
操作員控制臺(tái)
在輪式裝載機(jī)操作者的舒適度和效率。
1操縱:手計(jì)量單位低受力轉(zhuǎn)向。適應(yīng)輪經(jīng)營者的傾斜轉(zhuǎn)向柱幫助。當(dāng)需要時(shí)負(fù)荷傳感轉(zhuǎn)向指向力量通過轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)。當(dāng)不轉(zhuǎn)向,更多的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)功率是可用來產(chǎn)生邊緣拉力、抬升力。
2能見度極佳:前面的窗戶提供良好的前視和周邊的觀賞,包括機(jī)器的輪子和斗的角落。在擋風(fēng)玻璃上消除保稅玻璃框架障礙物。傾斜的引擎蓋,為尾部的機(jī)器提供了良好的能見度。
3指尖控制。新的試驗(yàn)輔助液壓實(shí)行控制,提供舒適,省力的操作。單桿和升降桿操縱桿FNR的開關(guān)都作為附屬裝置提供。
4新的儀表盤。壓力表,狀況指標(biāo)和報(bào)警指標(biāo)是現(xiàn)在在中心。三級(jí)報(bào)警系統(tǒng)監(jiān)視器主要功能。該系統(tǒng)的警報(bào)的經(jīng)營人迫在眉睫的問題是立即用機(jī)油壓力、停車制動(dòng),燃油壓力、電力系統(tǒng)、剎車油壓力、液壓油溫度、傳輸、發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)進(jìn)氣歧管的過濾旁路溫度、轉(zhuǎn)向油壓和空氣進(jìn)口加熱器。LED燈泡警告指標(biāo)沒有替代的。
5駕駛室口:左,右側(cè)車門打開180度的擺動(dòng)與優(yōu)化通風(fēng),能見度和地面通信閂鎖。左,右側(cè)滑動(dòng)窗口都作為附屬裝置提供。在機(jī)器的兩側(cè)為機(jī)器的安全和容易維修提供全面的服務(wù)。
6踏板:為適應(yīng)操作者的舒適度所有的踏板包括新的電子調(diào)速器被安裝。融合了全新整合的左踏板剎車制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)包含了腳踏閘,傳動(dòng)裝置,減速檔。
7寬松的空間.為便當(dāng),冷飲器,杯子劃出隔間。
8座椅的選擇。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的布和塑料基座椅調(diào)整6種方式。一個(gè)新的空氣懸浮座椅輪,可提高6路調(diào)整和汽車式腰部支撐的舒適性。
9電子自動(dòng)變速控制。設(shè)置為手動(dòng)或自動(dòng)換擋的兩個(gè)完全模式之一。
10行駛控制系統(tǒng)開關(guān):減小了縱長及校平器縱長節(jié)距便于更舒適的乘坐。允許在三種不同的模式選擇:關(guān)閉 - 始終關(guān)閉服務(wù)。開啟 - 總在服務(wù).自動(dòng) - 系統(tǒng)會(huì)自動(dòng)啟動(dòng)的當(dāng)機(jī)的速度超過9公里(6英里)或更大的速度。
11傳輸力合器和鎖定開關(guān)。蹺板開關(guān),鎖定力合器。力合器回到默認(rèn)值,機(jī)器啟動(dòng)起來。
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