英語 高一 句子成分.doc

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Lesson 1 句子成分 【教學(xué)目標(biāo)】1. 復(fù)習(xí)語法句子成分，掌握句子成分的構(gòu)成，為長難句的理解打基礎(chǔ)。 2. 新題型講解—語法填空技巧 【教學(xué)重點】學(xué)會判斷句子的各個成分；在不斷鞏固練習(xí)的基礎(chǔ)上熟練掌握語法填空的技巧。 PART 1 語法講解 定義 ：構(gòu)成句子的各個部分叫做句子成分。句子成分主要有主語，謂語，賓語，表語，定語，狀語，補足語，同位語等。 1、 主 語：句子的主體，全句述說的對象。一般由名詞、代詞、不定式、動名詞或從句擔(dān)當(dāng)，通常位于句首。 Jane is good at playing the piano. I need a book. To see is to believe. Seeing is believing. Have A Try Smoking is bad for health. 找出下列句子中的主語 1. She went out in a hurry. 2. Tom is very tall. 3. Pride goes before a fall. 4. Looking up all the new words in the dictionary took him a lot of time. 2、謂語：描述主語的行為動作或所處的狀態(tài)。由動詞，動詞短語或系動詞加表語擔(dān)任，常置于 主語 后。謂語動詞有人稱，數(shù)，時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化。 The train leaves at 6 o’clock. She is reading. This song sounds wonderful. I worked out this problem under the help of my math teacher. 動詞分類： 動詞的分類： ⑴ 行為動詞： 及物動詞 不及物動詞 ⑵ 系動詞：be動詞和感官動詞 ⑶ 情態(tài)動詞 ⑷ 助動詞 謂語： ⑴ 簡單謂語 Have A Try ⑵ 復(fù)合謂語 助動詞+主要動詞 情態(tài)動詞+主要動詞 找出下列句子中的謂語 1. His writing is very beautiful. 2. Some people will do just about anything to save money. 3. You should try your best to fulfill your tasks. . 3、賓語：表示動作的對象。一般由名詞（短語）, 代詞，數(shù)詞，動名詞（短語），動詞不定式（短語），從句等充當(dāng)，常置于謂語后。 He won the game. He likes playing computer. People love to get together to eat, drink and have fun with each other. Have A Try Do you know that there will be a concert of Eason in Chongqing next week. 找出下列句子中的賓語 1. Show your passport, please. 2. She didn't say anything. 3. Can you tell me the way to the nearest hospital. 4、表語：用以表述主語的特征、狀態(tài)、身份等。一般由名詞(名詞短語)，代詞，數(shù)詞，動名詞（短語），不定式（短語）或形容詞擔(dān)任，置于系動詞之后。 He is a student. We are tired. You look happy today. 注意：除了be 系動詞外，還有一些動詞也可以用作系動詞， 1)表感官的動詞: sound, look, smell, taste, touch,feel, 等。 2)表轉(zhuǎn)變變化的動詞: go, become, turn, grow, get 等。 Have A Try 3)表延續(xù)的動詞: keep, stay, remain 等。 找出下列句子中的表語 1. The war was over. 2. They seem to know the truth. 3. Leaves turn yellow in autumn. 4. Food goes bad easily in summer. 5、定語：對名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語或句子。形容詞，代詞，介詞短語，不定式（短語），動名詞（短語），分詞，從句等均可做定語。單個詞作定語通常置于被修飾詞的前面；短語或從句作定語通常置于被修飾詞的后面。 The black bike is mine.（black作定語） The boy in blue is Jim.（in blue作定語） I have nothing to do today.（nothing作定語） 注意：1、當(dāng)定語修飾不定代詞如：nothing , anything , everything , something, anyone, everyone, someone 等時，定語要放在其后作后置定語。 I tell him something interesting. 2、不定式、短語或從句作定語時，也放在被修飾的名詞之后。 Have A Try The boys who are in the room are playing games. I have something important to tell you now. 找出下列句子中的定語 1. He is a clever boy. 2. His spoken language is good. 3. Is there anyone else who wants to go with me? 6、狀語：用以修飾 動詞，位置靈活。它可以表示地點、時間、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、方式、程度、和讓步等。副詞，介詞短語，不定式，分詞均可做狀語。 1)、修飾形容詞或副詞時，通常位于被修飾的詞之前； I am very sorry. 2)、表示時間、地點、目的的狀語一般位于句子兩頭，強調(diào)時放在句首。 In order to cheer him up, I told him the truth. They are writing English in the classroom. 3)、一些表示不確定時間（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副詞狀語通常位于be動詞、助動詞、情態(tài)動詞之后，動詞之前。 We often help him. He is always late for class. 狀語種類如下： How about meeting again at six? ( 時間 狀語) Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain. （ 原因 狀語） I shall go there if it doesn’t rain. （ 條件 狀語） Mr Smith lives on the third floor. （ 地點 狀語） She put the eggs into the basket with great care. （ 伴隨 狀語） She came in with a dictionary in her hand. （ 伴隨 狀語） In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. （ 目的 狀語） He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. （ 結(jié)果 狀語） Have A Try She works very hard though she is old.（ 讓步 狀語） 找出下列句子中的狀語 1. I will be back in a while. 2. They are playing on the playground. 3. Only in this way, can you make a success. 7、補語： 補充說明主語和賓語 的情況。補語分為主語補足語和賓語補足語兩種，可由名詞，形容詞，介詞短語，分詞和不定式等擔(dān)任。常位于賓語后。 He made me sad.（形容詞） She asks me to take an umbrella.（不定式） The war made him a soldier.（名詞） I find him at home.（介詞短語） Have A Try I saw a cat running along the wall.（分詞） 找出下列句子中的補語 1. They called him the prince of gymnasts. 2. I arrived at home very late, tired and hungry. 3. His words made us angry. 8、同位語：在句中對某一成分作進一步的解釋，說明，并且與其在語法上處于同等地位的句子成分叫做同位語，它通常位于名詞、代詞后面, 它可以由名詞、代詞、名詞性短語或從句充當(dāng)。 Have A Try Tom, our monitor, is a handsome boy. I myself will do the experiment. The suggestion that the new rule be adopted came from the chairman. 找出下列句子中的同位語 1. The news that he won the match is so exciting. 2. They expressed the wish that she accept the award. 3. The fact that the money has gone does not mean it was stolen. 主謂賓表定狀補 七種成分記清楚 主謂賓表是主干 輔助成分定狀補 定語修飾名或代 狀語修飾動形副 主謂人稱要一致 賓語之后可有補 復(fù)習(xí)Review Keep this in mind We are family! 一．強化訓(xùn)練 (一) 挑出下列句中的賓語 1. My brother hasn't done his homework. 2. People all over the world speak English. (二) 挑出下列句中的表語 1. The old man felt very tired. 2. The leaves have turned yellow. (三) 挑出下列句中的定語 1. What is your given name? 2. I am afraid some careless people forgot to sweep the floor. (四) 挑出下列句中的賓語補足語 1. She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. 2. He asked her to take the boy out of school. (五) 挑出下列句中的狀語 1. There was a big smile on her face. 2. Every night he heard the noise upstairs. PART 2 新題型講解 語法填空 閱讀下面材料，用不多于1個單詞的正確形式填空 Yangshuo,China It was raining lightly when I__1__(arrive) in Yangshuo just before dawn. But I didn’t care. A few hours__2__, I’d been at home in Hong Kong, with __3_(it) choking smog. Here, the air was clean and fresh, even with the rain. I’d skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River_4__are pictured by artists in so many Chinese _5__(painting). Instead, I ‘d head straight for Yangshuo. For those who fly to Guilin, it’s only an hour away__6_ car and offers all the scenery of the better-known city. Yangshuo__7__(be) really beautiful. A study of travelers_8__(conduct) by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world. And the town is fast becoming a popular weekend destination for people in Asia. Abercrombie & Kent, a travel company in Hong Kong, says it__9__(regular) arranges quick getaways here for people_10__(live) in Shanghai and Hong Kong. Keys: 1. arrived 2. before 3. its 4. which 5. paintings 6. by 7. is 8. conducted 9. regularly 10. living 總結(jié)：新題型技巧——語法填空 題型特征 語法填空題是在一篇200詞左右的語言材料中留出10個空白，每空1.5分，共15分。部分空白的后面給出單詞的基本形式，要求考生根據(jù)上下文填寫其正確形式。不給出提示詞的包括：根據(jù)上下文的語境填入冠詞，連詞，代詞以及副詞或名詞等。不給提示詞的，詞數(shù)有限制，只填寫1個單詞。一般來說，給出的提示詞較多（5—7個）；考查詞形變化的偏多，并且未給出提示詞的空處（3—5個）有填實詞的考點；挖空一般比較均，所要填空的地方一般不會影響學(xué)生對短文的理解。 能力要求 該題型是考查考生在閱讀理解的基礎(chǔ)上對語法和語用知識的掌握情況，著重考查考生的綜合語言運用能力。 技巧點撥 1.把握篇章理解。用約一分鐘瀏覽全文，明確大意及整個語境，明確人稱和主體時態(tài)，此乃做語法填空題的前提。 2.處理好兩類詞的填空。填實詞時，先要根據(jù)改詞在句中的語法成分，確定好詞性(名詞，動詞，形容詞，副詞等)，再考慮其詞形。根據(jù)前后意思，還可能填所給詞的反義詞；填功能詞時，要根據(jù)上下文之間的聯(lián)系，空格前后詞語的支配關(guān)系，詞語搭配，以及句子結(jié)構(gòu)的要求，填上所需的功能詞。 考點設(shè)置 一．有提示詞 1. 動詞（謂語∕非謂語）。給出動詞的原形，根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的需要填其適當(dāng)?shù)男问?。填動詞形式，首先抓住主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，確定主句，剩下的部分，如有連詞，則是句子，仍有主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，否則就用非謂語。 《?？键c》1.謂語：時態(tài)，語態(tài)，主謂一致 2.非謂語：to do, doing, done (1). Ms Chen __________(teach) me English since Junior 1, and to show my appreciation I decided to get her a present. (2). I was certain she would like it because I ________(tell) by my classmates that she loved hot food. (3). An official from the Ministry of Education said that China follows an educational policy that ____________(encourage) students to study abroad. (4). A transit spokesman said the driver should________(make) radio call to the control center for help. (5). We must also consider the reaction of the person _______(receive) the gift. (6). With the problem_______(solve), I felt proud of my achievement. (7). I then noticed that I had just 10 minutes left________(complete) the rest. (8). _________(compare) with the previous year, the number of students who went abroad for study was increased by 15,000, or a rise of 13％. (9). We must practice speaking and________(write) the language whenever we can. (10). But it is not enough only ________(memorize) rules from a grammar book. Keys: (1). have taught (2). was told (3). encourages (4). make (5). receiving (6). solved (7). to complete (8). compared (9). writing (10). to memorize 2. 名詞。給出名詞，主要考查名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)變化，名詞的可數(shù)與不可數(shù)。掌握名詞所有格和名詞作定語的用法。 《?？键c》名詞的單復(fù)數(shù) (1). For most of us the ________(change) are gradual and require a lot of effort and work. (2). But a good teacher shows how to find_________(answer). (3). Think of a computer: it stores a lot of _________(information). (4). It is another book of my ________(brother). Keys: changes answers information brother’s 3. 形容詞，副詞。給出形容詞副詞，首先要考慮形副之間的轉(zhuǎn)換，形容詞修飾名詞和代詞，或與系動詞連用；副詞主要修飾動詞，形容詞，副詞及整個句子。其次，形容詞和副詞有比較等級的變化（包括比較級和最高級）。 《?？键c》1.形容詞和副詞的詞性轉(zhuǎn)換 2.比較等級 (1). _________(fortunate), David passed the final exam. (2). “ Thirty-five cents,” she said________(rude). (3). Nothing could be_______(sweet). (4). One of the_______(bad) gift choices I ever made was for my high school. Keys: Fortunately rudely sweeter worst 4. 詞形轉(zhuǎn)換。給出提示詞原形，通過句子分析，缺少什么成分，再用正確的單詞形式補充完整。如名詞變形容詞，動詞變形容詞，形容詞變副詞，動詞變名詞等。這屬于比較基礎(chǔ)的單詞拼寫方面的能力要求。（注意：分析句意，注意單詞否定意義的考查，即需要加詞綴） 《?？键c》 詞形轉(zhuǎn)換 (1). Some people were now waiting for her service and the waitress grew a bit _______(patience). (2). You have done well and made great achievement in the _______(entertain) field. (3). These people have made great _______(contribute) to China with their work. (4). The tornadoes damaged several_______(new) built buildings. (5). Numerous studies have shown that free play is very_______(benefit). It can help children become creative. Keys: patient entertainment contribution newly beneficial 二．無提示詞 1. 冠詞。名詞前無限定詞修飾，可考慮用冠詞。有時也會出現(xiàn)在序數(shù)詞，最高級或一些固定搭配中。注意不定冠詞a, an和定冠詞the 的區(qū)別。 《?？键c》1.不定冠詞a, an的用法 2. 定冠詞the的用法 (1). Then I went to the department store and bought her______ expensive gift box of Sichuan beef. (2). But my mood quickly changed when I saw_______ first question. (3). Television is not only a convenient source of entertainment, but also_________ comparatively cheap one. (4). Tom,________ 8-year-old boy, entered a hotel coffee shop. (5). He talked about how I wrestled with him in the evenings and______ good many other things. Keys: an the a an a 2. 介詞。當(dāng)空格后面的名詞不作主語，也不作動詞的賓語時，應(yīng)為介詞的賓語，固填介詞。主要考查一些介詞的固定搭配，平常學(xué)習(xí)中多積累相關(guān)短語。 《?？键c》1. 介詞的基本用法 2. 固定搭配 (1). _________the same time, they warm up again for the night. (2). I was always told that the three Ps were a sure path _______success. (3). “Don’t be always be particular _______your present work and income. (4). It began to make sense to me that I could include praise along_______ constructive criticism. (5). There is no easy way to success_______ language learning. Keys: At to about with but 3. 連詞。(從屬連詞和并列連詞) 若兩個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)之間，沒有句號或分號，也沒有連詞，那空格處必定是填連詞。 《常考點》 1. 從屬連詞（三大從句） 2. 并列連詞 A). 引導(dǎo)各種從句的連詞叫從屬連詞。考查包括：定語從句關(guān)系詞who, whom, that, which, whose, when, where, why, as;名詞性從句引導(dǎo)詞：that, if, whether, who, what, which, whose, when, where, why, how, wh-ever等；狀語從句引導(dǎo)詞：when, if, because, though, until, unless等。 (1). The exam, _______ was originally to be held in our classroom, was changed to the library at the last minute. (2). Many things must be considered such as _______the person is interested in and how old he is. (3). _______he is rich, his life is not happy. (4).________children believe they can succeed, they will never become totally independent. (5). There had been a growing number of overseas students______ came back to China after study. Keys: which what Though Unless who B). 并列句的各種關(guān)聯(lián)詞叫并列連詞。如and, but, or, so等。 (1). I asked my classmates about her interest______ I made my final decision. (2). It is difficult for parents of nearly every family to teach their children to be responsible for housework, __________with one of the following suggestions, you really can get your children to help at home. Keys: and but 4. 代詞。挖掉代詞，句子的結(jié)構(gòu)受到破壞，句子間出現(xiàn)不連貫。句中卻主語，賓語，表語成分可用人稱代詞；在名詞前起限定作用，可用物主代詞；反身代詞多出現(xiàn)在一些固定短語中。 《常考點》 1. 人稱代詞 2. 物主代詞 3. 反身代詞 (1). ________________is necessary that he should remember these words. (2). Firstly, we must understand the language when we hear _______spoken. (3). Some 134,000 Chinese students went to study abroad, and 120,000 of _____were self-funded students. (4). The little boy pulled______ right hand out of the pocket and studied a number of coins in it. (5). I patiently walked to the library, took my seat and did some deep breathing to help relax__________ Keys: It it them his myself 5. 助動詞和情態(tài)動詞。若句子結(jié)構(gòu)較完整，空格后的動詞是原形，特別是與上下文時態(tài)不一致或主謂不一致時，很可能是填情態(tài)動詞或表示強調(diào)或倒裝的助動詞（do,does,did等），此時要注意主謂一致。 《?？键c》 助動詞do, does, did表疑問，強調(diào)或倒裝。 (1). Peter failed the exam. He _____know it was his own fault. (2). Mary ______have come here on time. She got up too late. Keys: did should 實戰(zhàn)演練 With the development of industry，air pollution is getting more and more serious. In Shanghai, many people suffer from different kinds of illnesses because 1 air pollution. Air pollution is 2 (main) caused by the following reasons. About half of the problem is caused by vehicles(交通工具). There are more and more cars and buses on the road, 3 give off 4 (poison) gases. 35% of air pollution is caused by factories. 5 factor is smoking. 6 (smoke) does harm to others’ health as well as to __7 of the smokers. Besides, about 10% of air pollution is caused by other reasons. We should take some measures to fight against pollution. New fuel can be used to take __8 place of gas. We can plant more trees，grass and flowers. All in all, if everybody realizes the 9 (important) of environment and does something to stop pollution, the problem 10 (solve). Keys: of mainly they poisonous Another Smoking that the importance will be solved PART 3 課后作業(yè) 寫出下面劃線部分的成分并翻譯成漢語 1. ( 2014 山東，閱讀理解) Ann’s neighbor Tracy found a lost dog wandering around the local elementary school. 2. (2014 大綱，閱讀理解) Arriving in Sydney on his own from India, my husband, Rashid, stayed in a hotel for a short time while looking for a house for me and our children. 3. (2014 安徽，閱讀理解) You are the collector in the gallery of your life. 4. (2015新課標(biāo)1，完形填空) My kids and I were heading into the supermarket over the weekend. On the way, we spotted a man holding a piece of paper said,“Lost my job. Family to feed.” 5. (2015新課標(biāo)1, 完形填空) Stepping out not only helped a brother in need , it also gave my kids the sweet taste of helping others. 6. (2015新課標(biāo)2，閱讀理解) Experts say the way you design your home could play a role in whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off. 7. (2015新課標(biāo)2，閱讀理解) But not everyone is happy. Owain James, the president of the National Union of Students, argued that the increase is evidence of student had ship---young people are being forced into earning money before finishing their education. 8. (2015新課標(biāo)2，語法填空) Training for a marathon requires careful preparation and steady, gradual increases in the lengths of the runs. 9. (2015新課標(biāo)1，閱讀理解) Delighted as I was by the tomatoes in sight, my happiness deepened when I learned that Brown’s Grove Farm is one of the suppliers for Jack Dusty, a newly opened restaurant at the Sarasota Ritz Carlton. 10. 2015新課標(biāo)1，閱讀理解) The freezing Northeast hasn’t been a terribly fun place to spend time this winter, so when the chance came for a weekend to Sarasota, Florida, my begs were packed before you could say“sunshine” 11. 2015新課標(biāo)1，短文改錯改編) When I was a child, I hoped to live in the city. I thought I would be happy there. Now, I am living in a city, but I miss my home in countryside. There the air is clean and the mountains are green. Unfortunately, with the development of industrialization, the environment has been polluted. Lots of studies have shown that global warming has already become a very serious problem. The air we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier. Many rare animals are dying out. We must find ways to protect our environment. If we fail to do so, we will live to regret.