536 液壓機(jī)械傳動(dòng)開(kāi)式試驗(yàn)臺(tái)設(shè)計(jì)（有cad原圖+文獻(xiàn)翻譯）
536 液壓機(jī)械傳動(dòng)開(kāi)式試驗(yàn)臺(tái)設(shè)計(jì)（有cad原圖+文獻(xiàn)翻譯）,536,液壓機(jī)械傳動(dòng)開(kāi)式試驗(yàn)臺(tái)設(shè)計(jì)（有cad原圖+文獻(xiàn)翻譯）,液壓,機(jī)械傳動(dòng),試驗(yàn)臺(tái),設(shè)計(jì),cad,原圖,文獻(xiàn),翻譯
DIFFERENTIAL AND REAR AXLES
The differential is part of the rear-axle-housing assembly,which includes the differential,rear axles,wheels,and bearing.
If the car were to be driven in a straight line without having to make turns,then no differential would be necessary.However,when the car rounds a turn,the outer wheel must travel farther than the inner wheel.The differential permits the two rear wheels to rotate different amounts when the car goes around a turn , while still delivering power to both rear wheels.
The rear axles are attached to the wheels and have bevel side gears on their inner ends.The differential case is assembled on the left axle but can rotate on a bearing independently of the axle.The differential case supports the differential-pinion gear on a shaft,and this gear meshes with the two bevel gears.The fing gear is attached to the differential case so that the case rotates with the fing gear when the latter is driven by the drive pinion.
The driving power enters the differential through the drive pinion on the end of the propeller shaft.The drive pinion is meshed with a large ring gear so that the ring gear revoves with the pinion.
Attached to the ring gear is a differential-pinion shaft on which are assembled two differential-pinion gears.Each rear car wheel has a separate axle, and there are two side gears splined to the inner ends of the two wheel axles.The two side gears.When the car is on a straighet road ,the two differential-pinion gears do not rotate on the pinion shaft ,but they do exert pressure on the two side gears turn at the same speed as the ring gear ,causing both rear wheels to turn at the same speed,also.
When the car rounds a curve ,the outer wheel must turn faster than the inner wheel,To permit this,the two pinino gears rotate on their pinion shaft,transmitting more turning movement to the outer side gear that to the inner side gear.Thus,the side gear on the outer-wheel axle turns more rapidly than the side gear on the inner wheel axle.This permits the outer wheel to turn more rapidly while the car is rounding the curve.
There are two basic types of axle:deed axles and live axle.The dead axle does not rotate; the wheel rotates on it.A common exmple is the axle on a horse-drawn wagon.Live axles are attached to the wheel so that both the wheel and the axle rotate together.Live axles are classified according to the manner in which they are supported:semifloating, three-quarer-floating,and full-floating.
AUTOMOBILE SYSTEM
The fuel system has the job of supplying a combustible mixture of air and fuel to the engine. The fuel system must vary the proportions of air and fuel to suit different operating conditions. When the engine is cold, for example, then the mixture must be rich（have a high proportion of fuel）.The reason for this is that the fuel does not vaporize rapidly at low temperatures. Therefore, extra fuel must be added to the mixture so that there will be enough vaporized fuel to form a combustible mixture.
The fuel system consists of the fuel tank, fuel pump, fuel filter, carburetor, intake manifold, and fuel lines, or tubes, connecting the tank, pump, and carburetor. Some gasoline engines use a fuel-injection system; in this system, a fuel-injection pump replaces the carburetor.
The fuel tank, in which gasoline is stored, is normally located at the rear of the vehicle. It is made of sheet metal and is attached to the frame.
A fuel pump delivers fuel from the tank to the carburetor. There are two general types of fuel pump, mechanical and electric.
The fuel system has filters and prevent dire in the fuel from entering the fuel pump or carburetor. Dirt could, of course, prevent normal operation of these units and cause poor engine performance.
The carburetor is essentially a mixing device which mixes liquid gasoline with air. In this process, it throws a fine spray of gasoline into air passing through the carburetor on its way to the engine. The gasoline vaporizes and mixes with the air to form a highly combustion chambers, where it is ignited. It burns, causing the engine to produce power. The mixture must be of varying degrees of rich nice to suit engine operating conditions. It must be rich（have a higher percentage of fuel）for starting, acceleration, and high-speed operation. And it should lean to（become less rich）for operation at intermediate speed with a worm engine. The carburetor has several different circuits, or passages, through which fuel and air-fuel mixture flow under different operating conditions to produce the varying richness of the air-fuel mixture.
The purpose of the cooling system is to keep the engine at its most efficient operating temperature at all engine speeds and all drilling conditions.
A great deal of heat is produced in the engine by the burning of the air-fuel mixture. Some of this heat escapes from the engine through the exhaust gases（the hot gases left after the gasoline is burned）. But enough remains in the engine to cause serious trouble unless removed by some other means. The cooling system takes care of this additional heat.
The cooling system is built into the engine. There are hollow spaces around each engine cylinder and combustion chamber. These hollow spaces are called waterjackets, since they are filled with water. When the engine is running, the water takes heat from the engine, becoming hot in the process. A water pump pumps the hot water from the engine water jackets into the radiator. The radiator has two sets of passages. One set carries air（pulled through by car motion and the engine fan）. As the hot water passes through, it gives up its heat to the air passing through. The cooled water then reenters the engine, where it can pick up more heat. In operation, water continuously circulates between the engine and radiator, carrying heat from the engine temperatures are prevented.
Two general types of cooling systems are used, air cooling and liquid cooling. The liquid cooling system consists of water pumps, water jackets, engine fan, radiator and so on. The water pump, driven by a belt from the engine crankshaft, circulates the cooling liquid between the radiator and engine water jackets. The cooling liquid is water. Antifreeze compounds are added to the water during the winter. The water jacket are cast into the cylinder blocks and heats. The engine fan is usually mounted on the water-pump shaft and is driven by the same belt that drives the pump shaft and the generator. The purpose of the fan is to provide a powerful draft of air through the radiator. The radiator is a device for holding a large volume of air so that heat will transfer from the water to the air. The radiator core is divided into two separate compartments; water passes through one, and air passes through the other.
The ignition system is part of the electric system of the automobile. Its purpose is to produce high-voltage surges（up to 20 000 volts）and to deliver them to the combustion chambers in the engine. These high-voltage surge surges then cause electric sparks in the combustion chambers. The sparks ignite, or set fire to, the air-fuel mixture in the combustion chambers so that it burns and cause the engine ton operate.
The ignition system consists three basic parts: the ignition distributor, the ignition coil, and the spark plug, together with the connecting wires. When the engine is running, the ignition coil is repeatedly connected, it becomes loaded with electrical energy. Then, when it is disconnected, the “l(fā)oad” of electrical energy is released in a high-voltage. This surge flows through the wiring to the spark plug in the engine cylinder that is ready to fire.
You must understand that all this takes place very rapidly. At high speed, the whole series of events happens in less than one three-hundredth of a second. That is, there will be as many as 300 of these events every second that the engine is running at high speed.
Some systems use transistors to reduce the load on the distributor contract points. Other systems do not have contract points use instead a combination of transistors and a magnetic pick-up in the distributor.
The ignition distributor has two jobs. First, it closes and opens the circuit between the battery and the ignition coil. The distributors second job is to distribute each high-voltage surge to the correct spark plug at the correct instant by means of the distributor rotor and cap and secondary wiring.
There are two basic types of distributor:
（1）the type using contact points to close and open the coil primary circuit;
（2）the type using a magnetic pick-up and a transistor control unit to interrupt the current flow of the coil primary circuit.
Automobile engines are not self-starts. In order to start them, the engine crankshaft must be turned over by some outside means so as to（a）admit air-fuel mixture to the cylinder, and（b）cause the mixture to fire.
In the case of automobile engines, the mixture in the cylinder, after being compressed, must be not enough to ignite. This requires that the engine be turned over with sufficient speed. If the engine is turned over too slowly, the unavoidable small leaks past the piston rings and also through the intake and exhaust valves of four-circle engines will permit a substantial part of the fuel-air mixture to escape during the compression stroke. Also, the heat loss from the compressed air to the cylinder walls will be greater at low speed because of the longer exposure. The escape of air and the loss of heat both result in a lower temperature at the end of compression. Therefore, there is a minimum speed which the engine must attain before ignition will occur and the engine will begin firing. The starting speed depends upon the type and size of the engine, its condition, and the temperature of the air entering engine.
The starting system contains a cranking, or starting, motor and other accessories.
The starting motor electrically cranks the engine for starting. It is a special direct-current motor operating on battery voltage and is mounted on the engine flywheel house. The starter changes the electrical current into the mechanical energy to push the crank-shaft round. By means of this, the engine can be started. The cranking motor consists of the commutator end head, holding the brushes; the field frame, into which the field windings are assembled around pole shoes; the drive housing, which house the drive assembly and supports the motor on the engine flywheel housing; the armature; and the drive assembly. Some cranking motors also have a solenoid that operates the shift lever.
Cranking-motor controls have varied from a simple foot-operated pedal to automatic devices that close the cranking-motor circuit when the accelerator pedal is depressed.
The present system that has been almost universally adopted for passenger cars and many other vehicles has starting contacts in the ignition switch. When the ignition key is turned against spring pressure past the ON position to START, the starting contacts close. This connects the cranking-motor solenoid or magnetic switch to the battery. After the engine starts and the ignition key is released, spring pressure returns it to the ON position.
The starting motor should not be operated more than 5 seconds during each starting operating, for the sake of recovering the energy of battery. It will not be allowed to start it again until its stopped for fifteen seconds.
The manual transmission shown in Fig.—1 provides a means of varying the relationship between the speed of the engine and the speed of the wheels .Varying these gear ratios allows the right amount of engine power at many different speeds.
Manual transmission requires use of a clutch to apply and remove the torque to the transmission input shaft. The clutch allows this to happen gradually a so that the car can be started from a complete stop.
Modern manual transmissions do not disengage any of the forward drive gears, they are simply connected to their shafts through the use of “synchronizers”.Reverse is achieved reverse idler gears ,which are engaged to move the car backwards.
Some manual transmissions have an “overdrive”. An overdrive is a mechanical unit bolted to rear of the transmission. It is usually known as the fifth gear .When you use it, it will reduce the engine speed by about one-third ,which maintaining the same road speed.
In an automatic transmission, gear ratios are changed automatically. This eliminates the need for the driver to operate the clutch and manually “shift gears.” The typical automatic transmission combines a fluid torque converter , a planetary-gear system, and a hydraulic control system in a single unit. As car speed changes , various gear ratios between the crankshaft and the wheels are selected and then changed automatically. Automatic controls inside the transmission supply the proper ratio for the driving condition. In addition to the forward-gear ratios, neutral, and reverse, the automatic transmission has a PAPK position. This locks the transmission to prevent the car from moving or rolling away while parked.
差速器和車(chē)橋
差速器和后橋殼總成的一個(gè)部件，后橋殼總成包括差速器、后橋、車(chē)輪和軸承。
如果汽車(chē)按直線行駛，就不需要差速器了。然而，當(dāng)汽車(chē)轉(zhuǎn)彎時(shí)，外測(cè)的車(chē)輪一定比內(nèi)測(cè)的車(chē)輪行駛更長(zhǎng)的距離。差速器可在汽車(chē)轉(zhuǎn)彎時(shí)使兩個(gè)后車(chē)輪以不同的轉(zhuǎn)速轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，同時(shí)還向兩個(gè)后輪提供動(dòng)力。
后橋與車(chē)輪相連，內(nèi)端裝有一個(gè)半軸齒輪。差速器殼支承在左側(cè)車(chē)橋上，而且能夠在軸承上做獨(dú)立轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。差速器殼支承在行星齒輪軸上，行星齒輪與兩個(gè)半軸齒輪相嚙合。冠狀齒輪與差速器殼相連，這樣當(dāng)冠狀齒輪由傳動(dòng)齒輪驅(qū)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)時(shí)，差速器殼也在轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。
也就是說(shuō)，驅(qū)動(dòng)力是從傳動(dòng)軸末端的傳動(dòng)齒輪輸送到差速器的。傳動(dòng)齒輪與一個(gè)很大的冠狀齒輪嚙合，傳動(dòng)齒輪驅(qū)動(dòng)冠狀齒輪。
冠狀齒輪與差速器齒輪軸相連，差速器齒輪軸上裝有兩個(gè)行星齒輪。每個(gè)后車(chē)輪都有一個(gè)獨(dú)立的車(chē)橋，兩個(gè)半軸齒輪用花鍵與兩個(gè)車(chē)軸的內(nèi)端相連。兩個(gè)行星齒輪與這兩個(gè)齒輪相嚙合。當(dāng)汽車(chē)直駛時(shí)，兩個(gè)行星齒輪不在齒輪軸上轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，但卻向兩個(gè)半軸齒輪傳遞動(dòng)力，這樣半軸齒輪與冠狀齒輪的轉(zhuǎn)速相等，從而使兩個(gè)后輪也以同樣的速度轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。
當(dāng)汽車(chē)轉(zhuǎn)彎時(shí)，外測(cè)車(chē)輪就必須比內(nèi)側(cè)車(chē)輪轉(zhuǎn)的更快。為了達(dá)到這一目的，兩個(gè)行星齒輪在齒輪軸上轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，給外側(cè)的車(chē)輪提供比內(nèi)側(cè)的車(chē)輪更多的運(yùn)動(dòng)，這樣外側(cè)車(chē)輪軸上的半軸齒輪比內(nèi)側(cè)車(chē)輪軸上的半軸齒輪轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)更快，這樣，當(dāng)汽車(chē)轉(zhuǎn)彎時(shí)，外側(cè)車(chē)輪就轉(zhuǎn)的更快些。
車(chē)橋有兩種基本形式：非斷開(kāi)式和斷開(kāi)式。非斷開(kāi)式車(chē)橋不轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，而車(chē)輪在車(chē)橋上轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。最常見(jiàn)的例子就是在馬車(chē)上所見(jiàn)到的非斷開(kāi)式車(chē)橋，斷開(kāi)式車(chē)橋與車(chē)輪相連，這樣兩者一起轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。斷開(kāi)式車(chē)橋根據(jù)其承載可分為：半浮動(dòng)，四分之三浮動(dòng)和全浮動(dòng)。
汽車(chē)系統(tǒng)
發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的燃油系統(tǒng)：
燃料供給系統(tǒng)的作用是向發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)提供由空氣和燃料所組成的可燃混合氣。燃料系統(tǒng)必須改變空氣和燃料的比例以適應(yīng)不同的運(yùn)行狀態(tài)。例如，當(dāng)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)冷車(chē)時(shí)，就必須提供較濃的混和氣（具有較高的燃油比例）。這是因?yàn)樵诘蜏叵氯加筒荒苎杆倨虼?，要在混合氣中額外增加燃油，這樣才有足夠汽化燃料形成可燃混合氣。
燃料系包括汽油箱、汽油泵、汽油濾清器、化油器、進(jìn)氣歧管以及連接油箱、油泵和化油器的油管。有的汽油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)使用的是一套燃油噴射系統(tǒng)，在這一系統(tǒng)中，燃油噴射泵取代了化油器。
汽油箱用來(lái)儲(chǔ)存汽油，通常安裝在汽車(chē)的后部。油箱由金屬板制成，固定在車(chē)架上。
油泵把油箱的燃油抽出送到化油器中。通用的油泵有兩種:機(jī)械泵和電子泵。燃油系統(tǒng)裝有濾清器和過(guò)濾網(wǎng)，防止燃油的雜物進(jìn)入燃油泵和化油器。否則，污物會(huì)影響這些部件的正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，并引起發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)不良。
化油器實(shí)際上是一個(gè)把液體燃油與空氣相混合的混合氣形成裝置。在這一過(guò)程中，化油器把燃油以霧狀噴入流經(jīng)化油器得空氣中，然后進(jìn)入發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。霧化燃油和空氣形成高度易燃的混合氣?？扇蓟旌蠚膺M(jìn)入發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的燃燒室，并在那里被點(diǎn)燃。可燃混合氣燃燒，使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)產(chǎn)生動(dòng)力?；旌蠚獾臐舛缺壤梢愿淖儯赃m應(yīng)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的運(yùn)行狀況。汽車(chē)在啟動(dòng)、加速和高速行駛時(shí)，需要含油濃度較高的混合氣；熱狀態(tài)下的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)中速行駛時(shí)，混合氣含燃油濃度則可低一些。化油器有幾個(gè)不同的供油系統(tǒng)和通道，通過(guò)這些供油系統(tǒng)，再不同的行駛狀態(tài)下，可提供不同的可燃混合氣。
發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)冷卻系統(tǒng)：
冷卻系統(tǒng)的作用是控制發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)在各種轉(zhuǎn)速和各種行駛狀態(tài)下都能有效的控制溫度。
混合氣的燃燒在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)中產(chǎn)生大量的熱，其中部分熱量通過(guò)廢氣排除。是，殘留在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)中的余熱仍足以使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)受到嚴(yán)重?fù)p壞，除非用其他方法排除這些余熱，冷卻系統(tǒng)就是專門(mén)消除這些余熱的。
冷卻系統(tǒng)就設(shè)置在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)中。在每個(gè)氣缸體和燃燒室周?chē)剂粲锌涨弧＿@些空腔裝滿了水，因此稱之為水套。在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的運(yùn)行過(guò)程中帶走。水泵從發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)水套中把熱水抽到散熱器中。散熱器有兩條通道：一條是水道，另一條是氣道。當(dāng)熱水流過(guò)水道時(shí)，氣道中流通的空氣使熱水冷卻。冷卻后的水又重新進(jìn)入發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，再把發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的熱量傳導(dǎo)過(guò)去。在這一過(guò)程中，水不斷地在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)與散熱器之間循環(huán)，水?dāng)y帶著熱量從發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)流到散熱器再散發(fā)出去。通過(guò)這個(gè)辦法可以避免發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)過(guò)熱。
通常使用的冷卻系統(tǒng)有兩種形式：空氣冷卻和液體冷卻系?，F(xiàn)在大多數(shù)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)都采用液體冷卻系。液體冷卻系由水泵、水套、發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)風(fēng)扇、散熱器等組成。水泵由發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)曲軸上的皮帶驅(qū)動(dòng)，使冷卻液在散熱器與發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)水套之間循環(huán)流動(dòng)。冷卻液是水。冬季在水中必須加入防凍劑。水道被鑄入氣缸體內(nèi)部。發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)風(fēng)扇通常安裝在水泵軸上，由驅(qū)動(dòng)水泵和發(fā)電機(jī)的同一條皮帶驅(qū)動(dòng)。風(fēng)扇的作用是向散熱器提供強(qiáng)大的空氣流，與大量空氣密切接觸的散熱器內(nèi)可以容納大量的水，這樣的熱量可以通過(guò)水散發(fā)到空氣中。散熱器芯為分離和間隔交錯(cuò)的兩部分。冷卻水在其中一部分中流過(guò)，空氣在另一部分中通過(guò)。
發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)：
點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)是汽車(chē)電氣系統(tǒng)的一部分。其作用是產(chǎn)生高達(dá)2萬(wàn)伏的高壓電脈沖，并且將其輸送到發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的燃燒室。高壓電脈沖在燃燒室形成電火花，引燃燃燒室中的可燃混合氣，使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。
點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)包括三個(gè)基本部分：點(diǎn)火分電器、點(diǎn)火線圈和火花塞，以及起連接作用的導(dǎo)線。當(dāng)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)時(shí)，點(diǎn)火線圈和蓄電池之間不斷地連接和斷開(kāi)。每當(dāng)線圈與蓄電池 接通時(shí)就會(huì)充載電荷，然而當(dāng)線圈與蓄電池?cái)嚅_(kāi)時(shí)，電荷以高壓脈沖的方式釋放出來(lái)，通過(guò)導(dǎo)線把高壓電脈沖輸送大待點(diǎn)火的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)氣缸的火花塞上。你必須理解這一切發(fā)生在短短的三百分之一秒內(nèi)。也就是說(shuō)，在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)高速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)，這樣的動(dòng)作每秒鐘就要發(fā)生三百次。
有些點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)使用晶體管來(lái)減少分電器觸點(diǎn)，而是在分電器與磁傳感器。點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)的分電器有兩個(gè)作用。首先，負(fù)責(zé)接通知和關(guān)閉蓄電池和點(diǎn)火圈之間的電路。分電器的第二個(gè)作用是通過(guò)分火頭、旁電極和輔助線路，將高壓電流準(zhǔn)時(shí)地分配給相應(yīng)的火花塞。
分電器有兩種基本形式：一種是使用觸點(diǎn)關(guān)閉和接通出級(jí)線圈的電流，另一種使用磁傳感器和晶體管控制裝置來(lái)切斷初級(jí)線圈的電流
發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)啟動(dòng)系統(tǒng)：
汽車(chē)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)是發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)不能自行啟動(dòng)的。為了啟動(dòng)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)曲軸必須借助外界的手段轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)起來(lái)，這樣：使可燃混合氣進(jìn)入氣缸；使可燃混合氣點(diǎn)火。對(duì)于汽車(chē)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)來(lái)說(shuō)，氣缸中的可燃混合氣被壓縮后，必須有足夠的熱量才能被點(diǎn)燃。這就要求發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)達(dá)到足夠高的轉(zhuǎn)速。如果發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī) 轉(zhuǎn)速太慢，四行程發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的活塞環(huán)和進(jìn)排氣門(mén)就不可能避免地有泄露現(xiàn)象。這會(huì)使大量的可燃混合氣在壓縮行程期間泄漏掉。此外，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)在低速時(shí)，由于接觸時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)，壓縮氣體傳給氣缸壁的熱量較大。在壓縮過(guò)程結(jié)束，溫度較低的情況下，會(huì)產(chǎn)生漏氣和熱損失兩種現(xiàn)象。所以，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)在引燃和開(kāi)始點(diǎn)火前，必須達(dá)到一個(gè)最低轉(zhuǎn)速。啟動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)速取決于發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)型號(hào)、大小和狀態(tài)以及進(jìn)入發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的空氣的溫度。
啟動(dòng)電機(jī)用電能來(lái)啟動(dòng)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。啟動(dòng)機(jī)是以蓄電池為動(dòng)力來(lái)源的直流電機(jī)，它安裝在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的飛輪殼上。啟動(dòng)電機(jī)把電流轉(zhuǎn)換為機(jī)械能，驅(qū)動(dòng)曲軸轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，并帶動(dòng)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。啟動(dòng)電機(jī)由固定電刷的換向器頭、磁場(chǎng)匡架、傳動(dòng)箱、電樞以及傳動(dòng)總成等組成，在磁場(chǎng)匡架中，勵(lì)磁線圈內(nèi)套著電樞；傳動(dòng)箱內(nèi)裝有傳動(dòng)總成，并且支撐固定在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)飛輪殼上的電機(jī)。有些啟動(dòng)電機(jī)還有一線圈來(lái)帶動(dòng)操縱桿。
控制啟動(dòng)機(jī)的方式已從一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的腳踏板改為壓下加速踏板即可自動(dòng)接通啟動(dòng)機(jī)電路的自動(dòng)裝置。
許多其他類型的車(chē)量已普遍采用開(kāi)關(guān)裝置。啟動(dòng)接觸器裝在點(diǎn)火開(kāi)關(guān)上。轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)點(diǎn)火鑰匙，彈簧的壓力使“開(kāi)啟”位置變?yōu)椤皢?dòng)”位置，啟動(dòng)接觸器閉合，使得啟動(dòng)電機(jī)線圈或詞性開(kāi)關(guān)與電池接通。發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)啟動(dòng)以后，點(diǎn)火鑰匙回轉(zhuǎn)，在彈簧壓力下，恢復(fù)到“開(kāi)啟”位置。啟動(dòng)電機(jī)每次啟動(dòng)過(guò)程的時(shí)間限定在5秒內(nèi)，以便是電池的能量及時(shí)得到補(bǔ)充。15秒后方可再次啟動(dòng)。
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