外文翻譯--淺析機電一體化技術(shù)的現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展趨勢-12頁[中英word]【中英文文獻譯文】
外文翻譯--淺析機電一體化技術(shù)的現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展趨勢-12頁[中英word]【中英文文獻譯文】,中英word,中英文文獻譯文,外文,翻譯,淺析,機電,電機,一體化,技術(shù),現(xiàn)狀,以及,發(fā)展趨勢,12,十二,word,中英文,文獻,譯文
英文翻譯資料
淺析機電一體化技術(shù)的現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展趨勢
摘要
機電一體化是現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)發(fā)展的必然結(jié)果,本文簡述了機電一體化技術(shù)的基本概要和發(fā)展背景。綜述了國內(nèi)外機電一體化技術(shù)的現(xiàn)狀，分析了機電一體化技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢。
關(guān)鍵詞
機電一體化 技術(shù) 現(xiàn)狀 產(chǎn)品 制造技術(shù) 發(fā)展趨勢
0．緒論
現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展，極大地推動了不同學(xué)科的交叉與滲透，導(dǎo)致了工程領(lǐng)域的技術(shù)革命與改造。在機械工程領(lǐng)域，由于微電子技術(shù)和計算機技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展及其向機械工業(yè)的滲透所形成的機電一體化，使機械工業(yè)的技術(shù)結(jié)構(gòu)、產(chǎn)品機構(gòu)、功能與構(gòu)成、生產(chǎn)方式及管理體系發(fā)生了巨大變化，使工業(yè)生產(chǎn)由“機械電氣化”邁入了“機電一體化”為特征的發(fā)展階段。
1．機電一體化概要
機電一體化是指在機構(gòu)得主功能、動力功能、信息處理功能和控制功能上引進電子技術(shù)，將機械裝置與電子化設(shè)計及軟件結(jié)合起來所構(gòu)成的系統(tǒng)的總稱。
機電一體化發(fā)展至今也已成為一門有著自身體系的新型學(xué)科，隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的不但發(fā)展，還將被賦予新的內(nèi)容。但其基本特征可概括為：機電一體化是從系統(tǒng)的觀點出發(fā)，綜合運用機械技術(shù)、微電子技術(shù)、自動控制技術(shù)、計算機技術(shù)、信息技術(shù)、傳感測控技術(shù)、電力電子技術(shù)、接口技術(shù)、信息變換技術(shù)以及軟件編程技術(shù)等群體技術(shù)，根據(jù)系統(tǒng)功能目標和優(yōu)化組織目標，合理配置與布局各功能單元，在多功能、高質(zhì)量、高可靠性、低能耗的意義上實現(xiàn)特定功能價值，并使整個系統(tǒng)最優(yōu)化的系統(tǒng)工程技術(shù)。由此而產(chǎn)生的功能系統(tǒng)，則成為一個機電一體化系統(tǒng)或機電一體化產(chǎn)品。
因此，“機電一體化”涵蓋“技術(shù)”和“產(chǎn)品”兩個方面。只是，機電一體化技術(shù)是基于上述群體技術(shù)有機融合的一種綜合技術(shù)，而不是機械技術(shù)、微電子技術(shù)以及其它新技術(shù)的簡單組合、拼湊。這是機電一體化與機械加電氣所形成的機械電氣化在概念上的根本區(qū)別。機械工程技術(shù)有純技術(shù)發(fā)展到機械電氣化，仍屬傳統(tǒng)機械，其主要功能依然是代替和放大的體力。但是發(fā)展到機電一體化后，其中的微電子裝置除可取代某些機械部件的原有功能外，還能賦予許多新的功能，如自動檢測、自動處理信息、自動顯示記錄、自動調(diào)節(jié)與控制自動診斷與保護等。即機電一體化產(chǎn)品不僅是人的手與肢體的延伸，還是人的感官與頭腦的眼神，具有智能化的特征是機電一體化與機械電氣化在功能上的本質(zhì)區(qū)別。
2．機電一體化的發(fā)展狀況
機電一體化的發(fā)展大體可以分為3個階段。20世紀60年代以前為第一階段，這一階段稱為初級階段。在這一時期，人們自覺不自覺地利用電子技術(shù)的初步成果來完善機械產(chǎn)品的性能。特別是在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，戰(zhàn)爭刺激了機械產(chǎn)品與電子技術(shù)的結(jié)合，這些機電結(jié)合的軍用技術(shù)，戰(zhàn)后轉(zhuǎn)為民用，對戰(zhàn)后經(jīng)濟的恢復(fù)起了積極的作用。那時研制和開發(fā)從總體上看還處于自發(fā)狀態(tài)。由于當(dāng)時電子技術(shù)的發(fā)展尚未達到一定水平，機械技術(shù)與電子技術(shù)的結(jié)合還不可能廣泛和深入發(fā)展，已經(jīng)開發(fā)的產(chǎn)品也無法大量推廣。
20世紀70~80年代為第二階段，可稱為蓬勃發(fā)展階段。這一時期，計算機技術(shù)、控制技術(shù)、通信技術(shù)的發(fā)展，為機電一體化的發(fā)展奠定了技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)。大規(guī)模、超大規(guī)模集成電路和微型計算機的迅猛發(fā)展，為機電一體化的發(fā)展提供了充分的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)。這個時期的特點是：①mechatronics一詞首先在日本被普遍接受，大約到20世紀80年代末期在世界范圍內(nèi)得到比較廣泛的承認；②機電一體化技術(shù)和產(chǎn)品得到了極大發(fā)展；③各國均開始對機電一體化技術(shù)和產(chǎn)品給以很大的關(guān)注和支持。
20世紀90年代后期，開始了機電一體化技術(shù)向智能化方向邁進的新階段，機電一體化進入深入發(fā)展時期。一方面，光學(xué)、通信技術(shù)等進入了機電一體化，微細加工技術(shù)也在機電一體化中嶄露頭腳，出現(xiàn)了光機電一體化和微機電一體化等新分支；另一方面對機電一體化系統(tǒng)的建模設(shè)計、分析和集成方法，機電一體化的學(xué)科體系和發(fā)展趨勢都進行了深入研究。同時，由于人工智能技術(shù)、神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)及光纖技術(shù)等領(lǐng)域取得的巨大進步，為機電一體化技術(shù)開辟了發(fā)展的廣闊天地。這些研究，將促使機電一體化進一步建立完整的基礎(chǔ)和逐漸形成完整的科學(xué)體系。
我國是從20世紀80年代初才開始在這方面研究和應(yīng)用。國務(wù)院成立了機電一體化領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組并將該技術(shù)列為“863計劃”中。在制定“九五”規(guī)劃和2010年發(fā)展綱要時充分考慮了國際上關(guān)于機電一體化技術(shù)的發(fā)展動向和由此可能帶來的影響。許多大專院校、研究機構(gòu)及一些大中型企業(yè)對這一技術(shù)的發(fā)展及應(yīng)用做了大量的工作，不取得了一定成果，但與日本等先進國家相比仍有相當(dāng)差距。
3．機電一體化的發(fā)展趨勢
機電一體化是集機械、電子、光學(xué)、控制、計算機、信息等多學(xué)科的交叉綜合，它的發(fā)展和進步依賴并促進相關(guān)技術(shù)的發(fā)展和進步。因此，機電一體化的主要發(fā)展方向如下：
3.1智能化
智能化是21世紀機電一體化技術(shù)發(fā)展的一個重要發(fā)展方向。人工智能在機電一體化建設(shè)者的研究日益得到重視，機器人與數(shù)控機床的智能化就是重要應(yīng)用。這里所說的“智能化”是對機器行為的描述，是在控制理論的基礎(chǔ)上，吸收人工智能、運籌學(xué)、計算機科學(xué)、模糊數(shù)學(xué)、心理學(xué)、生理學(xué)和混沌動力學(xué)等新思想、新方法，模擬人類智能，使它具有判斷推理、邏輯思維、自主決策等能力，以求得到更高的控制目標。誠然，使機電一體化產(chǎn)品具有與人完全相同的智能，是不可能的，也是不必要的。但是，高性能、高速的微處理器使機電一體化產(chǎn)品賦有低級智能或人的部分智能，則是完全可能而又必要的。
3.2模塊化
模塊化是一項重要而艱巨的工程。由于機電一體化產(chǎn)品種類和生產(chǎn)廠家繁多，研制和開發(fā)具有標準機械接口、電氣接口、動力接口、環(huán)境接口的機電一體化產(chǎn)品單元是一項十分復(fù)雜但又是非常重要的事。如研制集減速、智能調(diào)速、電機于一體的動力單元，具有視覺、圖像處理、識別和測距等功能的控制單元，以及各種能完成典型操作的機械裝置。這樣，可利用標準單元迅速開發(fā)出新產(chǎn)品，同時也可以擴大生產(chǎn)規(guī)模。這需要制定各項標準，以便各部件、單元的匹配和接口。由于利益沖突，近期很難制定國際或國內(nèi)這方面的標準，但可以通過組建一些大企業(yè)逐漸形成。顯然，從電氣產(chǎn)品的標準化、系列化帶來的好處可以肯定，無論是對生產(chǎn)標準機電一體化單元的企業(yè)還是對生產(chǎn)機電一體化產(chǎn)品的企業(yè)，規(guī)模化將給機電一體化企業(yè)帶來美好的前程。
3.3網(wǎng)絡(luò)化
20世紀90年代，計算機技術(shù)等的突出成就是網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)。網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)的興起和飛速發(fā)展給科學(xué)技術(shù)、工業(yè)生產(chǎn)、政治、軍事、教育義舉人么日常生活都帶來了巨大的變革。各種網(wǎng)絡(luò)將全球經(jīng)濟、生產(chǎn)連成一片，企業(yè)間的競爭也將全球化。機電一體化新產(chǎn)品一旦研制出來，只要其功能獨到，質(zhì)量可靠，很快就會暢銷全球。由于網(wǎng)絡(luò)的普及，基于網(wǎng)絡(luò)的各種遠程控制和監(jiān)視技術(shù)方興未艾，而遠程控制的終端設(shè)備本身就是機電一體化產(chǎn)品。現(xiàn)場總線和局域網(wǎng)技術(shù)是家用電器網(wǎng)絡(luò)化已成大勢，利用家庭網(wǎng)絡(luò)(home net)將各種家用電器連接成以計算機為中心的計算機集成家電系統(tǒng)(computer integrated appliance system, CIAS)，使人們在家里分享各種高技術(shù)帶來的便利與快樂。因此，機電一體化產(chǎn)品無疑朝著網(wǎng)絡(luò)化方向發(fā)展。
3.4微型化
微型化興起于20世紀80年代末，指的是機電一體化向微型機器和微觀領(lǐng)域發(fā)展的趨勢。國外稱其為微電子機械系統(tǒng)（MEMS），泛指幾何尺寸不超過1cm3的機電一體化產(chǎn)品，并向微米、納米級發(fā)展。微機電一體化產(chǎn)品體積小 、耗能少、運動靈活，在生物醫(yī)療、軍事、信息等方面具有不可比擬的優(yōu)勢。微機電一體化發(fā)展的瓶頸在于微機械技術(shù)，微機電一體化產(chǎn)品的加工采用精細加工技術(shù)，即超精密技術(shù)，它包括光刻技術(shù)和蝕刻技術(shù)兩類。
3.5綠色化
工業(yè)的發(fā)達給人們生活帶來了巨大變化。一方面，物質(zhì)豐富，生活舒適；另一方面，資源減少，生態(tài)環(huán)境受到嚴重污染。于是，人們呼吁保護環(huán)境資源，回歸自然。綠色產(chǎn)品概念在這種呼聲下應(yīng)運而生，綠色化是時代的趨勢。綠色產(chǎn)品在其設(shè)計、制造、使用和銷毀的生命過程中，符合特定的環(huán)境保護和人類健康的要求，對生態(tài)環(huán)境無害或危害極少，資源利用率極高。設(shè)計綠色的機電一體化產(chǎn)品，具有遠大的發(fā)展前途。機電一體化產(chǎn)品的綠色化主要是指，使用時不污染生態(tài)環(huán)境，報廢后能回收利用。
3.6系統(tǒng)化
系統(tǒng)化的表現(xiàn)特征之一就是系統(tǒng)體系結(jié)構(gòu)進一步采用開放式和模式化的總線結(jié)構(gòu)。系統(tǒng)可以靈活組態(tài)，進行任意剪裁和組合，同時尋求實現(xiàn)多子系統(tǒng)協(xié)調(diào)控制和綜合管理。表現(xiàn)之二是通信功能的大大加強，一般除RS232外，還有RS485、DCS人格化。未來的機電一體化更加注重產(chǎn)品與人的關(guān)系，機電一體化的人格化有兩層含義。一層是，機電一體化產(chǎn)品的最終使用對象是人，如何賦予機電一體化產(chǎn)品人的智能、情感、人性顯得越來越重要，特別是對家用機器人，其高層境界就是人機一體化。另一層是模仿生物機理，研制各種機電一體花產(chǎn)品。事實上，許多機電一體化產(chǎn)品都是受動物的啟發(fā)研制出來的。
4．結(jié)語
綜上所述，機電一體化的出現(xiàn)不是孤立的，它是許多科學(xué)技術(shù)發(fā)展的結(jié)晶，是社會生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展到一定階段的必然要求。當(dāng)然，與機電一體化相關(guān)的技術(shù)還有很多，并且隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，各種技術(shù)相互融合的趨勢將越來越明顯，機電一體化技術(shù)的廣闊發(fā)展前景也將越來越光明。
5．參考文獻
1. 李建勇．機電一體化技術(shù)． 北京：科學(xué)出版社，2004．
2. 李運華．機電控制． 北京：北京航空航天大學(xué)出版社，2003．
3. 高鐘毓．機電控制工程．北京：清華大學(xué)出版社，2002．
4. 劉助柏．知識創(chuàng)新思維方法論．北京：機械工業(yè)出版社，1999．
Analysis of the Electrical and Mechanical Technology integration of the status and development trend
Abstract
Electromechanical integration of modern science and technology development is the inevitable result of the Electrical and Mechanical This paper briefly outline the basic technology integration and development background. Reviewed the technical integration of the status of the Electrical and Mechanical, electrical and mechanical integration of technology trends.
Keywords
Status electromechanical integration technology products manufacturing technology development trends
0. Introduction
Modern scientific and technological development has greatly accelerated the different disciplines of infiltration and cross-cutting, leading to the area of the project and the transformation of the technological revolution. In the field of mechanical engineering, microelectronics and computer technology and the rapid development of the machinery industry formed by the infiltration of the mechanical and electrical integration, so that the technical structure of industrial machinery, products, functions and composition, mode of production and management system has undergone tremendous changes in the industrial production by the "machinery electrified" has entered a "mechatronics" characteristics of the development stage.
1. Summary of electromechanical integration
Mechanical and electrical integration refers to agencies winner function, dynamic function, information processing and control functions, the introduction of the electronic technology, mechanical devices and electronic design and software combined with the constraints of the system collectively.
So far, the development of electromechanical integration has become a system with a new type of self-discipline, not only with the development of science and technology, will be given new content. But the basic characteristics can be summarized as: mechanical and electrical integration system from the point of view of the integrated use of machinery technology, micro-electronics technology, automatic control technology, computer technology, information technology, sensor monitoring and control technology, power electronics technology, interface technology, Transform information technology and software programming technology, and other groups, according to target and optimize system functions organizational goals, and the layout of the rational allocation of functional modules, in the multi-functional, high quality, high reliability, low power consumption in the sense of achieving specific functional value, and the optimization of the entire system of systems engineering technology. The resulting system function, as a mechanical and electrical or mechanical-electrical integration systems integration products.
Therefore, the "mechatronics" covered "technical" and "product" two aspects. Only, electromechanical integration technology is based on the technical groups of a comprehensive organic integration of technology, rather than mechanical technology, microelectronic technology, as well as other new technologies simple combination of patchwork. This is the integration of mechanical and electrical machinery and electrical and mechanical electrification formed by the concept of the fundamental differences. Mechanical engineering technology purely technical development to the electrification machinery, it is still traditional mechanical, and its main function is still to replace and enlarge the manual. However, the development of the mechanical and electrical integration, which in addition to the microelectronics devices may replace some mechanical components of the original features, but also to many new features, such as automatic detection, automatic processing of information, automatically records, automatic adjustment and control automatic diagnosis and protection. That the integration of mechanical and electrical products is not only the extension of the hands and limbs, or people's minds and the eyes of the senses, with the characteristics of intelligent integration of mechanical and electrical and mechanical function of electrification in the essential difference between.
2. The development of mechanical and electrical integration
Mechatronics development can be roughly divided into three stages. 20 in the 1960s before the first stage, called the primary stage of this phase. During this period, people consciously or unconsciously use of electronic technology to perfect the preliminary results of the performance of mechanical products. Especially during the Second World War, a war to stimulate the machinery and electronic technologies, the combination of mechanical and electrical military technology to civilian use after the war, the post-war economic recovery has played a positive role. At that time, research and development Judging from the overall situation is still in their own state. Since then the development of electronic technology has not yet reached a certain level, mechanical technology and the integration of electronic technology is still impossible to extensive and in-depth development, and has developed a large number of products can promote.
20th Century 70 ~ 80 for the second stage, known as the flourishing development stage. During this period, computer technology, control technology, communications technology development, and mechanical and electrical integration for the development of the technical basis. Large-scale, ultra-large-scale integrated circuits and the rapid development of micro-computer, mechanical and electrical integration for the development of an adequate material basis. This period is characterized by: ① mechatronics first word was generally accepted in Japan, about the 20th century to the late 1980s in the world a more widely recognized; ② electromechanical integration technologies and products has been greatly development; ③ countries have begun on the mechanical and electrical integration technologies and products give great attention and support.
The late 1990s, and began electromechanical integration technology to intelligent direction of a new stage of in-depth development of mechanical and electrical integration into the period. On the one hand, optical, communication technology into the mechanical and electrical integration, micro-machining technology is the first electromechanical integration Zhanlu feet, there has been the integration of optical and electrical machinery and MEMS integration of new branches; on the other hand on the mechanical-electrical integration system Modeling design, analysis and integration, mechanical and electrical integration system of academic disciplines and development trends have carried out in-depth research. At the same time, artificial intelligence, neural network technology and fiber optic technology, and other fields of the tremendous progress, electromechanical integration technology has opened up a vast world of development. These studies will lead to further establish a complete electromechanical integration and gradually formed the basis of complete scientific system.
China is moving from the 20th century began in the early 1980s in this study and application. State Council set up a leading group and electromechanical integration of the technology as the "863 Program". In the development of "Ninth Five-Year" plan and outline for the development of 2010 to take full account of the international community on the development of mechanical and electrical integration technology trends and the potential impact of this. Many universities, research institutions and some large and medium-sized enterprises on the development and application of the technology to do a lot of work, has achieved positive results, but compared to advanced countries such as Japan are still a considerable gap between.
3. Trends in the development of mechanical and electrical integration
Electromechanical integration, is a mechanical, electronic, optical, control, computer, information, and other cross-integrated multidisciplinary, it dependent on the progress and development of relevant technologies and promote the development and progress. Therefore, electromechanical integration of major development are as follows:
Intelligent 3.1
Intelligent electromechanical integration of the 21st century technological development an important development direction. Builders in electromechanical integration of artificial intelligence research is receiving increasing attention, the robot and CNC machine tool is an important application of the intelligent. Here the word "intelligent" is a description of the machine is in control theory on the basis of absorption artificial intelligence, operations research, computer science, fuzzy mathematics, psychology, physiology and chaotic dynamics, such as new ideas, new methods , the simulation of human intelligence, it is judged reasoning, logical thinking, and independent decision-making ability, in order to get more control objectives. Indeed, the integration of mechanical and electrical products are the same person and a smart, it is impossible, and it is unnecessary. However, high-performance, high-speed microprocessors to electromechanical integration products endowed with the lower part of the smart or intelligent, it is entirely possible and necessary.
Modular 3.2
Modularity is an important and difficult project. As electromechanical integration products and manufacturers wide variety of research and development with a standard interface mechanical, electrical interface, dynamic interface, the interface environment electromechanical integration products unit is a very complex but is a very important thing. If developed Set slowdown, intelligent governor, the electrical power unit was integrated with vision, image processing, identification and location of the functions of the control unit, as well as to complete the typical operation of mechanical devices. This can make use of standard cell rapidly develop new products, but can also expand the scale of production. This requires the formulation of standards for the various components, modules and interfaces match. Because of conflict of interest, the recent difficult for international or domestic standards in this area, but through the creation of some large enterprises gradually taking shape. Clearly, from the standardization of electrical products, the benefits of serialization can be sure, whether it is standard electromechanical integration of production units of production enterprises or enterprises electromechanical integration products, mechanical and electrical integration of large-scale enterprises will bring better prospects.
3.3 Network
In the 1990s, computer technology, the outstanding achievements networking technology. And the rise of network technology to the rapid development of science and technology, industrial production, political, military, educational Daily Mody daily lives who have brought tremendous changes. Various networks will be the global economy, even as a production, competition between enterprises in the globalization. Electromechanical integration of new products once developed, as long as its unique features, reliable quality, will soon be sold worldwide. As the popularity of the network, network-based remote control and monitoring of various technical ascendant, and the remote control device itself is electromechanical integration products. Fieldbus and LAN technology has become the general trend of household appliances network, using a home network (home net) will be all kinds of home appliances to connect into the computer as the center of computer integrated appliance system (computer integrated appliance system, CIAS), and let people high-tech home sharing of the convenience and happiness. Therefore, electromechanical integration products will undoubtedly develop in the direction toward the network.
3.4 miniaturization
Miniaturization of the rise in the late 1980s, refers to the integration of micro-electromechanical machines and the trend of development of micro-areas. Abroad called MEMS (MEMS), refers to the geometric size of not more than 1 cm3 electromechanical integration products, and micron, nanometer development. Micro-electro-mechanical integration products are small, less energy consumption, exercise flexibility in the biological medical, military, and information, has unparalleled advantages. Micro-electro-mechanical integration is the bottleneck of the development of micro-mechanical technology, micro-electromechanical integration products processing using sophisticated processing techniques, namely the ultra-sophisticated technology, including lithography and etching two.
Green 3.5
Industry developed for the people's living brought tremendous changes. On the one hand, rich material life comfortable on the other hand, fewer resources, the ecological environment is seriously contaminated. So, people called for the protection of environment and resources, and return to nature. This concept of green products in the voice of the right moment, green is the trend of the times. Green products in its design, manufacture, use and destruction of the life process, to meet specific environmental protection and human health requirements, sound or endanger the ecological environment is very small, high resource utilization. Design green electromechanical integration products, have a vision of the future of the development. Electromechanical integration of green products mainly refer to, the use of time is not pollute the ecological environment, scrapped after recycling.
3.6 systematic
One characteristic of systematic performance system architecture is open and further use of the model bus architecture. System configuration can be flexible, tailoring and arbitrary combinations at the same time seek to achieve more coordination and control subsystems and integrated management. The second performance is greatly enhanced communications functions, in addition to general RS232, RS485 there, DCS personification. Future integration of mechanical and electrical products and people pay more attention to the relationship between mechanical and electrical integration personification has two implications. Level, the integration of mechanical and electrical products targeted end-use, integration of mechanical and electrical products to the empowerment of the intelligent, emotional, human nature has become increasingly important, especially for household robots, the realm of high-level integration is the plane. Another is based on biological mechanism of the development of various electrical and mechanical products one flower. In fact, many electromechanical integration products are inspired by the animals developed the.
4. Conclusion
In short, the emergence of mechanical and electrical integration is not isolated, it is many of the crystallization of scientific and technological development, social development of the productive forces to the inevitable demand of a certain stage. Of course, electromechanical integration related technology there are many, and with the development of science and technology, integration of the various technology trends will become more apparent, electromechanical integration technology and broad development prospects will be more bright.
5. References
1. LI Jianyong. Electromechanical integration technology. Beijing: Science Press, 2004.
2. Lee Yun-hua. Mechatronics. Beijing: Beijing Aerospace University Press, 2003.
3. ZHONG Yu. Electrical and Mechanical control works. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press, 2002.
4. Liu Zhubai. Knowledge innovation methodology. Beijing: Machinery Industry Press, 1999.
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