外文翻譯--我國耕作機械現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展趨勢-10頁[中英word]【中英文文獻譯文】
外文翻譯--我國耕作機械現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展趨勢-10頁[中英word]【中英文文獻譯文】,中英word,中英文文獻譯文,外文,翻譯,我國,耕作,機械,現(xiàn)狀,發(fā)展趨勢,10,word,中英文,文獻,譯文
附錄Ⅰ：
Present situation and trend of development of farm machinery in China
The mechanization in agriculture has become the important symbol of agriculture modernization. Since the reform and open policy, agriculture mechanization has made big progress, but farm machinery's research development, compared with overseas, still has the big disparity. Therefore, we must face this kind of situation, develops our country's farm machinery.
First, our country farm machinery profession present situation
After 50 year development, our country’s farm machinery had the following characteristic:
1st, farm machinery has certain productivity, and its layout become more reasonable. Our country's farm machinery profession take the original Ministry of mechanized industry return's enterprise as a main body. in 1999, had enterprise 59, the staff 2. 40,000 people, gross value of industrial output 15. 8,600,000,000 Yuan. In addition, Heilongjiang, the Xinjiang agriculture and reclamation system also has one batch of production farm machinery's enterprise, the product satisfies the large and middle scale machines and tools which the reclamation area needs primarily. In the farm machinery profession's Shareholding system distributes in our country main agricultural production province, the area. These enterprises have the key component (plough-share, disc harrow piece, rotary blade and so on) the production line, more complete cold, hot-working equipment as well as more perfect quality assurance system, has the production in enormous quantities farm machinery's ability. Also one batch numerous, proliferate the land, the product by the small farm machinery Private enterprise and the individual enterprise primarily. At present, our country farm machinery product not only may satisfy the domestic demand, but also follows the tractor to export countries and the area and so on Southeast Asia, Africa, Americas. Export products by middle and small scale primarily, and exports the disc plow (rake) farm machinery spare parts and so on piece.
2nd, we have developed and produced a series products. Most of products is in middle and small scale, and contain many kinds.. In the 80s, our country farm machinery product's variety reaches 500 many kinds. In the 90s, is the adaptation agriculture culivation technique development, developed successively has little plowed the deep pine, the straw stalk and the root stubble also field, the shop membrane sowing seeds combination type processes machine, the mobile rice transplanter, the paddy rice throws products and so on rice shoot machine. Present's farm machinery product may with the domestic product 2. 2-117. 6 kilowatts (3-160 horsepowers) tractor necessary, can adapt the paddy field, the mountainous area, the orchard, the protectorate need, satisfies crops cultivation and so on wheat, paddy rice, corn, cotton to plant the pole mechanization the demand.
3rd, the scientific research and the product development have certain strength, had already formed by the scientific research and the new product development troop. Unfair may design and the domestically produced tractor necessary each type tillage implement, moreover can act according to the agricultural technology the development, the development and the development suitable new product.
Second, our country farm machinery product mix characteristic and existence question
1st, large and middle scale and small machines and tools coexisting, the small machines and tools occupy the dominant position. At present, our country miniature plows the complete machine, the paddy field to plow the complete machine, the walking tractor necessary agricultural tools and machinery, the 18.4kW following four round tractor necessary small to plow the entire machines and tools, in the paddy field, the mountainous area as well as north the general countrysides plows in the preparation of soil mechanization to play the influential role. The actuation farm machinery volume of output is quite big, and forms the small profession is mainly the rotary cultivator. The late-1980s's renewal product and the old product compared, have the work quality to be good, the production efficiency was high, the energy consumption was low and reliable higher merit. The rotary cultivator has accounted for 80% in south paddy rice production mechanization application, in the north paddy rice production, the vegetables planter and the arid land eliminates stubble, in the preparation of soil also widely to obtain the application.
2nd, in volume production's product, the traditional type still occupied the dominant position. According to the preliminary statistics, plow share legacy product's and so on type plow, disc harrow, rotary cultivator, seeder output approximately compose the tillage implement output above 80%. The unit concerned established in 1999 in tillage implement's product catalog, the above four product type occupied separately 29. 5%th, 15. 4%th, 14. 3% and 17. 5%. In the legacy product, developed in the 70s serial productses and so on plow, rake, rotary cultivator, grain drill, have become the main type. In the 80s new development's some products, like the hydraulic pressure turn over plow, the hydraulic pressure extra wide rake, the new series rotary cultivator, the new grain drill, the fine quantity seeder and so on, have formed the production lot, has played the influential role in the agricultural production.
3rd, the combination type processes machine development is quick. Because the combination type processes machines and tools have snatch the farmer season, the province energy consumption, to reduce the machines and tools to merits and so on soil compaction, in domestic obtained the quick development. The land unifies local the agronomy request development take the rotary cultivator as the main body combination type processes machine (for example shallow rotary cultivation seed drill, little to plow seed drill and rotary cultivation sowing seeds fertilizer applicator and so on), had 60 many kinds of specification different model product, the annual output about 15,000 - 20,000. The home uses the driven operation part's combination type processes machine, most is take the rotary cultivator knife roll as the prime task part, may realize the rotary cultivation, the deep pine, the ridging, to eliminate stubble and so on the work working procedure two above project combination type processes. Its product has the depth loose rotary cultivator, the pine to turn on lathe the ridger, to eliminate stubble the ridger, the broken earth preparation of soil machine and so on, most product powers above 36.8kW. The domestic actuation type disc plow started from the late-1980s to develop, now also has the good use effect.
4th, agricultural technology's development promoted farm tool's development and the production. In order to suit the northern area promotion little to plow the deep pine cropping system, has developed take the pinion rack as the deep loose part's subsoiler product, and in a some areas application. For the adaptation dry saving water agriculture's need, has developed the omni-directional subsoiler and has formed the serial products. In order to adapt the straw stalk smashing also field, the root stubble smashing also field agricultural production need, straw stalk also Tian Ji, the root stubble smashing also field machine becomes the promotion to use one of quickest products. In order to satisfy in the big awning, the greenhouse to plow the preparation of soil work the need, some small plowed the entire machines and tools already to produce, and obtained the promoted use.
Existence question:
1st, the farm machinery invests few. In recent years, the farm machinery changed into the development high quality highly effective agriculture and the implementation fishery area industrialization strategy plays the proper role. But must see that because the farm machinery itself long-term investment benefit is low, in addition over the years reduces to the farm machinery investment, causes some farm machinery specially is some large-scale farm machinery's function displays fully with difficulty, some places even presented the machines and tools “a stubble is rotten” the phenomenon.
2nd, the farm machinery safety performance is relatively bad. According to the farm machinery department's statistics, in 2003 Hunan Province plowed the complete machine accident to reach more than 300, has posed the serious threat to the farm machinery operators' safety.
3rd, compares with the international advanced level, our country farm machinery product still has the big disparity. Take the rotary cultivator as the example, in structure and performance characteristic aspect: First, the domestically produced rotary cultivator not yet uses hangs fast meets, the short size wide-angle universal joint drive shaft, to plow the depth and the level automatic control adjustment, trades the knife structure and improvement work effects and the ease of operation and so on extra wide working part hydraulic pressure fold installment fast structure; Second, the reliability is bad, the domestically produced rotary cultivator average trouble-free period of revolution is about 370h, for overseas advanced level 2/3; Third, the material and the fabrication technology level is relatively low, our country farm machinery profession is lower than the domestic general mechanical industry the level.
4th, the farm machinery and the agronomy have not been able to unify well. The farm machinery function's object is the crops, it the natural condition, the cropping system, the agronomy restriction, the farm machinery scientific researchers is been only heavy “machine” has neglected “the agriculture”, to a great extent plows the entire machinery or other agricultural tools and machineries has not been able to satisfy the agronomy and the agricultural production request well.
Third, trend of development as well as development countermeasure
Trend of development
1st, approaches the automation, the intellectualized development. Our country agricultural product production cost overseas high primary cause is the labor force accounts for the proportion to be too high, the mechanical cost holds the proportion to be low. Therefore, if our country agricultural production if can enhance the mechanization and the automated level large scale, may raise the agricultural productivity inevitably, achieves reduces the agricultural product cost the goal.
2nd, to the edge development, appropriates lost articles fills a vacancy. After the staple crop main work mechanization satisfies basically the production needs, the vegetables, the flowers and plants, the industrial crop need the farm machinery, the special request's farm machinery will become the development the key point.
3rd, the protection farm machinery receives takes seriously. The protection cultivation has preserving soil moisture, to guarantee the earth, to cultivate the fat soil fertility the combined action, is the agricultural sustainable development important measure, our country plans in 10 years in “Three Norths” the big area promotion. Will exempt plows sowing seeds, straw stalk root stubble processing, the surface soil processing and the subsoiler weapon zai weilai 10 nian nei will have the big development.
Development countermeasure:
1st, insists the scientific innovation, raises farm machinery's overall level unceasingly. Speeds up the scientific innovation, both must introduce and absorb the overseas newest agricultural technology and the project scientific and technical payoffs, and must form as circumstances permit has the Chinese characteristic to plow the entire machinery and the technology.
2nd, promotes the farm machinery and the agronomy unifies, walks the ecological agriculture and the sustainable development path. Because the regional local conditions and customs condition, the crops type, the cropping system, the cultivation method are different, should strengthen the agriculture cropping system, the soil cultivation theory and the cultivation way research, and carries on system's investigation. Under scientific theory instruction, in national unification district plan necessary, takes the regionalizing path, causes the farm machinery and the agronomy can achieve mastery through a comprehensive study, supplemented mutually, promotes mutually.
3rd, the establishment perfect science rules and regulations and the safeguard measure. Adopts national, collective, individual multi-channel raising fund means that manages the principle which according to who, who invests, who to profit, guaranteed that the power and plows the entire machinery's investment and the renewal, and establishes the scientific system which renews and discards links up mutually, avoids the agricultural tools and machinery “a stubble is rotten” the phenomenon appearing, causes to plow the entire machinery's management and the use steps onto road of the positive cycle.
4th, enhances related person’s specialized knowledge. The farm machinery scientific researchers should renew and master their specialized knowledge and new technology, designs and research farm machinery or other things via current technology and method., got rid of the blind in pursuing theory, to be separated from the action, and change impression of the farm machinery which used to regard as “big and not flexibility, rough and not precision”
我國耕作機械現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展趨勢
農(nóng)業(yè)機械化已成為農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化的重要標志。改革開放以來，我國農(nóng)業(yè)機械化水平取得了突飛猛進的發(fā)展，但是耕作機械的研究開發(fā)，與國外相比仍然存在著較大的差距。因此，必須正視這種現(xiàn)狀，努力發(fā)展我國的耕作機械。
一、 我國耕作機械行業(yè)現(xiàn)狀
經(jīng)過50年的發(fā)展，我國耕作機械行業(yè)已具有以下特點：
1、形成了有一定生產(chǎn)能力、布局較為合理的耕作機械制造行業(yè)。我國的耕作機械行業(yè)以原機械工業(yè)部歸口的企業(yè)為主體。1999年，有企業(yè)59個，職工2。4萬人，工業(yè)總產(chǎn)值15。86億元。此外，黑龍江、農(nóng)墾系統(tǒng)也有一批生產(chǎn)耕作機械的企業(yè)，產(chǎn)品以滿足墾區(qū)需要的大中型機具為主。耕作機械行業(yè)中的骨干企業(yè)分布在我國主要農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)省、區(qū)。這些企業(yè)具有關(guān)鍵部件（犁鏵、圓盤耙片、旋耕刀等）生產(chǎn)線，較為齊全的冷、熱加工設備以及較為完善的質(zhì)量保證體系，具有大批量生產(chǎn)耕作機械的能力。還有一批為數(shù)眾多、遍布全國各地、產(chǎn)品以小型耕作機械為主的民營企業(yè)和個體企業(yè)。目前，我國耕作機械產(chǎn)品不僅可以滿足國內(nèi)需求，還跟隨拖拉機出口東南亞、非洲、美洲等國家和地區(qū)。出口產(chǎn)品以中小型為主，并出口圓盤犁（耙）片等耕作機械零部件。
2、開發(fā)和生產(chǎn)了一大批以中小型為主、品種為齊全、適應農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)發(fā)展的產(chǎn)品。80年代，我國耕作機械產(chǎn)品的品種就達500多種。90年代，為適應農(nóng)業(yè)耕作技術(shù)的發(fā)展，先后開發(fā)了少耕深松、秸稈及根茬還田、鋪膜播種聯(lián)合作業(yè)機、機動水稻插秧機、水稻拋秧機等產(chǎn)品?，F(xiàn)在的耕作機械產(chǎn)品可與國產(chǎn)2。2—117。6千瓦（3—160馬力）拖拉機配套，能適應水田、山區(qū)、果園、保護地需要，滿足小麥、水稻、玉米、棉花等作物耕作種桿機械化的需求。
3、科研和產(chǎn)品開發(fā)具有一定實力，已經(jīng)形成了由科研及新產(chǎn)品開發(fā)隊伍。不公可以設計與國產(chǎn)拖拉機配套的各種類型耕作機具，而且能夠根據(jù)農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，研制和開發(fā)適用的新產(chǎn)品。
二、我國耕作機械產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)特點及存在的問題
1、大中型與小型機具并存，小型機具占主導地位。目前，我國微型耕整機、水田耕整機、手扶拖拉機配套農(nóng)機具、18.4kW以下四輪拖拉機配套的小型耕整機具，在水田、山區(qū)以及北方廣大農(nóng)村的耕整地機械化中起著重要作用。驅(qū)動型耕作機械產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)量比較大且形成小行業(yè)的主要是旋耕機。20世紀80年代末的更新?lián)Q代產(chǎn)品與老產(chǎn)品比較，具有作業(yè)質(zhì)量好、生產(chǎn)效率高、能耗低和可靠性高等優(yōu)點。旋耕機在南方水稻生產(chǎn)機械化應用中已占80％，在北方的水稻生產(chǎn)、蔬菜種植和旱地滅茬、整地中也廣泛得到應用。
2、批量生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品中，傳統(tǒng)機型仍占主導地位。據(jù)初步統(tǒng)計，鏵式犁、圓盤耙、旋耕機、播種機等傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)品的產(chǎn)量約占耕作機具產(chǎn)量的80%以上。在1999年有關(guān)單位編制的耕作機具的產(chǎn)品目錄中，以上四種產(chǎn)品機型分別占29。5%、15。4%、14。3%和17。5%。傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)品中，70年代開發(fā)的犁、耙、旋耕機、谷物播種機等系列產(chǎn)品，已成為主要機型。80年代新開發(fā)的一些產(chǎn)品，如液壓翻轉(zhuǎn)犁、液壓寬幅耙、新系列旋耕機、新型谷物播種機、精量播種機等，形成了生產(chǎn)批量，在農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中發(fā)揮了重要作用。
3、聯(lián)合作業(yè)機發(fā)展較快。聯(lián)合作業(yè)機具因具有搶農(nóng)時、省能耗、減少機具對土壤壓實等優(yōu)點，在國內(nèi)得到了較快的發(fā)展。全國各地結(jié)合當?shù)氐霓r(nóng)藝要求研制以旋耕機為主體的聯(lián)合作業(yè)機(如淺旋耕條播機、少耕條播機及旋耕播種施肥機等)，已有60多種規(guī)格不同型號的產(chǎn)品，年產(chǎn)量在1.5萬—2萬臺左右。
?????國內(nèi)采用驅(qū)動工作部件的聯(lián)合作業(yè)機，多數(shù)是以旋耕機刀輥為主要工作部件，可實現(xiàn)旋耕、深松、起壟、滅茬等作業(yè)工序中的兩個以上項目的聯(lián)合作業(yè)。其產(chǎn)品有深松旋耕機、松旋起壟機、滅茬起壟機、碎土整地機等，多數(shù)產(chǎn)品動力在36.8kW以上。國內(nèi)驅(qū)動式圓盤犁自20世紀80年代后期開始研制，現(xiàn)在也有較好的使用效果。
4、農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)的發(fā)展促進了農(nóng)具的開發(fā)與生產(chǎn)。為了適合北方地區(qū)推廣的少耕深松耕作制度，開發(fā)了以齒桿為深松部件的深松機產(chǎn)品，并在一部分地區(qū)應用。為適應旱作節(jié)水農(nóng)業(yè)的需要，開發(fā)了全方位的深松機并形成了系列產(chǎn)品。為了適應秸稈粉碎還田、根茬粉碎還田的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)需要，秸稈還田機、根茬粉碎還田機成為推廣使用最快的產(chǎn)品之一。為了滿足大棚、溫室內(nèi)耕整地作業(yè)的需要，一些小型耕整機具已經(jīng)生產(chǎn)并且得到推廣使用。
存在的問題：
????1、農(nóng)業(yè)機械投入少。近年來，農(nóng)機化為發(fā)展優(yōu)質(zhì)高效農(nóng)業(yè)和實施農(nóng)區(qū)工業(yè)化戰(zhàn)略起到了應有的作用。但也必須看到，由于農(nóng)機化本身長期投資效益低，加上歷年來對農(nóng)機化投資減少，使一些農(nóng)業(yè)機械特別是一些大型農(nóng)業(yè)機械的作用難以充分發(fā)揮，有的地方甚至出現(xiàn)了機具“一茬爛”的現(xiàn)象。
????2、耕作機械安全性能相對較差。據(jù)農(nóng)機部門的統(tǒng)計，2003年湖南省耕整機事故達300多起，對農(nóng)機操作人員的安全造成了嚴重的威脅。
????3、與國際先進水平相比，我國耕作機械產(chǎn)品仍存在著較大的差距。以旋耕機為例，在結(jié)構(gòu)及運行性能方面：一是國產(chǎn)旋耕機尚未采用快速掛接器、短尺寸廣角萬向節(jié)傳動軸、耕深和水平自控調(diào)節(jié)、快速換刀結(jié)構(gòu)及寬幅工作部件液壓折疊裝置等改進作業(yè)效果和操作方便化的結(jié)構(gòu)；二是可靠性較差，國產(chǎn)旋耕機平均無故障使用時間為370h左右，為國外先進水平的2/3；三是材料和制造工藝水平相對較低，我國農(nóng)機行業(yè)低于國內(nèi)一般機械工業(yè)的水平。
????4、農(nóng)機與農(nóng)藝未能很好地結(jié)合。農(nóng)業(yè)機械作用的對象是農(nóng)作物，其受自然條件、耕作制度、農(nóng)藝的制約，農(nóng)機科研人員只重“機”而忽略了“農(nóng)”，在很大程度上耕整機械或其它農(nóng)機具還不能很好地滿足農(nóng)藝和農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的要求。
三、發(fā)展趨勢以及發(fā)展對策
發(fā)展趨勢：???
????1、向自動化，智能化發(fā)展。我國農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)成本較國外高的主要原因是勞動力所占比例太高，機械成本占有比例較低。所以，如果我國農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)若能大幅度提高機械化和自動化水平，必然可以提高農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)率，達到降低農(nóng)產(chǎn)品成本的目的。
????2、向邊緣發(fā)展，拾遺補缺。在主要作物主要作業(yè)機械化基本滿足生產(chǎn)需要以后，蔬菜、花卉、經(jīng)濟作物所需要的耕作機械，特殊要求的耕作機械將成為開發(fā)的重點。
?????3、保護性耕作機械受到重視。保護性耕作具有保墑、保土、培肥地力的綜合作用，是農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的重要措施，我國計劃10年內(nèi)在“三北”大面積推廣。免耕播種、秸稈根茬處理、表土加工及深松機械在未來10年內(nèi)將有大的發(fā)展。
發(fā)展對策：
????1、堅持科技創(chuàng)新，不斷提高耕作機械的整體水平。加快科技創(chuàng)新，既要引進和吸收國外最新農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)和工程科技成果，又要因地制宜地形成具有中國特色的耕整機械及技術(shù)。
????2、促進農(nóng)機與農(nóng)藝相結(jié)合，走生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)和可持續(xù)發(fā)展的道路。由于各地風土條件、作物種類、種植制度、栽培方法不同，應加強農(nóng)業(yè)耕作制度、土壤耕作理論和耕作方式的研究，并進行系統(tǒng)的調(diào)查。在科學理論的指導下，在全國統(tǒng)一分區(qū)規(guī)劃配套，走區(qū)域化道路，使農(nóng)機與農(nóng)藝能融會貫通，相相互補充，相互促進。
????3、建立健全科學的規(guī)章制度和保證措施。采取國家、集體、個人多渠道籌集資金的辦法，依照誰經(jīng)營、誰投資、誰受益的原則，保證動力及耕整機械的投入與更新，并建立更新與報廢相互銜接的科學制度，避免農(nóng)機具“一茬爛”的現(xiàn)象出現(xiàn)，使耕整機械的經(jīng)營和使用走上良性循環(huán)之路。
????4、提高相關(guān)人員專業(yè)知識水平。農(nóng)機科研人員應不斷地更新自己的專業(yè)知識，掌握更多的新知識、新技術(shù)，用現(xiàn)代設計技術(shù)和方法去設計、研究耕整機械或其它農(nóng)業(yè)機械，擺脫過去盲目追求理論、脫離實際的桎梏，改變過去農(nóng)機“大而笨，粗而不精”的形象。
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