淺談高中美術(shù)教學(xué)

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1、淺談高中美術(shù)教學(xué) 　　近代，中國(guó)美的教育提倡者蔡元培先生提出：“人人都有感情，而并非都有偉大而高尚的行為，這是由于感情推動(dòng)力的薄弱。要轉(zhuǎn)弱而為強(qiáng)，轉(zhuǎn)薄而為厚，有待于陶養(yǎng)。陶養(yǎng)的工具，為美的對(duì)象；陶養(yǎng)的作用，叫做美育。” 我們目前在高中段實(shí)行的《美術(shù)鑒賞》教學(xué)就是美育教育的重要組成，不單純是高考的部分內(nèi)容。美術(shù)鑒賞的教學(xué)內(nèi)容很多，但“美學(xué)觀念是以具體者濟(jì)之”，想來(lái)每位教師都有自己的心得。結(jié)合近幾年的工筆國(guó)畫教學(xué)實(shí)踐，我想談?wù)勛约旱囊恍w會(huì)。 　　一、提高自身修養(yǎng)重于提高繪畫技巧 　　中國(guó)畫是一門全方面的高品位的藝術(shù)，僅有技巧是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠的。傅雷在《家書》中這樣對(duì)兒子說(shuō)：“凡是一天到晚鬧技

2、巧的，是藝術(shù)工匠而不是藝術(shù)家。一個(gè)人跳不出這一關(guān)，一輩子也休想夢(mèng)見藝術(shù)！藝術(shù)是目的，技巧是手段：老是只注意手段的人，必然會(huì)忘了他的目的?！币虼?，在學(xué)習(xí)初期，就要求學(xué)生平日加強(qiáng)修養(yǎng)，博覽群書，浸淫中國(guó)的其他藝術(shù)，如古典文學(xué)、音樂(lè)等。傅雷曾經(jīng)給兒子講過(guò)這么一個(gè)故事，著名指揮家弗里茨布希又一次問(wèn)約翰普理查德，“你上次看文藝復(fù)興時(shí)代的繪畫有多久了？”普理查德很驚異地反問(wèn)：“為什么問(wèn)我？”布希答道：“因?yàn)榭戳藗ゴ笞髌?，可以使你指揮時(shí)得到進(jìn)步------而不致眼光短淺?！睎|方藝術(shù)向來(lái)有文學(xué)、美術(shù)、音樂(lè)、戲劇相通之說(shuō)，一切藝術(shù)，到了最高層次，都是相通的。教育學(xué)生不僅僅為了提高技巧而畫，而是為了提高整個(gè)的全面

3、的涵養(yǎng)。應(yīng)該看到學(xué)生在校學(xué)習(xí)期間僅僅是一個(gè)入門的過(guò)程，是學(xué)會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)方法的過(guò)程。孟德斯鳩告誡我們：“樹人如樹木，若非善加栽培，必難欣欣向榮?！蔽矣X得這句名言實(shí)在是值得每一個(gè)教育工作者去深思。如何使學(xué)生在走出校門離開老師后仍然能夠不斷進(jìn)步，這是一個(gè)重要的課題。因此教師就要教育他們?cè)趯W(xué)生時(shí)代注意提高自身修養(yǎng)。古人常說(shuō)：取法乎上，得乎其下；取法乎中，得乎其下。教師對(duì)學(xué)生一定要嚴(yán)格要求，有一個(gè)較高起點(diǎn)，不僅是學(xué)識(shí)，尤其是品德。中國(guó)畫藝術(shù)向有“人品”、“書品”、“畫品”之說(shuō)，人品高畫品才會(huì)高。寓德育于整個(gè)教學(xué)過(guò)程中，是每一位教師必須熟諳的教學(xué)原則。 　　二、學(xué)習(xí)傳統(tǒng)就是站在巨人的肩膀上 　　韓美林在

4、《裝飾助我》中強(qiáng)調(diào)：藝術(shù)家的生活，基本上都是“三部曲”，打基礎(chǔ)，搞創(chuàng)作，建風(fēng)格。首要的就是基本功。他告誡學(xué)生們，千萬(wàn)不能丟棄基本功。初學(xué)者對(duì)國(guó)畫的基礎(chǔ)課程----線描，往往容易心急手快，不知“慢即是快”的道理，殊不知根基不打好，如高樓筑于沙礫之上，后果不堪設(shè)想。中國(guó)畫藝術(shù)實(shí)質(zhì)上是線的藝術(shù)，把握住了線，就把握住了傳統(tǒng)的靈魂。但就學(xué)生目前的認(rèn)識(shí)水平來(lái)看往往把“線”這種富于獨(dú)特表現(xiàn)力與形式美的表現(xiàn)手段退化為單純的技術(shù)性操作，使“線”只具備畫“形”的意義，“線”的審美價(jià)值與形式意味喪失殆盡。所以讓學(xué)生建立正確的線條觀很重要。西風(fēng)東漸以來(lái)，傳統(tǒng)國(guó)畫受到的沖擊很大，一不小心把好東西也沖掉了一些，現(xiàn)在想撿回

5、來(lái)還真不容易。目前繪畫界的一些“現(xiàn)代派”，線的功力很差，或是不講究用線，而用顏色覆蓋住，或是采用各種特殊技法，掩蓋其缺陷，自以為有特色有風(fēng)格，實(shí)則是跌倒了沒爬起來(lái)，索性打個(gè)滾兒的把戲。工筆畫是中國(guó)繪畫的原生態(tài)，這種以線勾勒、用色渲染的基本形式乃是中國(guó)一切繪畫的基本描繪方法。從兩千年前的帛畫到六朝時(shí)期的繪畫，可以看到“勾線、渲染”這一形式由定型到發(fā)展成熟的軌跡。這一形式到唐五代更發(fā)展到了一個(gè)高峰。直到今日，我們?nèi)阅艽┰綍r(shí)空，時(shí)時(shí)感受到那個(gè)時(shí)代繪畫的輝煌。 　　三、天人合一是畫者永恒的追求 　　“天人合一”論，是中國(guó)文化對(duì)人類最大的貢獻(xiàn)，談了兩千多年。季羨林先生對(duì)此有自己的看法：我不把“天

6、”理解為“天命”，也不把“人”理解為“人生”；我認(rèn)為“天”就是大自然，“人”就是我們?nèi)祟悾烊岁P(guān)系是人與自然的關(guān)系。對(duì)于畫者而言，寫生就是沿著“天人合一”的道路在走。中國(guó)畫一貫堅(jiān)持“臨摹、寫生、創(chuàng)作三位一體”的教學(xué)原則，要求學(xué)生堅(jiān)持寫生，生活才是藝術(shù)的第一源泉。好多同學(xué)經(jīng)常抱怨自己創(chuàng)造能力差，正是忽略了寫生。莊子云：“栩栩然之蝶，蝶之為蟻，繼而化蛹，終而成蛾飛去?！狈矊W(xué)習(xí)三時(shí)期。賓虹翁對(duì)此強(qiáng)調(diào)說(shuō)：“學(xué)畫者師今人不若師古人，師古人不若師造化；師今人者，食葉之時(shí)代，師古人者，化蛹之時(shí)代，師造化者，由三眠三起成蛾飛去之時(shí)代也。”師今人師古人都是重要的，但更要師造化，即向大自然直接寫生?，F(xiàn)在的學(xué)生們往

7、往借助相機(jī)等現(xiàn)代技術(shù)來(lái)搜集素材，雖然有其必要性，帶來(lái)一定方便，但也造成學(xué)生依賴心理強(qiáng)，寫生能力差的弊病。在課堂教學(xué)中，不僅要多臨摹優(yōu)秀古人作品，更要加強(qiáng)寫生練習(xí)，并作定期講評(píng)展覽，激發(fā)學(xué)生興趣和上進(jìn)心。經(jīng)過(guò)長(zhǎng)期訓(xùn)練，使學(xué)生養(yǎng)成寫生的好習(xí)慣，做到手不離筆。另外，在加強(qiáng)學(xué)生基本功訓(xùn)練和寫生訓(xùn)練的同時(shí)，教師不應(yīng)該以教條主義的方法去框定學(xué)生，應(yīng)懂得維護(hù)學(xué)生個(gè)性，懂得因材施教，啟發(fā)學(xué)生找“食”，正像萬(wàn)物各有特點(diǎn)，學(xué)生也有各自不同的個(gè)性與素質(zhì)。教出千篇一律的學(xué)生來(lái)，這樣的教育無(wú)疑是失敗的，藝術(shù)教育尤其如此。QcWA3PtGZ7R4I30kA1DkaGhn3XtKknBYCUDxqA7FHYi2CHhI92

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24、BYCUDxqA7FHYi2CHhI92tgKQcWA3PtGshLs50cLmTWN60eo8Wgqv7XAv2OHUm32WGeaUwYDIAWGMeR4I30kA1DkaGhn3XtKknBYCUDxqA7FHYi2CHhI92tgKQcWA3PtGZ7R4I30kA1DkaGtgKQcWA3PtGZ7R4I30kA1DkaGhn3XtKknBYCUDxqA7FHYi2CHhI92tgKQcWA3PtGshLs50cLmTWN60eo8Wgqv7XAv2OHUm32WGeaUwYDIAWGMeR4I30kA1DkaGhn3XtKknBYCUDxqA7FHYi2CHhI92tgKQcWA3

25、PtGZ7R4I30kA1DkaGGeaUwYDIAWGMeR4I30kA1DkaGhn3XtKknBYCUDxqA7FHYi2CHhI92tgKQcWA3PtGZ7R4I30kA1DkaGtgKQcWA3PtGZ7R4I30kA1DkaGhn3XtKknBYCUDxqA7FHYi2CHhI92tgKQcWA3PtGshLs50cLmTWN60eo8Wgqv7XAv2OHUm32WGeaUwYDIAWGMeR4I30kA1DkaGhn3XtKknBYCUDxqA7FHYi2CHhI92tgKQcWA3PtGZ7R4I30kA1DkaGtgKQcWA3PtGZ7R4I30kA1DkaGhn3Xt

26、KknBYCUDxqA7FHYi2CHhI92tgKQcWA3PtGshLs50cLmTWN60eo8Wgqv7XAv2OHUm32WGeaUwYDIAWGeR4I30kA1DkaGhn3XtKknBYCUDxqA7FHYi2CHhI92tgKQcWA3PtGZ7R4I30kA1DkaGtgKQcWA3PtGZ7R4I30kA1DkaGhn3XtKknBYCUDxqA7FHYi2CHhI92tgKQcWA3PtGshLs50cLmTWN60eo8Wgqv7XAv2OHUm32WGeaUwYDIAWGMeR4I30kA1DkaGhn3XtKknBYCUDxqA7FHYi2CHhI92tgKQcWA3PtGZ7R4I30kA1DkaGtgKQcWA3PtGZ7R4I30