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第四講狀語從句 時間和條件狀語從句　 [全析考法] Ⅰ.單句語法填空 1．(2018北京高考改編)________ we dont stop climate change, many animals and plants in the world will be gone. 解析：If　句意：如果我們不阻止氣候變化，世界上的許多動植物將會消失。根據(jù)句意可知，此處應(yīng)該用 if 引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句，表示主句內(nèi)容發(fā)生的條件。 2．(2016全國卷Ⅲ)Over time, ________ the population grew, people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly. 解析： as/when　句意：慢慢地，隨著人口的增加(或：當(dāng)人口增加時)，為了使食物熟得更快，人們開始把食物切成小塊。根據(jù)句意可知，此處可用as/when引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句。 3．(2016四川高考)The mother held the baby in her front paws much the way a human does.________ it cried, she rocked it back and forth and gave it little forting pats. 解析： When/If　第二句句意：當(dāng)它哭的時候/如果它哭了，熊貓媽媽會來回?fù)u晃它，輕輕拍打，給它安慰。根據(jù)句意可知，應(yīng)填when或if。 4．(2014遼寧高考)Unbelievable! Oh ...，________ you dont mind, Ill stop and take a deep breath. 解析：if　此處表示：噢……如果你不介意，我要停下來做一下深呼吸。根據(jù)句意可知，應(yīng)填if引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句。 Ⅱ.單句改錯 1．(2018全國卷Ⅱ)The games my parents taught me where I was a child turned out to be very useful later in my life.________________ 解析：where→when　根據(jù)句意可知，父母是在我小時候教我玩紙牌的，所以此處要用when引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句。 2．(2015陜西高考)My only mistake was that I dropped some on the floor after I was packing them up. ________________ 解析： after→when/while　句意：我所犯的唯一的錯誤就是當(dāng)我打包它們(餅干)的時候，掉在了地上一些。when/while“當(dāng)……的時候”，after“在……之后”。根據(jù)句意應(yīng)將after改為when/while。 [謹(jǐn)記規(guī)則] (一)時間狀語從句 1．when, while和as引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句 連詞 含義 用法 when 當(dāng)……時候 可與延續(xù)性動詞或非延續(xù)性動詞連用；從句動作可以發(fā)生在主句動作之前、之后或與主句動作同時發(fā)生 while 當(dāng)……時候 只可與延續(xù)性動詞連用；側(cè)重于主句動作與從句動作相對比 as 一邊……一邊……；隨著 常與延續(xù)性動詞連用；從句動作與主句動作同時或幾乎同時發(fā)生 　　Researchers in Britain found that when French music was played, sales of French wines went up.英國的研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)，播放法國音樂時，法國葡萄酒的銷量會增加。 While watching TV, children do not merely absorb words and images. 孩子們在看電視的時候，接收的不只是文字和圖像信息。 As he grew older, he became less active. 隨著他逐漸長大，他變得不那么活潑了。 [特別注意]　如果主句表示的是非延續(xù)性動作，而從句用延續(xù)性動詞的進(jìn)行時態(tài)表示在一段時間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動作，則when, while與as可互換使用。 When/While/As I was walking down the street, I came across an old friend. 我正沿著大街走時，碰巧遇到了我的一個老朋友。 2．表示“一……就……”含義的詞或短語引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句 (1)有的名詞(短語)或副詞可引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句，如：the moment, the minute, the second, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly等，另外as soon as也可引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句，從句中用一般時態(tài)代替將來時態(tài)。 For example, the moment you get on the airplane, start adjusting your biological clock to the destinations time.例如，你一上飛機，就開始按照目的地的時間調(diào)整你的生物鐘。 The boy ran off the minute he saw the owner of the orchard.那個男孩一見到果園的主人就跑開了。 (2)在hardly/scarcely ... when/before ...和no sooner ... than ...結(jié)構(gòu)中，主句用過去完成時，than, before或when所在的從句用一般過去時。 I had hardly told him the news when he stopped listening. 我一告訴他那則消息他就不聽了。 He had no sooner finished his speech than the students started cheering.他一完成演講，學(xué)生就開始?xì)g呼起來。 [特別注意]　在hardly/scarcely ... when/before ..., no sooner ... than ...結(jié)構(gòu)中，當(dāng)hardly, scarcely或no sooner位于句首時，主句要用部分倒裝。 They had hardly reached Edinburgh when they were ordered to return to London. ＝Hardly had they reached Edinburgh when they were ordered to return to London. 他們剛抵達(dá)愛丁堡就接到了回倫敦的命令。 3．till, until和not ... until/till的用法 until, till兩者均表示“直到……為止”，引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句。肯定句中，其主句謂語動詞必須為延續(xù)性動詞，表示某動作一直延續(xù)到某時間為止。not ... until ..., not ... till ...兩者均表示“直到……才……”，not所在的主句的謂語動詞必須為非延續(xù)性動詞，表示某動作直到某時間才開始。until可用于句首，而till不可放在句首，till一般不用于強調(diào)句型。 The father waited until his daughter had finished her homework.那位父親一直等到他的女兒做完家庭作業(yè)。 The baby didnt go to bed until/till his mother returned. 這個嬰兒直到他的媽媽回來才睡覺。 4．a(chǎn)fter, before引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句 after表示“在……之后”，before表示“在……之前；還沒來得及……就……”。 He changed his name after he left his hometown. 離開家鄉(xiāng)后他把名字改了。 Before modern medicine changed the laws of nature, many children died of mon childhood diseases.在現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)改變自然規(guī)律之前，許多孩子死于一些常見的兒童疾病。 [特別注意]　(1)“It will be/was＋時間段＋before從句”表示“在……之前還要多久/過了多久才……”。 It will be half a year before I graduate.半年后我才畢業(yè)。 (2)“It wont be/wasnt＋時間段＋before從句”表示“過不了多久就……/沒過多久就……”。 It wasnt long before we started.沒過多久我們就動身了。 5．since引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句 since意為“自從……以來”，從句的謂語動詞一般是非延續(xù)性動詞，主句的謂語動詞一般是延續(xù)性動詞。since從句的時態(tài)若是一般過去時，主句常用現(xiàn)在完成時或現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時。此外，since常用于以下句型： It is/has been＋時間段＋since從句(常用一般過去時) “It is/has been＋時間段＋since從句(常用一般過去時)”句型的含義取決于從句的謂語動詞是否為延續(xù)性動詞。若從句謂語動詞為非延續(xù)性動詞，則表示從該動作開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在多久；若從句謂語動詞為延續(xù)性動詞，則表示從該動作結(jié)束到現(xiàn)在多久。 They have been friends since they met for the first time in London.自從在倫敦第一次見面以來，他們一直是朋友。 It is three years since the war ended. 戰(zhàn)爭已經(jīng)結(jié)束三年了。 It is three years since he lived here. 他不在這里住已經(jīng)有三年了。 6．其他常見名詞短語引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句 every time 　　每次　　　　　　each time　　 每次 any time 　　 任何時候 next time 　　下次 all the time　　　　　　　 (在某段時間內(nèi))一直 the first/last time 一次/最后一次 the day/year ... 天/年…… Every time I meet her I always forget her name. 每次我見到她時，我總記不起她的名字。 The first time I met her, I thought her nice and honest. 我第一次遇見她時，就覺得她友好又誠實。 (二)條件狀語從句 1．引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句的常見從屬連詞(短語)有： if, unless, as/so long as, in case (萬一), once, on condition that, provided/providing (that), supposing/suppose (that), assuming that (假設(shè))等。 Youll fail the exam unless you study hard. 除非你努力學(xué)習(xí)，否則你會考試不及格。 They agreed to lend us the car on condition that we returned it before the weekend. 他們同意把車借給我們，條件是我們必須在周末前歸還。 My parents dont mind what job I do as long as I am happy. 我的父母不在意我從事什么工作，只要我高興就好。 2．only if和if only的區(qū)別 only if意為“只有”，置于句首時主句的主謂要用部分倒裝。if only意為“但愿；要是……就好了”，引導(dǎo)的從句要用虛擬語氣：與現(xiàn)在的情況相反時，從句用一般過去時；與過去的情況相反時，從句用過去完成時；與將來的情況相反時，謂語用“would/could＋動詞原形”。 Only if he studies harder can he catch up with others. 他只有更加努力學(xué)習(xí)才能趕上其他人。 If only it would stop raining！但愿雨會停！ 其他狀語從句　 [全析考法] Ⅰ.單句語法填空 1．(2018天津高考改編)Lets not pick these peaches until this weekend so _______ they get sweet enough to be eaten. 解析：that　so that “以便；為了”，在此處引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句。 2．(2017北京高考改編)________ birds use their feathers for flight, some of their feathers are for other purposes. 解析：Although　句意：盡管鳥類用羽毛飛行，但是它們的一些羽毛也有其他用途。由句意可知，空處引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，故填A(yù)lthough。 Ⅱ.單句改錯 1．(2015浙江高考)If I was only a child when I studied in that classroom, I will never forget it.________________ 解析：If→Although/Though　句意：盡管在那個教室學(xué)習(xí)時我僅僅是一個孩子，但我永遠(yuǎn)忘不了它。根據(jù)句意可知，此處并不存在條件關(guān)系，而是表示讓步，應(yīng)將if改為although或though。 2．(2014全國卷)And it is wise to have as many good friends that we can.________________ 解析：that→as　as many ... as we can為固定句式，as引導(dǎo)比較狀語從句。 [謹(jǐn)記規(guī)則] (一)讓步狀語從句 1．a(chǎn)lthough, though, as與while引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句 (1)although引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句時，只能用正常語序； though引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句時，可用正常語序，也可用倒裝語序；as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句時只能用倒裝語序，即從句中的表語、狀語或動詞原形置于句首，若表語是單數(shù)名詞，前置時要省略冠詞。 Although/Though he may be troubled, he always presents a calm smiling face. 盡管他可能會遇到麻煩，但他總是露出平靜的微笑。 Child as/though he was, he helped me a lot. 盡管他是個孩子，他卻幫了我很大的忙。 Try as/though he might, he could not open the door. 不管他怎樣努力，他都無法打開那個門。 (2)although與though都可以與yet, still, nevertheless連用，但不能和but連用。 Although/Though it was raining hard, yet they went on playing football.雖然雨下得很大，但他們還是繼續(xù)踢足球。 (3)while引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句時，一般置于句首。 While I admit that there are problems, I dont agree that they cannot be solved. 盡管我承認(rèn)有問題存在，但我不同意這些問題不能解決。 2．even if與even though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句 even if與even though表示“即使，縱然”，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句時，可用虛擬語氣，也可以用陳述語氣。 Ill do it, even if it takes me all the afternoon. 我要做這件事，即使它將花去我整個下午的時間。 Even if I were in your place, I wouldnt take the job. 即使我處于你的位置，我也不會接受這份工作。 3．“no matter＋疑問詞”與“疑問詞＋ever”引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句 (1)“no matter＋疑問詞”相當(dāng)于“疑問詞＋ever”，二者都可以引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。 Dont trust him, no matter what/whatever he says. 無論他說什么，不要相信他。 (2)whoever, whatever, whomever, whichever還可以引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，但“no matter＋疑問詞”不可以。 4．whether ... or (not) ...引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句 Whether ... or ...表示“不論……還是……”，提供兩種對比情況。 Well go on with the work, whether we can find the necessary tools or not.不管我們能否找到所需的工具，我們都要把這項工作做下去。 (二)地點和原因狀語從句 1．地點狀語從句 地點狀語從句可用where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere等引導(dǎo)。地點狀語從句可置于句首、句中或句尾。 If you happen to get lost in the wild, youd better stay where you are and wait for help.如果你剛好在野外迷路了，你最好待在你所在的地方等待救援。 Wherever she goes, there are crowds of people waiting to see her.她所到之處都有成群的人等著見她。 [特別注意]　where既可引導(dǎo)定語從句，也可引導(dǎo)狀語從句。引導(dǎo)定語從句時，從句前應(yīng)有一個表示地點的名詞作先行詞，where可替換成“介詞＋which”；而狀語從句前則無先行詞。 Youd better make a mark at the place where you have any questions. (定語從句) Youd better make a mark where you have any questions. (狀語從句) 你最好在你有問題的地方做個標(biāo)記。 2．原因狀語從句 引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句的從屬連詞有： because因為　　　　　as由于　　　　　since既然 now that既然 seeing that由于；鑒于 in that由于；因為 considering (that)考慮到；鑒于 (1)because用來回答why的提問，語氣最強，一般放在主句之后。 (2)since, now that表示已知的理由、稍加分析即可表明的原因，多放在句首。 (3)as引導(dǎo)的從句常放在句首，說明次要的原因，主句說明結(jié)果，常用于口語中(注意比較：for連接的是并列句)。 I dont get lonely now because I make the effort to see people.我現(xiàn)在不覺得孤獨了，因為我嘗試著與人交往。 As it is fine, we shall go out for a walk. 因為天氣不錯，我們將外出散步。 [知識拓展] when也可表示“既然”，引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句。 How can they learn anything when they spend all their spare time watching television？既然他們把所有的空閑時間都用來看電視了，還怎么能學(xué)到東西呢？ (三)目的和結(jié)果狀語從句 1．目的狀語從句 (1)in order that與so that引導(dǎo)的目的狀語 兩個連詞都意為“以便……；為了……”，其引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中謂語應(yīng)用“could/should/might/would＋動詞原形”。in order that比so that正式，引導(dǎo)的狀語從句可置于主句之前或之后；而so that引導(dǎo)的從句只能置于主句之后。 Speak louder so that/in order that the people in the hall can all hear you.大點聲講，以便大廳里的人都能聽見。 In order that we might get there on time, we should set out early.為了準(zhǔn)時趕到那里，我們應(yīng)該早點出發(fā)。 [特別注意]　當(dāng)主從句的主語一致時，so that和in order that引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句可以轉(zhuǎn)換成相對應(yīng)的動詞不定式結(jié)構(gòu)。 We got up early so that we could arrive in time. →We got up early so as to arrive in time. 為了能及時趕到，我們起得很早。 Betty saved money in order that she could buy a portable puter. →Betty saved money in order to buy a portable puter. 貝蒂存錢是為了買一臺手提電腦。 (2)for fear that與in case引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句 for fear that表示“唯恐；生怕”；in case表示“以免，以防”。 Leave your key with your neighbor in case you lock yourself out one day. 留一把鑰匙給你的鄰居，以防哪天你把自己鎖在門外。 2．結(jié)果狀語從句 引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句的從屬連詞有： so that以至于　 　　 so ... that ...如此……以至于…… such ... that ...如此……以至于…… so ... that ...與such ... that ...引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)形式為： He is so experienced a worker that we all believe him. ＝He is such an experienced worker that we all believe him. 他是一位很有經(jīng)驗的工人，我們都信任他。 [特別注意]　(1)在so ... that ...和such ... that ...結(jié)構(gòu)中，當(dāng)“so＋adj./adv.”或“such＋n.”置于句首時，主句要部分倒裝。 So fast did he run that I couldnt catch him. 他跑得那么快，我抓不住他。 (2)除結(jié)果狀語從句外，too ... to ..., ... enough to ..., so ... as to ..., such ... as to ...等不定式結(jié)構(gòu)同樣可以表示結(jié)果。 He got up too late to catch the first train. ＝He didnt get up early enough to catch the first train. ＝He got up so late as to miss the first train. 他起床太晚了以至于沒趕上第一班火車。 (四)方式和比較狀語從句 1．方式狀語從句 引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句的從屬連詞有： as正如；按照　　　　　as if/as though好像；仿佛 as if或as though引導(dǎo)的從句與事實相反時，通常用虛擬語氣：與現(xiàn)在事實相反，從句用一般過去時；與過去事實相反，從句謂語用“had＋過去分詞”；與將來事實相反，從句謂語用“would/could/might＋動詞原形”。從句內(nèi)容與事實相符或可能成為事實時，則用陳述句語氣。 They treat her as though she were their daughter. 他們待她如親生女兒一樣。 Look at the clouds! It looks as if it is going to rain. 看那些云！看起來好像要下雨了。 2．比較狀語從句 比較狀語從句一般位于句尾，常用as ... as, not as/so ... as, 比較級＋than引導(dǎo)。 He is taller than any other student in our school. 他比我們學(xué)校的其他任何一個學(xué)生都高。 [知識拓展]　what引導(dǎo)的比較狀語從句的句式：A is to B what C is to D．“A對B而言正如C對D一樣”。 Air is to us what water is to fish. 空氣之于我們就如同水之于魚一樣(重要)。 語法填空解題“3知能” 1．牢記連詞詞義并能熟練運用是解答題目的先決條件； 2．牢記固定句式結(jié)構(gòu)，確定從屬連詞； 3．根據(jù)主從句的邏輯關(guān)系確定狀語從句的連接詞。 如果主從句是因果關(guān)系，則要考慮用because, as, since; 如果主從句有時間先后之分，則要考慮用時間狀語從句的連接詞；如果從句為主句的條件， 則要考慮用if; 如果從句表示讓步， 則要考慮用although, though, while。 1．And he speaks so slowly and strangely_that_it takes patience to understand what he is saying. 2．Not until we succeed in letting wildlife live in peace can we smile in relief. 3．In addition, some sharp remarks, though/although/while they are eyecatching, may have misleading effects on the youth. 4．Interesting as/though it may seem, I dont like it. 5．This is the first time I have seen the moonlight since I came here. 6．I believe this sports meeting will remain a precious memory for all of us as time goes by. 7．If the guests are seated at the table, the hosts may serve the food, or it may be passed so that_each person may help himself. 8．Air pollution is getting more and more serious, so we must take action before it is too late. 短文改錯解題“3步驟” 第1步分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，弄清邏輯關(guān)系； 第2步判斷狀語從句類型； 第3步鎖定從屬連詞。 1．I have fallen in love with journalism when I was a child.when→since 2．Before the old man came back, the smell of the whisky reminded him of the accident.Before→When 3．The club was very popular that many students signed up for it.very→so_ 4．Write to me unless you have any questions about the schedule.unless→if 5．Luckily, he was the only one who finally got the job, so the manager decided to give the job to whoever he believed was helpful._so→because 6．As long as insects happen to touch the webs, no matter what hard they try, they cant escape.what→how 7．Besides, assign a little extra time for each task, such that the work will be carried out systematically.such→so 8．Shaking hands is the most popular way to greet each other while people meet.while→when 9．They said this was so a beautiful day that they would remember it forever.so→such 10．Its good to arrive early so you can get settled after classes start.after→before