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小型蔬菜移栽機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)
一、課題研究的意義
蔬菜是人們的主食，它能提供人體所需的維生素和礦物質(zhì)。我國(guó)作為農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)大國(guó)，農(nóng)民主要收入來(lái)源于蔬菜的生產(chǎn)，農(nóng)業(yè)常年用種量在125億公斤以上，已成為繼美國(guó)之后的全球第二大種子市場(chǎng)。我國(guó)蔬菜常年用種量約4萬(wàn)多噸，而商品化率約為60%，與世界水平還有一定差距，意味著我國(guó)蔬菜市場(chǎng)有著巨大的發(fā)展?jié)摿1]。因此小型蔬菜移栽機(jī)的研究十分具有意義，尤其是個(gè)體承包農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)方面。我國(guó)市場(chǎng)上出現(xiàn)的小型蔬菜移栽機(jī)比較少見(jiàn)，而中等面積的蔬菜生產(chǎn)地又過(guò)多，小型蔬菜移栽機(jī)的使用，有利于農(nóng)民減少勞動(dòng)時(shí)間，增加工作進(jìn)度，完全符合目前我國(guó)城市周邊蔬菜生產(chǎn)行情[2]。本文設(shè)計(jì)一種小型蔬菜移栽機(jī)，保證良好的加工工業(yè)性能和使用性能，提高地面仿形能力，使移栽株距和移栽深度穩(wěn)定，不破壞移栽苗體，同時(shí)有很好的工作效益和實(shí)惠的價(jià)格。
二、現(xiàn)狀及分析
1國(guó)內(nèi)外小型蔬菜移栽機(jī)的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r及存在的問(wèn)題
1.1國(guó)外小型蔬菜移栽機(jī)的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r
世界上移栽技術(shù)發(fā)展較早的主要是歐美、日本等國(guó)家。早在20世紀(jì)20年代，就已經(jīng)開(kāi)展了缽苗移栽技術(shù)的研究，研制出早期的簡(jiǎn)單的小型蔬菜栽機(jī)械，一定程度上減輕人工勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度，加速了移栽的機(jī)械化發(fā)展。30年代至70年代，這一時(shí)期是移栽機(jī)穩(wěn)定發(fā)展期，歐洲等國(guó)研制出結(jié)構(gòu)不同的半自動(dòng)移栽機(jī)，移栽機(jī)的性能與以前相比，提高很多。80年代初，美國(guó)出現(xiàn)自動(dòng)移栽機(jī)，此時(shí)歐美、前蘇聯(lián)地區(qū)半自動(dòng)移栽機(jī)已經(jīng)得到廣泛的應(yīng)用[3]。
國(guó)外出現(xiàn)的蔬菜移栽機(jī)有兩種發(fā)展方向。一種以美國(guó)為首的，從事農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的人少，農(nóng)業(yè)人口人均耕地面積大，移栽技術(shù)走向?qū)I(yè)化，實(shí)現(xiàn)聯(lián)合收割，農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)高度自動(dòng)化和機(jī)械化。另一種是以日本為首，農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)土地面積較小，蔬菜移栽機(jī)精密度高，專用性強(qiáng)，這種蔬菜移栽機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)半自動(dòng)移栽，人工輔助，即可完成生產(chǎn)進(jìn)度，保證小面積移栽蔬菜的需求。
目前，一些發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家已實(shí)現(xiàn)甜菜、玉米、蔬菜等旱地作物的移栽機(jī)械化。美國(guó)、法國(guó)、荷蘭等國(guó)家，在花卉生產(chǎn)工藝上，幾乎完全實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)械移栽。國(guó)外移栽機(jī)類型多，移栽通用性能強(qiáng)，比較成熟。由于全自動(dòng)蔬菜移栽機(jī)造價(jià)太高，機(jī)械化水平較高的國(guó)家大多采用半自動(dòng)移栽機(jī)械，人工喂入。國(guó)外蔬菜移栽機(jī)械配套設(shè)施比較全面，工作效率高，而且移栽蔬菜時(shí)能保證移栽的株距和移栽深度，可以在一定范圍內(nèi)調(diào)整[4]。國(guó)外的蔬菜移栽機(jī)能做到不傷苗體，移栽后苗體依然保持直立狀態(tài)，這樣能使移栽后蔬菜的成活率提高。
國(guó)外常見(jiàn)移栽機(jī)有鉗夾式、導(dǎo)苗管式、吊籃式、撓性圓盤(pán)式、水輪式[5]。
1.2國(guó)內(nèi)小型蔬菜移栽機(jī)械的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀
我國(guó)蔬菜移栽機(jī)起步較晚，上個(gè)世紀(jì)50年代開(kāi)始研制移栽機(jī)，在70年代開(kāi)始研制裸根苗移栽機(jī)，80年代出現(xiàn)半自動(dòng)蔬菜移栽機(jī)[6]，目前為止，蔬菜移栽機(jī)依然沒(méi)有得到廣泛的應(yīng)用，只有機(jī)械化發(fā)展較高的地區(qū)可以見(jiàn)到蔬菜移栽機(jī)。
長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)，我國(guó)秧苗移栽一直是原始人工栽植方式，不僅效率低，勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度大，移栽株距不均勻，移栽深淺度不一，造成移栽質(zhì)量差，成活率低，3-5人一天只能移栽3畝左右。市場(chǎng)上的小型蔬菜移栽機(jī)比較少見(jiàn)，價(jià)格較貴，農(nóng)民很難接受，故而在我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展較好的地區(qū)機(jī)械化程度才高，能實(shí)現(xiàn)蔬菜移栽的機(jī)械化。
我國(guó)蔬菜移栽機(jī)的發(fā)展受到農(nóng)藝的限制，兩者發(fā)展不平衡，移栽機(jī)的發(fā)展忽略了綜合經(jīng)濟(jì)效益，而且在移栽過(guò)程中出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題沒(méi)有得到很好的解決，所以蔬菜移栽技術(shù)發(fā)展緩慢。不同地區(qū)間蔬菜種類、苗體大小和高度等都有一定的差異，蔬菜移栽機(jī)的通用性沒(méi)有得到很好的解決，也是蔬菜移栽機(jī)不能普及的一個(gè)原因。國(guó)內(nèi)已有的移栽機(jī)主要適用于秧苗株高小于30 cm，株距大于20 cm的玉米、甜菜和煙草等作物的移栽。
國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)蔬菜移栽機(jī)有多加公司，多為煙草、甜菜、棉花移栽機(jī)。比較有名的有山東青州火絨機(jī)械責(zé)任有限公司、寧津縣金利達(dá)機(jī)械制造有限公司、現(xiàn)代農(nóng)裝科技股份有限公司等，這些公司有多位專家學(xué)者從事農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)研究工作，致力于我國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化的發(fā)展，多年來(lái)，科技創(chuàng)新顯著。如青州火絨機(jī)械責(zé)任有限公司制造的黃煙移栽機(jī)，該機(jī)采用了聯(lián)動(dòng)控制裝置帶動(dòng)投苗機(jī)器隨栽苗器挖穴、施肥、栽苗、封埯等功能的實(shí)現(xiàn)，并且無(wú)漏栽苗和傷苗現(xiàn)象發(fā)生，確保了秧苗移栽的質(zhì)量和成活率，完全可以彌補(bǔ)人工移栽過(guò)程中的深淺不一、株距不均、生產(chǎn)效率低等缺點(diǎn)。寧津縣金利達(dá)機(jī)械制造有限公司制造的田耐爾牌2ZQ型秧苗移栽機(jī)，主要適用于缽體植物苗、蔬菜苗、瓜果苗和塊狀種子（如土豆、芋頭）等農(nóng)作物的栽種，有良好、先進(jìn)、可靠地栽種效果。既適應(yīng)大面積多行農(nóng)場(chǎng)栽種，又適和丘陵、大棚內(nèi)秧苗的移栽。具有技術(shù)先進(jìn)，性能可靠，操作維護(hù)簡(jiǎn)便，效率高，能耗低、壽命長(zhǎng)等顯著特點(diǎn)。
我國(guó)小型蔬菜移栽機(jī)價(jià)格在4000元人名幣左右，價(jià)格上稍微貴些，如果其成本降低，并且具有很好的使用性能，廣大農(nóng)民用戶是非常容易接受的。
1.3國(guó)內(nèi)外小型蔬菜移栽機(jī)械存在的問(wèn)題
國(guó)外蔬菜移栽機(jī)械程度高，如美國(guó)、法國(guó)等都是大型蔬菜移栽機(jī)械，自動(dòng)化程度高，地面仿形能力強(qiáng)，尤其是株距和移栽深度能保證一直[7]。國(guó)外蔬菜蔬菜移栽機(jī)動(dòng)力強(qiáng)，移栽速度快，土壤條件要求較高，多數(shù)不適合我國(guó)蔬菜移栽。
國(guó)內(nèi)自主研發(fā)的蔬菜移栽機(jī)有很多不能解決的問(wèn)題。
機(jī)身不穩(wěn)定，導(dǎo)致移栽苗體的株距、列寬程度都有不同的變化。引起這種原因的情況很多。首先是土壤條件，多數(shù)農(nóng)民文化層次不高，對(duì)土壤了解很少，每年留存在土地內(nèi)的殘留物較多，在耕地整地上沒(méi)有完全做到標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。其次是蔬菜移栽機(jī)本身設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)題，我國(guó)生產(chǎn)的蔬菜移栽機(jī)械化正處于緩慢發(fā)展階段，理論部分和實(shí)際有一些差距，導(dǎo)致移栽效果與農(nóng)民期望相差較遠(yuǎn)[8]。
我國(guó)適用于玉米、棉花的缽苗移栽機(jī)還不成熟，缽苗栽植入大田后直立度差，現(xiàn)有機(jī)具在扶苗、覆土、壓實(shí)上都存在一定問(wèn)題[9]。國(guó)內(nèi)移栽機(jī)基本上實(shí)現(xiàn)了株距和移栽深度的調(diào)整，但其穩(wěn)定性差，株距和移栽深度的不同對(duì)幼苗在移栽后的生長(zhǎng)狀況有很大影響。同時(shí)容易漏栽，生產(chǎn)效率不高。
國(guó)內(nèi)與移栽機(jī)相配套的其他機(jī)械少，機(jī)械化育苗移栽程度低，移栽機(jī)多數(shù)是借鑒外國(guó)機(jī)型，結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，易產(chǎn)生問(wèn)題，給后續(xù)的維修帶來(lái)不便，導(dǎo)致移栽機(jī)的推廣進(jìn)度緩慢。國(guó)內(nèi)蔬菜移栽機(jī)缺乏特色及通用性能差，也沒(méi)有制定統(tǒng)一的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，這對(duì)我國(guó)的蔬菜移栽機(jī)械化帶來(lái)難度。
1.5研究的內(nèi)容和方法
根據(jù)我國(guó)小型蔬菜移栽機(jī)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀和存在的問(wèn)題以及農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)對(duì)機(jī)械化要求，設(shè)計(jì)小型蔬菜移栽機(jī)。在已有的移栽機(jī)種類上選擇一種，通過(guò)了解其構(gòu)造、工作方式和對(duì)工作環(huán)境的要求，設(shè)計(jì)出工作效率高，移栽苗體株距和深度保持一致的，操作簡(jiǎn)便，價(jià)格實(shí)惠的小型蔬菜移栽機(jī)型。
小型蔬菜移栽機(jī)主要由動(dòng)力機(jī)械、減速器、傳動(dòng)裝置、喂入裝置、導(dǎo)苗裝置、扶苗裝置，另外有覆土、鋪膜、鎮(zhèn)壓裝置組成[10]。其中，動(dòng)力機(jī)械是小四輪拖拉機(jī)，只需要把蔬菜移栽機(jī)接入，即可實(shí)現(xiàn)工作。
先確定符合我國(guó)蔬菜移栽機(jī)的類型，根據(jù)已有的蔬菜移栽機(jī)的參數(shù)和構(gòu)造，設(shè)計(jì)出新的小型蔬菜移栽機(jī)，使小型蔬菜移栽機(jī)的工作效益能滿足農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)者的需求，尤其是移栽后的株距和深度穩(wěn)定，保持在合理的控制范圍內(nèi)，移栽后苗體的直立度較高，同時(shí)覆土、壓實(shí)較好[11]。
該課題應(yīng)用的研究方法：理論設(shè)計(jì)、繪制模擬樣機(jī)并進(jìn)行仿真模擬[12]。
1.6預(yù)期目標(biāo)
（1）整機(jī)操作方便，結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，仿形能力強(qiáng)，噪音小，使用壽命長(zhǎng)。
（2）移栽后的苗體直立度好，損傷少，株距和深度基本保持一致，覆土性能優(yōu)良。
（3）可以在溫室、中小面積的土地上作業(yè)，小巧靈活，移栽速度快，人工勞動(dòng)量少，同時(shí)動(dòng)力消耗上要盡量少。
（4）制造價(jià)格便宜，實(shí)現(xiàn)半自動(dòng)化，能滿足大多數(shù)蔬菜的移栽。
三、重點(diǎn)研究的關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題及解決思路
該機(jī)動(dòng)力源為小四輪拖拉機(jī)，通過(guò)聯(lián)軸器、變速器、傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)實(shí)現(xiàn)動(dòng)力的傳輸，苗體通過(guò)喂入裝置、導(dǎo)苗管、扶苗器等機(jī)構(gòu)將苗體移栽到開(kāi)溝器開(kāi)出的苗溝內(nèi)，覆土、鎮(zhèn)壓達(dá)到移栽的預(yù)期目標(biāo)。
（1）選擇移栽機(jī)類型,設(shè)計(jì)傳動(dòng)裝置、盛苗裝置、喂入裝置、苗體傳送裝置、仿形裝置。
（2）運(yùn)用AutoCAD軟件，繪制二維零件圖和裝配圖。
（3）運(yùn)用三維設(shè)計(jì)軟件完成整機(jī)各零部件的三維建模并進(jìn)行運(yùn)動(dòng)仿真。
四、工作條件及解決方法
塔里木大學(xué)位于南疆中心位置，校內(nèi)有溫室實(shí)驗(yàn)基地，土壤條件較好，為項(xiàng)目開(kāi)展提供了場(chǎng)地和基本條件。校內(nèi)擁有優(yōu)良的硬件環(huán)境，機(jī)械電氣化工程學(xué)院擁有先進(jìn)的使用時(shí)和機(jī)械加工制造設(shè)備，并且?guī)熧Y力量雄厚，完全可以滿足小型蔬菜移栽機(jī)的工作條件。
五、工作方案及進(jìn)度
第1～2周 查閱相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)，撰寫(xiě)開(kāi)題報(bào)告。
第3～4周 根據(jù)現(xiàn)有的蔬菜移栽機(jī)確定小型蔬菜移栽機(jī)的種類和的總體設(shè)計(jì)方案，繪制總體結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)圖。
第5～6周 根據(jù)工作要求，計(jì)算并查閱相關(guān)手冊(cè)，選擇和設(shè)計(jì)各零部件。
第7～9周 運(yùn)用AutoCAD軟件，繪制二維零件圖和裝配圖。
第10～11周 運(yùn)用三維設(shè)計(jì)軟件完成整機(jī)各零部件的三維建模并進(jìn)行運(yùn)動(dòng)仿真。
第12周 從工藝性能，經(jīng)濟(jì)性能，實(shí)用性能等方面對(duì)產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)價(jià)、校核、修正。
第13周 完成設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)。
第14周 整理材料，準(zhǔn)備答辯。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1]陳明.蔬菜移栽機(jī)的發(fā)展概況及結(jié)構(gòu)特性[J].農(nóng)村牧區(qū)機(jī)械化.2010(1):29-30.
[2]趙金倉(cāng),史俊東,梁哲軍,任平合.棉花機(jī)械化育苗移栽農(nóng)藝指標(biāo)的確定[J].山西農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)2003(1):20-21.
[3]劉效亮,李其昀.育苗移栽機(jī)械化發(fā)展方向[J].北京林業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào).2003(3):108-110.
[4]封俊,顧世康.中國(guó)玉米育苗移栽機(jī)械化的現(xiàn)狀與問(wèn)題[J].農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào).1998(1):102-107.
[5]王曉東,封俊.國(guó)內(nèi)外膜上移栽機(jī)械化的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r[J].農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào).2005(3):25-28
[6]王君玲,高玉芝,李成華.蔬菜移栽生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化現(xiàn)狀與發(fā)展方向[J].農(nóng)機(jī)化研究.2004(2):42-43
[7]楊華,韓宏宇,竇鈺程,杜木軍,王晉,沈亮.我國(guó)旱地移栽機(jī)械的現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展建議[J].農(nóng)機(jī)使用與維修.2012(3):32-33
[8]于向濤,胡良龍,胡志超,張延化,計(jì)福來(lái).我國(guó)旱地移栽機(jī)械概況與發(fā)展趨勢(shì)[J].安徽農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)2012(1):614-616
[9]陳新昌,李祥付,王萬(wàn)章.育苗移栽存在的問(wèn)題和典型制缽機(jī)介紹[J].農(nóng)機(jī)使用與維修.2007(1):30
[10]武科,陳永成,畢新勝.幾種典型的移栽機(jī)[J].農(nóng)機(jī)化.2009(3):12-14
[11]萬(wàn)霖,汪春,車(chē)剛,張吉軍,張燕梁. 蔬菜移栽機(jī)的覆土鎮(zhèn)壓器設(shè)計(jì)[J].黑龍江八一農(nóng)墾大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào).2012(3) :16-18
[12]高國(guó)華,韋康成.自動(dòng)化穴苗移栽機(jī)關(guān)鍵機(jī)構(gòu)的模塊化設(shè)計(jì)[J].機(jī)電工程.2012(8):882-885
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畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）任務(wù)書(shū)
學(xué)院
機(jī)械電氣化工程學(xué)院
班級(jí)
學(xué)生姓名
學(xué)號(hào)
課題名稱
小型蔬菜移栽機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)
起止時(shí)間
年 月 日—— 年 月 日（共 14 周）
指導(dǎo)教師
職稱
課題內(nèi)容
根據(jù)國(guó)內(nèi)外現(xiàn)有的蔬菜移栽機(jī)和樹(shù)木移栽機(jī)，設(shè)計(jì)小型蔬菜移栽機(jī)，要求結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，移栽效果好，對(duì)幼苗損傷少，適應(yīng)性強(qiáng)。具體要求如下：
1.選擇合適動(dòng)力傳遞方式，設(shè)計(jì)工作裝置和傳動(dòng)裝置。
2.繪制二維裝配圖和零件圖。
3.要求利用Solidworks繪制三維圖。
擬定工作進(jìn)度（以周為單位）
第1～2周 查閱相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)，撰寫(xiě)開(kāi)題報(bào)告。
第3～4周 根據(jù)國(guó)內(nèi)外現(xiàn)有的蔬菜移栽機(jī)和樹(shù)木移栽機(jī)確定小型蔬菜移栽機(jī)的總體設(shè)計(jì)方案，繪制總體結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)圖。
第5～6周 根據(jù)工作要求，計(jì)算并查閱相關(guān)手冊(cè)，選擇和設(shè)計(jì)各零部件。
第7～9周 運(yùn)用AutoCAD軟件，繪制二維零件圖和裝配圖。
第10～11周 運(yùn)用三維設(shè)計(jì)軟件完成整機(jī)各零部件的三維建模并進(jìn)行運(yùn)動(dòng)仿真。
第12周 從工藝性能，經(jīng)濟(jì)性能，實(shí)用性能等方面對(duì)產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)價(jià)、校核、修正。
第13周 完成設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)。
第14周 整理材料，準(zhǔn)備答辯。
主要參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]萬(wàn)霖,汪春,車(chē)剛.小型蔬菜移栽機(jī)的改進(jìn)設(shè)計(jì)與試驗(yàn)[J].農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào), 2011(06), 117-122.
[2]張為政,王君玲,張祖立.懸杯式蔬菜移栽機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)[J]. 農(nóng)機(jī)化研究, 2011(08), 104-106.
[3]楊帥,宋建農(nóng),王繼承,王沖,李永磊,董向前.洋蔥移栽機(jī)夾苗機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)與運(yùn)動(dòng)仿真[J].中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2011(05),133-137.
[4]張祖立,王君玲,張為政,趙旭,劉偉.懸杯式蔬菜移栽機(jī)的運(yùn)動(dòng)分析與性能試驗(yàn)[J].農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2011(11),21-25.
[5]武科,陳永成,畢新勝.幾種典型的移栽機(jī)[J].農(nóng)機(jī)化,2009(03),12-14.
[6]彬亞,楊雄,湯新麗.2ZB-2型移栽機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)[J].農(nóng)機(jī)化,2010(06),20-21.
[7]王薇,姜燕飛,盧宏宇.蔬菜移栽機(jī)導(dǎo)苗管的機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)[J].農(nóng)村牧區(qū)機(jī)械化,2008(02)
27-28.
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注：1、此任務(wù)書(shū)由指導(dǎo)教師填寫(xiě)，任務(wù)下達(dá)人為指導(dǎo)教師。
2、此任務(wù)書(shū)須在學(xué)生畢業(yè)實(shí)踐環(huán)節(jié)開(kāi)始前一周下達(dá)給學(xué)生本人。
3、此任務(wù)書(shū)一式三份，一份留學(xué)院存檔，一份學(xué)生本人留存，一份指導(dǎo)教師留存。
The digital control process technology is summarized
1. digital control programming reaches such development
The digital control programming is the segment that be able to obviously bring into play the beneficial result in at the moment CAD/CAPP/CAM's system the most most , such is living to achieve to design the process automation and raise process accuracy and processes the quality and cuts down the product development cycle and so on the respect is brining into play the significant action . Being living possess the greats quantity applications such as aviation industry and auto industry and so on territorys . Since giving birth to the intense demand of practice , wide-ranging research has wholly been carried on to the digital control programming technique in the home and abroad , and acquires the plentiful and substantial fruit . The next reaches such to the digital control programming and develops to act as some to introduce .
1.1 basic concept of digital control programming
The digital control programming is through the spare parts drawings up the full process that obtains the digital control processing program . Its main mission is that the sword spot ( Cutterlocationpoint abbreviate CL's spot ) in the sword is processed away in the calculation .
The point of intersection that sword the spot was ordinarily get to the cutting tool axial line against the cutting tool face still will be give out the sword shaft vector in much processs
1.2 digital control programming technique development survey
MIT designed one kind of special language that is used in the inflexible spare parts digital control processing program establishments to the program problem in order to resolve in the digital control process , and is called APT ( AutomaticallyProgrammedTool ) in the 50's .
Well-developed editions such as after APT time and again develops , takeed shape such as APTII and APTIII ( the stereoscopic cutting action is employd ) and APT ( the algorithm improves , add much coordinates surface processes the programming meritorious service capacity ) and APTAC ( Advancedcontouring ) ( add cuts the database administration system ) and APT/SS ( SculpturedSurface ) ( add engraves the camber processes the programming meritorous service capacity ) and so on .
Adoping APT language drawing up digital control order to have easy the refining of order , and gos away the strongs point such as sword control is agile and so on , and causes the digital control process the programming , and moves upward up yet possess much not suitable points to geometry element .APT through " assemble language " grade to the machine tool order : Adoping language definition spare parts geometry form shape , and is difficult to depict complex geometry form shape , and lack audio-visual quality of geometry ;
The certification measure that the figure audio-visual that is short of to spare parts form shape and the cutting tool movement locus displays and the cutting tool locus ;
Being difficult to effectively join with CAD's data bank and CAPP's system ;
Not to act as easily up the high automation , the integration.
In view of the APT's language defect , in 1978 , France attained the system that the large rope airplane corporation starts development gathers assemble three dimensions design , analysis and NC's process integration , and is called in the interest of CATIA .
Having ariseed alikely the systems such as EUCLID and NPU/GNCP and so on soon afterwards very quickly , the geometry molds wholly valid settlements of these systems and the spare parts geometry form shape display is designed mutually and mends generates the cutting tool locus , and the problems such as the imitation to go away the sword process displays and certification and so on promoteed CAD and CAM developing to the integration orientation . The approximately idea that system ( CIMS ) and parallel project ( CE ) was manufacture in the calculating machine integration take shape up the 80's gradually on the base that the CAD/CAM's integration being living is approximately attend school . At the moment , and the necessaries that CE developed in order to adapt to CIMS , the digital control programming system to integrationization and intelligentization the development .
Being living the integration respect , with the development accords with the STEP ( StandardfortheExchangeofProductModelData ) criterion parameterization feature moldmaking and systematically gives priority to , having carried on the highly effective work of greats quantity at the moment is the home and abroad development heatpoint
Being living the intelligentization respect , the work has start only a short while ago , and still awaits that we leave hard
2、 NCs' cutting tool locus generates the method study developing actuality
Digital control programming core work is generateing the cutting tool locus , afterwards by such scattered one-tenth sword spot , places that the handle comes into being the digital control processing program afterwards viaing .
The next cutting tool locus comes into being the means and actes as some and introduce
2.1 baseding on a little and string , surface and part of the body NC's sword track formation means
CAD's technique moves through the two dimension mapping , and udergo the three dimensions wires frame and camber and the solid modelling generation , now the parameterization feature reacing is always moldded .
Is living two dimension mapping together with three dimensions wires frame phase , in case the opening processes , the rough sketch is processed the digital control process is main with spot and string act as drive target , the plane area process and so on .
This kind of level that personnel staff was requireed manipulating in the process is taller , complex mutually .
Being living camber and the solid modelling generation , entity process had ariseed to based on .
The entity process target is an entity ( oridinarily blendes for CSG and BREP express ) , its ( moreover , intersects , falls short of to operate ) but get yield through some fundamental parts of the body habitually after the set operation .
The entity is processed not merely usable rough machining and semi precision work to the spare parts , and the great area cuts Yu Liang , and the effectiveness is processed in the raise , but also usable research together with development to digital control baseding on the feature programming system , is the feature process base
Entity process oridinarily possess entity rough sketch process and the entity area and processes two kinds .
The entity process realization means slices law ( SLICE ) in the interest of the straturm , in immediate future slices by the process entity in the way of one series of level , afterwards to obtains the intersection comes into being the isometry string dos worthwhile the sword the going away locus .
The original slave system needs the angle depart , the digital control process that the ACIS's geometry moldmaking being living achieved this kind to based on a little on the terrace and the string and surface and entity
Feature NC's sword track formation means 2.2 baseding on
The parameterization feature molds to possess the specified development particular period , yet baseds on that feature cutting tool locus formation means research starts only a short while ago .
The feature processes to cause digital control programming personnel staff to be out to let drop the step geometry message to those ( in case : Spot , string , surface and entity ) manipulate , but transforing to carry on the digital control programming in the interest of directly to accords with the feature that engineers and technicians are used to , and liftd the programming effectiveness enormously
W.R.Mail and A.J.Mcleod are living in their research to give out one to based on feature NC's code generating sub system , and this systematic work rule is : Spare parts every one process wholly may be regarded as to adjust to make up the total that the spare parts form shape feature group processed .
In immediate future the queen completees spare parts process is not processed that to the feature adjusting entirely form the shape in that way either form shape feature component .
But each form shape feature either form shape feature series NC's code may generate voluntarily .
The system opened up at the moment merely is applicable to 2.5D's spare parts process
The LeeandChang opened up one kind of raised liberal camber feature cutting tool locus of means autogeneration in the way of fictitious border system .
This systematic work rule is : Being living to inlay inner place the raised liberal camber into one the minimal long and square , so raised liberal camber feature is transformd into the hollow feature .
Minimal the long and square incorporation against the end product pattern constituteed to be called one kind of indirect produce pattern on the fictitious pattern .
That the cutting tool locus formation means separates into completees three paces : ( 1 ) and the cutting action polyhedron feature ;
( 2 ) and cuts the liberal camber feature ;
( 3 ) and the cutting action intersects the feature
JongYunJung researcies baseds on the non- cutting action cutting tool locus formation problem of feature .
The article process baseding on the feature locus separates into rough sketch process and processes two types with the inside area , and the definition this two types of process cutting action orientations , attains the aim that the entirety optimizes the cutting tool locus by means of decreasing the cutting action cutting tool locus .
Type who talked about these fundamental features gos away sword way and cutting tool selection and process order and so on to main being aimed at of article some kinds of fundamental features ( hollow inner place Kong and step , trough ) , and averting repeatedly going away the sword by means of IP ( InterProgramming ) technique , with the non- cutting action cutting tool locus of optimization .
Besides JongYunJong still is living , and his doctor in 1991 researcied tabrication feature extraction and baseds on feature cutting tool and the cutting tool way in the dissertation
The feature process base is an entity process , and surely of course also may think the entity process being more high-quality .
Yet feature process distinct entity process , and entity process possess it oneself the limitations .
Feature process chiefly possess below difference against entity process :
Through approximately attends school says that the feature is the meritorous service capacity key element to make up the spare parts , and the operation that accords with engineers and technicians is used to , by engineers and technicians are know intimately ;
The entity is the geometry target on low straturm , and is a geometric object that obtains after a series of Booleans calculation , and does not have whatever meritorous service capacity semantic information ;
It frequently is adjusting the once only process of entire spare parts ( entity ) that the entity is processed .
Yet in reality the spare parts is not very much probably merely once processed through in the way of the sword , frequently will go through a series of workmans of rough machining and semi precision work and precision work and so on stage , the place of spare parts difference oridinarily will be employd the difference cutting tool and process ;
Now and then not only the spare parts will be employd up turning , but also employ up mill .
Hence entity process is chiefly used spare parts rough machining and semi precision work .
But but the feature on processing through essentially resolved the above-mentioned issue ;
Feature process havees even more intellect .
May regulate some kinds of settled admittedly process meanss as to the specially designated feature , particularly those have been living , and STEP's criterion the person who regulates the feature still more is such in this way .
In case we wholly draw up the specially designated process means to all standards feature , it is you can imagine that spare parts that in that way sufficiently succeed through the standard feature to those are processed such convenient quality .
In case CAPP systematically be able to supply the relevant technology feature , NCP's system may decrease inputing mutually , and havees even more intellect enormously in that way .
But these entity process can not achieved
Feature process is favour of achieving through comprehensive integration of CAD , CAPP , NCP and CNC's system , and achieves the two-way going from place to place of message , in the interest of CIMS and even parallel project ( CE ) are settleed the well base ;
It be helpless that but the entity is processed to these
NC's sword track formation means 2.3 being on active service in several main CAD/CAM's systems is analysed
Active duty CAM constitutes reaching the main meritorous service capacity
That at the moment comparatively more mature CAM's system is main with two kinds of shapes achieves CAD/CAM's system integration : Integration CAD/CAM's system ( in case : UGII , Euclid and Pro/ENGINEERs and so on ) and independent relatively CAM's system ( in case : Mastercam and Surfcams and so on ) . Unitary less than the former data format is directly gaind the produce geometric model through CAD's system , but the latter is main gains the produce geometric model by means of the neutral papers through else CAD's systems . However , no matter is what the CAM's system growed the shape , wholly consising of five modules , in immediate future mutually technology parameter input module and cutting tool locus formation module and cutting tool locus compiler module and three dimensions process that dynamic imitation module and afterwards places the processing module . Next merely some famous CAD/CAM's system NC's process meanss are holied discussions .
UGII's process means is analysed
Oridinarily think that UGII is the best in trade circle , and havees representativeness digital control software most .
That such havees the distinguishing feature most is the cutting tool locus formation means that such meritorous service capacity is powerful .
Consists of turning , milling and string cuts and so on the consummate process means .
In it milling chiefly possess the below meritorous service capacity :
And PointtoPoint: Completeing the different openings processes
And PanarMill: Plane is milled .
Consising of that the one-way walkes surely , the two-way row are slice , and the hoop is slice along with rough sketch process to await
And FixedContour: Admittedly much projectionss are areed processed stably .
Dominateeing on being living on the single camber either much camber the removing of cutting tool in the way of the projection means , and that the control cutting tool is removed may be the cutting tool locus that has generateed , a series of either suite string
And VariableContour: Variable projection is processed
And Parameterline: Await that the parameter string is processed .
The successive process of single camber either much camber may be adjust
And ZigZagSurface: Cutting out process
And RoughtoDepth: Rough machining .
The depth is reachd assigning in the rough machining by Mao Pi
And CavityMill: The many stages depth mould cavity processes .
Rough machining that particularly is applicable to the male contact with the hollow standard
And SequentialSurface: The camber occuies simultaneously the workman .
In accordance the spare parts and guides that and the thinking of check adjust the removing suppling the largesttest degree control of cutting tool
EDSUnigraphics still consists of greats quantity else the respects meritorous service capacitys , and did not enumerate one by one here
STRATA's process means is analysed
STRATA is a digital control programming system development environment , and it is establishing ACIS's geometry model building terrace on
It supplys two kinds of programming development environments in the interest of consumer , in immediate future NC's command language interface and the NC's operation C++ storehouse . It may back three to mill , and turning and string cut NC and process , and may back wire frame , camber and the entity geometry model building . Such NC's cutting tool locus formation means is baseding on the physical model . STRATA is baseded on , and what supplys the process means in entity NC's cutting tool locus formation type storehouse consists of :
ProfileToolpath: Rough sketch process
AreaClearToolpath: The area on plane processes
SolidProfileToolpath: The entity rough sketch is processed
SolidAreaClearToolpath: The area on entity plane processes
SolidFaceToolPath: The entity face processes
SolidSliceToolPath: The entity severs process on plane
LanguagebasedToolpath: Baseding on , language cutting tool locus generates
Else CAD/CAM software , in case Euclid the person who awaits the NC's meritorous service capacity is each has his strong point , yet such fundamental substance is almost alike , the not natural difference .
2.4 main problem of systematic sword track formation means of active duty CAM
In accordance tradition CAD/CAM's system and CNC's system work means , CAM's system is with directly either the indirect means gains the produce geometry data model through CAD's system ( by means of neutral papers ) . CAM's system is with spot , string , surface in the three dimensions geometrics model and either the entity is the drive target , the cutting tool locus is processed in the formation , and afterwards the shape with the cutting tool locating file viaes the handle is placed , with the NC's code shape supplys to CNC's machine tool , the some respects problems under being living in entire CAD/CAM and the CNC's system operation process to be :
CAM systematically can only gain produce low tier of geometry message through CAD's system , and can not seize voluntarily meritorous service capacity and the semantic information of produce geometry shape information and produce higher level .
Hence manufacturing engineering master that entire CAM's process have to be living is very experience haves a hand in secondly , and completees mutually by means of the figure .
In case : Manufacturing engineering master .
The entire system automation degree is leted drop
Being living in the CAM's system generation cutting tool locus , equal also merely embodying low straturm geometry message ( right line and arc geometry locating information ) , along with the a little process control information ( as moving forward ) to rate , main shaft rotation speed and trading sword and so on .
Hence , can not obtain the process technology parameter that haves something to do with against generateing the cutting tool locus yet
The produce data between CAM's system every module are not unitied , and the independence is opposite to each other to every module .
For instance the cutting tool locating file is merely keep the minutes the cutting tool locus and is not keep the minutes the relevant process technology parameter , the dynamic imitation of three dimensions merely keeps the minutes that the cutting tool locus interference against runs into , but keep the minutes interference and process target and correlation process technology parameter that runs into happen against such
The CAM systematically is an independence system .
Not thering is the unitary produce data model between CAD's system together with the CAM's system , even if being the integrated CAD/CAM's system of integration in , one-way and unity is enjoyed also being only to message in all . CAM systematically can not sufficiently comprehend and complete message utilizing CAD's