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1、第二十節(jié) 賓語從句一、 賓語從句的定義在復(fù)合句中用作賓語的從句叫做賓語從句。賓語從句是初中英語中最重要的一種從句,它內(nèi)容完整,句型結(jié)構(gòu)較為復(fù)雜,主句和從句時(shí)態(tài)搭配要求嚴(yán)格,在中考試題中頻頻出現(xiàn)。而且學(xué)好賓語從句也可為到高中學(xué)習(xí)間接引語、主語從句、表語從句及同位語從句打下良好的基礎(chǔ)。二、主句和從句中謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)1.賓語從句常由 that 引導(dǎo),在口語中常省略。當(dāng)主句中謂語動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在或?qū)頃r(shí)態(tài)時(shí),從句中謂語動(dòng)詞不受主句中謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的影響,按需要可以使用任何時(shí)態(tài)。如:She says (that) she works from Monday to Friday.她說她從周一至周五上班。(從句是一
2、般現(xiàn)在時(shí))She says (that) she will leave a message on his desk.她說她要在他桌子上留個(gè)便條。(從句是一般將來時(shí))She says (that) she has never been to Mount Emei. 她說她從來沒有去過峨眉山。(從句是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí))2.當(dāng)主句謂語是過去時(shí)態(tài),從句中的時(shí)態(tài)一般用表示過去的某種時(shí)態(tài)。如:He said there were no classes yesterday afternoon.他說昨天下午沒有課。(從句是一般過去時(shí))He said (that) he was going to take care
3、of the baby.他說他會(huì)去照看這個(gè)嬰兒。(從句是過去將來時(shí))He said (that) they were having a meeting at that time.他說他們那時(shí)正在開會(huì)。(從句是過去進(jìn)行時(shí))3.當(dāng)主句謂語是過去時(shí)態(tài),而賓語從句敘述某一客觀真理(事實(shí))時(shí),賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)則用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如:The teacher told us (that) nothing is difficult if you put yourheart into it.老師告訴我們世上無難事只怕有心人。She said (that) her father is twenty-eight year
4、s older than her.她說她父親比她大二十八歲。He said that light travels much faster than sound.他說光傳播比聲音傳播快得多。三、由連接代詞或連接副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句1. 連 接 代 詞 主 要 有 who, whom, whose, what, whoever,whomever, whosever, whatever, whichever 等。連接代詞一般指疑問,但 what, whatever 除了指疑問外,也可以指陳述。如:Do you know who has won Red Alert game ?你知道是誰贏了紅色警戒的游
5、戲么?The book will show you what the best CEOs should know. 這本書會(huì)告訴你最好的執(zhí)行總裁該了解什么。Have you determined whichever you should buy, a Motorolaor Nokia cell phone?你決定好是買摩托羅拉還是諾基亞的手機(jī)了嗎?2.連接副詞主要有 when, where, why, how, whenever, wherever等。如:He didnt tell me when we could meet again.他沒有告訴我什么時(shí)候我們能再見面。Could you p
6、lease tell me how you use the new panel?你能告訴我怎么用這個(gè)新的操作盤嗎?None of us knows where these new parts can be bought. 我們沒有人知道這些新的零件在哪里能買到。一、賓語從句的語序必須是陳述語序。 如:Do you know why winter is colder than summer? 你知道為什么冬季比夏季冷嗎?二、賓語從句與主句的時(shí)態(tài)要相互呼應(yīng)主句是現(xiàn)在或?qū)頃r(shí)態(tài)時(shí),從句可用任何所需要的時(shí)態(tài)。主句是過去時(shí)態(tài)時(shí),從句要用表示過去的相應(yīng)的時(shí)態(tài)。但如果從句中有明確表示過去的時(shí)間狀語,則從句應(yīng)
7、用一般過去時(shí),不用過去完成時(shí);如從句表達(dá)的是客觀規(guī)律或真理時(shí),要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如:He said he had finished his studies when the war broke out.他說戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā)時(shí),他已經(jīng)完成了學(xué)業(yè)。He said he finished his homework at 9:00 last night.他說他昨晚 9 點(diǎn)做完作業(yè)。He said he would spend his holiday in Dalian.他說他將在大連度假。She said that the earth moves around the sun.她說地球圍繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)。三、如賓語從句
8、有自己的賓語補(bǔ)足語,則用 it 作形式賓語,而把賓語從句后置。其句型為“主語謂語it賓語補(bǔ)足語賓語從句”。 如:We think it important that we should master at least oneforeign language.我們認(rèn)為掌握至少一門外語是重要的。注意:連詞 that 引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句很少作介詞的賓語,只用在 except, but 和in 等少數(shù)幾個(gè)介詞后。其他一些介詞的賓語從句如由連詞 that 引導(dǎo),則需用it 先行一步,作形式賓語。如:He is a good student except that he is a little carele
9、ss. 他是個(gè)好學(xué)生,只不過有點(diǎn)粗心。See to it that children dont catch cold.當(dāng)心孩子別感冒了。四、連詞 whether 可引導(dǎo)主語從句、賓語從句和表語從句,不可省。if 引導(dǎo)賓語從句。(1)賓語從句是肯定句時(shí),whether 和 if 可互換;但 whether常和 or not 連用,if 則不能;賓語從句是否定句時(shí),一般用 if引導(dǎo)。如:I dont know if/whether I should tell you.不知我是否應(yīng)告訴你。I wonder whether it is true or not.不知這是不是真的。I dont care
10、if it doesnt rain.天下不下雨我不會(huì)在乎。(2)作介詞賓語時(shí),只能用 whether,不能用 if。如:Everything depends on whether we have enough experience.一切都取決于我們是否有足夠的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。五、that 引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí)不可省略的幾種情況:1.that 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句的狀語部分位于從句前部時(shí)。 如:I promised that if anyone could set me free, I would make himking over the earth.我曾許諾如果有人把我放了,我就讓他成為世界之王。2.當(dāng)主句的狀語
11、部分位于 that 賓語從句前時(shí)。如:Abraham Lincoln later said himself that he only went toschool a little now and a little then.亞伯拉罕林肯后來自己說他只不過是時(shí)斷時(shí)續(xù)地接受教育。3.主句的謂語動(dòng)詞與賓語從句之間有插入語時(shí)。如:When he got to England, he found, however, that his Englishwas too limited.然而當(dāng)他到了英國時(shí),他發(fā)現(xiàn)他的英語很有限。4.當(dāng)一個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞帶有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的 that 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句時(shí)。如:Then h
12、e said that French was the most beautiful tongue in theworld, and that we must keep it among us and never forget it.他說,法語是世界上最美的語言,我們必須堅(jiān)持說法語,永遠(yuǎn)也不要忘記它。5.賓語從句是雙賓語中的直接賓語時(shí)。如:I must never tell anyone that I could not see the cloth.我決不能告訴任何人我看不到那布。6.賓語從句的主語是 this/that,或用 this/that 修飾主語時(shí)。如:He said that tha
13、t was a good idea.他說那是個(gè)好主意。7.在直接引語中,主句和賓語從句被隔開時(shí)。如:“Im sorry to tell you , ” he said , “that you didnt watchcarefully enough what I did.” “我很遺憾地告訴大家,”他說,“你們對(duì)我所做的事情觀察得還不夠仔細(xì)。 ”8.賓語從句的主語是非謂語動(dòng)詞或主語從句時(shí)。如:The old lady then explained that what she was looking for wasa pair of gloves for a girl.那位老太太接著解釋說她在找的是一雙給一個(gè)女孩子的手套。