2018屆高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí) 闖關(guān)導(dǎo)練 第二部分 閱讀理解技巧與體裁演練 課時(shí)12 閱讀理解體裁解讀（三）

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1、 課時(shí)12　閱讀理解體裁解讀(3) —議論文【體裁解讀】 議論文也是一種運(yùn)用十分廣泛的文章體裁。同學(xué)們?cè)陂喿x議論文時(shí)不僅要把握文章的論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證，還要把握文章的結(jié)構(gòu)和語言。 像漢語一樣，英語議論文通常也為三段式，即“論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)、結(jié)論”三部分組成。首先借助某一現(xiàn)象引出論點(diǎn)，然后通過一定論據(jù)從各個(gè)層面上加以推理論證，最后得出結(jié)論。議論文體主要考查學(xué)生對(duì)論點(diǎn)及論據(jù)的把握。因此，閱讀議論文體時(shí)，應(yīng)采取抓主題句的方法來把握文章主旨，弄清作者觀點(diǎn)。一般來說，作者的論點(diǎn)通常在文章首段被引出，接下來是對(duì)這一論點(diǎn)的邏輯推理和論證，最后為結(jié)論。同學(xué)們還應(yīng)注意的是：在對(duì)論點(diǎn)論證的過程中，每一段的首句都是

2、該段的主題句。把握全文論點(diǎn)。弄清論證各段的主題句、理解文章層次，找出中心論點(diǎn)的位置是理解議論文的關(guān)鍵。 體裁演練(2017·北京卷) Hollywood's theory that machines with evil (邪惡的) minds will drive armies of killer robots is just silly.The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence (AI) may become extremely good at achieving something

3、other than what we really want.In 1960 a well-known mathematician Norbert Wiener，who founded the field of cybernetics (控制論)，put it this way：“If we use，to achieve our purposes，a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively interfere (干預(yù))，we had better be quite sure that the purpose pu

4、t into the machine is the purpose which we really desire.” A machine with a specific purpose has another quality，one that we usually associate with living things：a wish to preserve its own existence.For the machine，this quality is not in-born，nor is it something introduced by humans；it is a logical

5、 consequence of the simple fact that the machine cannot achieve its original purpose if it is dead.So if we send out a robot with the single instruction of fetching coffee，it will have a strong desire to secure success by disabling its own off switch or even killing anyone who might interfere with i

6、ts task.If we are not careful，then，we could face a kind of global chess match against very determined，super intelligent machines whose objectives conflict with our own，with the real world as the chessboard. The possibility of entering into and losing such a match should concentrate the minds of com

7、puter scientists.Some researchers argue that we can seal the machines inside a kind of firewall，using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world.Unfortunately，that plan seems unlikely to work：we have yet to invent a firewall that is secure against ordinary hu

8、mans，let alone super intelligent machines. Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy.There are probably decades in which to plan for the arrival of super intelligent machines.But the problem should not be dismissed out of hand，as it has been by s

9、ome AI researchers.Some argue that humans and machines can coexist as long as they work in teams—yet that is not possible unless machines share the goals of humans.Others say we can just “switch them off” as if super intelligent machines are too stupid to think of that possibility.Still others think

10、 that super intelligent AI will never happen.On September 11,1933，famous physicist Ernest Rutherford stated，with confidence，“Anyone who expects a source of power in the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine.” However，on September 12,1933，physicist Leo Szilard invented the neutron-induce

11、d (中子誘導(dǎo)) nuclear chain reaction. 1．Paragraph 1 mainly tells us that artificial intelligence may ________. A．run out of human control B．satisfy human's real desires C．command armies of killer robots D．work faster than a mathematician 2．Machines with specific purposes are associated with living

12、 things partly because they might be able to ________. A．prevent themselves from being destroyed B．a(chǎn)chieve their original goals independently C．do anything successfully with given orders D．beat humans in international chess matches 3．According to some researchers，we can use firewalls to _______

13、_. A．help super intelligent machines work better B．be secure against evil human beings C．keep machines from being harmed D．a(chǎn)void robots' affecting the world 4．What does the author think of the safety problem of super intelligent machines? A．It will disappear with the development of AI. B．It w

14、ill get worse with human interference. C．It will be solved but with difficulty. D．It will stay for a decade. 【能力提升】 A I read somewhere that we spend a full third of our lives waiting.But where are we doing all of this waiting，and what does it mean to an impatient society like ours？To understan

15、d the issue，let's take a look at three types of “waits”． The very purest form of waiting is the Watched-Pot Wait.It is without doubt the most annoying of all.Take filling up the kitchen sink (洗碗池) as an example.There is absolutely nothing you can do while this is going on but keep both eyes fixed o

16、n the sink until it's full.During these waits，the brain slips away from the body and wanders about until the water runs over the edge of the counter and onto your socks.This kind of wait makes the waiter helpless and mindless. A cousin to the Watched-Pot Wait is the Forced Wait.This one requires a

17、bit of discipline.Properly preparing packaged noodle soup requires a Forced Wait.Directions are very specific.“Bring three cups of water to boil，add mix，simmer three minutes，remove from heat，let stand five minutes.”I have my doubts that anyone has actually followed the procedures strictly.After all，

18、Forced Waiting requires patience. Perhaps the most powerful type of waiting is the Lucky-Break Wait.This type of wait is unusual in that it is for the most part voluntary.Unlike the Forced Wait，which is also voluntary，waiting for your lucky break does not necessarily mean that it will happen. Turn

19、ing one's life into a waiting game requires faith and hope，and is strictly for the optimists among us.On the surface it seems as ridiculous as following the directions on soup mixes，but the Lucky-Break Wait well serves those who are willing to do it.As long as one doesn't come to rely on it，wishing

20、for a few good things to happen never hurts anybody. We certainly do spend a good deal of our time waiting.The next time you're standing at the sink waiting for it to fill while cooking noodle soup that you'll have to eat until a large bag of cash falls out of the sky，don't be desperate.You're prob

21、ably just as busy as the next guy. 1．While doing a Watched-Pot Wait，we tend to ________. A．keep ourselves busy B．get absent-minded C．grow anxious D．stay focused 2．What is the difference between the Forced Wait and the Watched-Pot Wait? A．The Forced Wait requires some self-control. B．The Forc

22、ed Wait makes people passive. C．The Watched-Pot Wait needs directions. D．The Watched-Pot Wait engages body and brain. 3．What can we learn about the Lucky-Break Wait? A．It is less voluntary than the Forced Wait. B．It doesn't always bring the desired result. C．It is more fruitful than the Forced

23、 Wait. D．It doesn't give people faith and hope. 4．What does the author advise us to do the next time we are waiting? A．Take it seriously. B．Don't rely on others. C．Do something else. D．Don't lose heart. B I told my friend Graham that I often cycle two miles from my house to the town centre b

24、ut unfortunately there is a big hill on the route. He replied, “You mean fortunately.” He explained that I should be glad of the extra exercise that the hill provided. My attitude to the hill has now changed. I used to complain as I approached it but now I tell myself the following. This hill will

25、exercise my heart and lungs. It will help me to lose weight and get fit. It will mean that I live longer. This hill is my friend. Finally I comfort myself with the thought of all those silly people who pay money to go to a gym and sit on stationery exercise bicycles when I can get the same value for

26、 free. I have a smile of satisfaction as I reach the top of the hill. Problems are there to be faced and overcome. We cannot achieve anything with an easy life. Helen Keller was the first deaf and blind person to gain a university degree. Her activism and writing proved inspirational. She wrote, “C

27、haracter cannot be developed in ease. Only through experiences of suffering can the soul be strengthened, vision cleared, ambition inspired and success achieved.” One of the main determinants of success in life is our attitude towards adversity (逆境). From time to time we all face hardships, problem

28、s, accidents and difficulties. Some are of our making but many are no fault of our own. While we cannot choose the adversity, we can choose our attitude towards it. Douglas Bader was 21 when in 1931 he had both legs cut off following a flying accident.He was determined to fly again and went on to b

29、ecome one of the leading flying aviators in the Battle of Britain with 22 aerial victories over the Germans.He was an inspiration to others during the war. He said, “Don't listen to anyone who tells you that you can't do this or that. That's nonsense. Make up your mind, you'll never use crutches (拐杖

30、) or a stick, and then have a go at everything. Go to school, and join in all the games you can. Go anywhere you want to. But never, never let them persuade you that things are too difficult or impossible.” The biographies of great people are full of examples of how they took steps to overcome the

31、difficulties they faced. The common thread is that they did not become depressed. They chose their attitude. They chose to be positive. They took on the challenge. They won. Nevertheless, there is still the problem of how you change your attitude towards adversity. 5．Which of the following is true

32、 according to the author of the passage? A．Going to a gym is greatly beneficial to people's health. B．Climbing hills on bicycles is the best way to take exercise. C．Those who want to achieve success can't expect to live an easy life. D．People's attitude to adversity is the only factor of their

33、success. 6．By quoting what Douglas Bader said, the author intends to tell us “________”． A．Failure is the mother of success. B．A bad workman quarrels with his tools. C．If you risk nothing, you will have nothing. D．Nothing is difficult to the man who will try. 7．Following this passage, the auth

34、or will further talk about ________. A．how his friend helped him to change his attitude towards the adversity he faced B．what steps to take to change your attitude towards the adversity you face C．why it is important to keep optimistic in face of adversity D．what great people have in common 8．

35、Which of the following can best function as the title of the passage? A．Face adversity with a smile B．Different attitudes towards adversity C．Nothing is impossible D．Life is full of adversity C Conventional wisdom is a major barrier to innovation(創(chuàng)新) that threatens the survival of companies ev

36、erywhere. It's based on the assumption that old ideas will always work, so they shouldn't be challenged. While this may be a valid assumption in situations that don't change, it's unlikely to hold true in a changing situation. In today's rapid changing global environment, old methods often don't wor

37、k, and stubbornly using them can lead to major problems. Most people seem to agree with conventional wisdom because it gives one a false sense of security. If everyone else believes it, then it must be true. Individuals who use conventional wisdom are certain that they are right, and being right is

38、 good. They want to continue using old ideas rather than take risks with changes that might not work. In 1977, Ken Olsen, co-founder and CEO of Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), stated “There is no reason for any individual to have a computer in his home.” Despite being a dominant leader in the c

39、omputer industry, DEC no longer exists. People seem to forget that since innovation is a change, there can be no innovation without change. Unfortunately, conventional wisdom prevents leaders, followers and companies from changing and therefore innovating. If companies don't innovate, but their com

40、petitors do, the future is likely to be problematic. Breaking from conventional wisdom has led to many of the most innovative companies and products in history across many industries, so it has a powerful effect on business success. Ted Turner (founder of CNN) knew little, if anything, about the ne

41、ws business, but he knew it was inconvenient to watch news only at the dinner hour, as was common before CNN. Turner's solution was to create a cable channel dedicated to news 24 hours a day. The news establishment reflected conventional wisdom at the time, and predicted his idea would fail because

42、no one wanted to watch the news all day. However, it_doesn't_take_a_rocket_scientist_to_understand_that_viewers_don't_have_to_watch_the_news_all_day_for_the_CNN_to_work. Viewers just have to watch when they want to get information. Due to conventional thinking, the critics failed to recognize the op

43、portunity that was clear to Ted. They assumed that only what was familiar to them could work in the future. Conventional wisdom prevents creativity, flexibility and risk-taking, so unconventional leaders enthusiastically break from it. To survive, thrive and maintain competitive advantage, companie

44、s must be flexible when reacting to change. 9．DEC has disappeared probably because ________. A．the CEO stuck to the conventional ideas B．the leaders lacked the sense of security C．the consumers didn't like its products D．the employees took many risks with changes 10．The founding of CNN is us

45、ed as an example to prove ________. A．missing opportunities could lead to failure B．conventional wisdom influences business success C．watching news at the dinner hour is convenient D．changing could contribute to business success 11．What does the underlined part probably mean? A．Rocket scientis

46、ts can ensure the CNN works properly. B．It's easy to know people needn't watch the news all the time C．It's necessary to understand when people watch the news. D．Most of the viewers don't like to watch the news at work. 12．The passage is mainly written to tell us that ________. A．conventional

47、wisdom limits innovation B．opportunities lead to business success C．old methods are changing with time D．successful companies need wise leaders D If you live in a big city, there are many things to drive you crazy on your daily route, and it's not just overcrowded subway trains. Vicky Zhao is

48、a mainlander working in Hong Kong. For her, one thing she can't put up with is people standing on the wrong side of the escalator(自動(dòng)扶梯) in subway stations. “Escalators help us move faster and save time. It isn't a place to rest，” the 24-year-old says. “I often see tourists block the way with their s

49、uitcases or chatting on the escalators during rush hours. It annoys me to no end.” Admitting she is not the patient type, Zhao says things are much better in Hong Kong than in cities on the mainland where “stand right, walk left” signs are often ignored. The logic behind the “stand right, walk lef

50、t” escalator etiquette(禮儀) seems obvious. Even though you may want to catch your breath while you're transported up or down, you should still consider others and leave enough space for people in a hurry, so that they can run and catch the train. Many cities' escalators, including London's and Beiji

51、ng's, use the “stand right, walk left” system to speed up the flow of people. (Australia is an exception and you should stand on the left side instead.) But some cities discourage people from moving on escalators out of safety reasons. In Hong Kong's subway stations there are regular announcements a

52、sking people to “stand still” on escalators. Even so, most people in this fast-paced city observe the “stand right, walk left” etiquette. But the people who stand on escalators defend themselves by telling the walkers not to be so impatient. The BBC quotes one stander as saying: “If the person is i

53、n such a rush, why not just take the stairs? Even when the escalator is packed and there's nowhere to move, I see these same people complaining about not being able to pass.” Whatever the escalator etiquette is in the place you live or visit, do what most people are doing and always be mindful of o

54、thers: leave enough space between each other, don't stay at the end of the escalator, and if someone is blocking your way, a simple “excuse me” is enough. 13．In the second paragraph, the underlined word “It” refers to________. A．the author's living in the big city of Hong Kong. B．being crowded on

55、 the subway trains in rush hours. C．people's blocking the way or chat on the escalators. D．people's standing on the right side resting. 14．When on the escalator, a majority of local people in Hong Kong ________. A. stand still as the railway stations require. B. ignore the “stand right, walk le

56、ft” signs C. use the stairs instead of escalators. D. follow the “stand right, walk left” etiquette. 15．What can be inferred from the 6th paragraph? A．Not everyone follows the “stand right, walk left” etiquette. B．The BBC is against the “stand right, walk left” etiquette. C．People should be pa

57、tient and take the stairs if possible. D．People shouldn't complain about the crowded escalators. 16．Which of the following statements is the writer's opinion? A．People should stand right no matter where they are. B．People should do as the Romans do and consider others. C．People should do as the

58、y like on the escalators. D．People should be seriously criticized when they block the way. E This is a true story that happened in Japan. In order to renovate(修理) the house, a Japanese tore open the walls. Japanese houses normally have a empty space between the wooden walls. When tearing down the

59、 walls, he found that there was a lizard stuck there because a nail from outside was hammered into one of its feet. He saw this, feeling pity and curious. When he checked the nail, he found it was nailed 10 years ago when the house was first built. What happened? The lizard had survived in such a p

60、osition for 10 years! It has been in a dark wall partition (夾層) for 10 years without moving! Then he wondered how this lizard survived for 10 years without moving a single step—since its foot was nailed! So he stopped his work and observed the lizard: What has it been doing? What and how has it been

61、 eating? Later, he didn't know from where another lizard appeared, with food in its mouth. Ah! He was astonished and touched deeply. The free lizard had been feeding the stuck one for the past 10 years. Such love, a beautiful love! Such love happened with this tiny creature... What can love do? It

62、can do wonders! Just think about it: one lizard had been feeding the other one untiringly for 10 long years, without giving up hope on its partner. If a small creature like a lizard can love like this, just imagine how we can love if we try. 17．How did the Japanese feel when seeing the stuck lizard

63、? A．Frightened.　　　　　B．Enjoyable. C．Confused. D．Usual. 18．What can we learn from the free lizard? A．It teaches us never to abandon our loved ones. B．It teaches us to give more help to our loved ones. C．It tells us to take pity on the stuck lizard. D．It encourages us to live even long

64、er. 19．Why did the Japanese stop his work? A．To watch how long the lizard can still live here. B．To take out the nail and set the lizard free. C．To have a rest by watching the lizard. D．To find out why the lizard had survived here for 10 years. 20．What would be the best title for the passage?

65、 A. A Wonder B. Two Lizards C. Such a Story D. Lizard Love 課時(shí)12　閱讀理解體裁解讀(3)—議論文 【體裁演練】 【語篇解讀】　本文是一篇議論文。文章討論了人工智能隨著科技的發(fā)展可能超出人類的控制以及人類應(yīng)如何應(yīng)對(duì)此類安全問題。 1．A　[細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第一段中的artificial intelligence(AI) may become extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want“人工智能可能會(huì)變得極度善于達(dá)成某事而不是我

66、們真正想要的那樣”可知，人工智能可能會(huì)超出人類控制，故選A項(xiàng)。B項(xiàng)“滿足人類的真正渴望”，C項(xiàng)“指揮機(jī)器人殺手軍隊(duì)”，D項(xiàng)“比數(shù)學(xué)家工作更快”，均與第一段所提到的人工智能無關(guān)。] 2．A　[細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由題干中的machines with specific purposes可定位到第二段第一句“A machine with a specific purpose has another quality，one that we usually associate with living things：a wish to preserve its own existence.”，由此可知，機(jī)器人要保證自己的存在，即A項(xiàng)“避免它們自己被消滅掉”。B項(xiàng)“獨(dú)立達(dá)到它們的初始目標(biāo)”，C項(xiàng)“按照既有指令成功地完成任何事”，D項(xiàng)“在國際象棋比賽中擊敗人類”，均答非所問。] 3．D　[細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第三段中的“Some researchers argue that we can seal the machines inside a kind of firewall，using them to answ