八年級上冊英語語法講解與練習(xí).doc

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. Unit1 Where did you go on vacation? 詞語辨析： 1. anywhere 與 somewhere 兩者都是不定副詞。 anywhere 在任何地方 ， 常用于否定句和疑問句中。I can’t find it anywhere. somewhere 在某處，到某處，常用于肯定句。 I lost my key somewhere near here. 2. seem + 形容詞 看起來….. You seem happy today. seem + to do sth. 似乎、好像做某事 I seem to have a cold I seems / seemed + 從句 看起來好像…；似乎…. It seems that no one believe you. seem like ….好像，似乎….. It seems like a god idea. 3. decide to do sth.決定做某事 They decide to visit the museum. decide + 疑問詞 + 動詞不定式 He can not decide when to leave. 4. start doing sth = start to do sth. 開始，可與begin 互換 。He started doing his homework. 但以下幾種情況不能用begin . 1) 創(chuàng)辦，開辦： He started a new bllkshop last month. 2) 機(jī)器開動： I can’t start my car. 3) 出發(fā)，動身： I will start tomorrow morning. 5. over 介詞，多于，超過，在…以上（表示數(shù)目、程度）= more than My father is over 40 years old. 在…之上，與物體垂直且不接觸，與 under 相反。 There is a map over the blackboard. 超過： I hear the news over the radio. 遍及： I want to travel all over the world. 6. too many 太多，后接可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)： Mother bought too many eggs yesterday. too much 太多，修飾不可數(shù)名詞，修飾動詞作狀語。 We have too much work to do. Don’t talk too much. much too 太，修飾形容詞或副詞。 The hat is much too big for me. You’re walking much too fast. 分辨三者的口訣： too much, much too, 用法區(qū)別看后頭： much 后接不可數(shù)， too 后修飾形或副。 too many 要記住，后面名詞必復(fù)數(shù)。 7. because of 介詞短語，因為，由于，后接名詞、代詞或動名詞，不能接句子。 He can’t take a walk because of the rain. because 連詞，因為，引導(dǎo)狀語從句，表示直接明確的原因或理由。 I don’t buy the shirt because it was too expensive. Unit 2 How often do you exercise? 詞語辨析： 1. how often 多久一次，用來提問動作發(fā)生的頻率?；卮鹩茫簅nce，twice, three times 等詞語。 How often do you play sports? Three times a week. how long 多長，用來詢問多長時間，也可詢問某物有多長。 How long does it take to get to Shanghai from here? How long is the ruler? how for 多遠(yuǎn)， 用來詢問距離，指路程的遠(yuǎn)近。 How far is it from here to the park? It’s about 2 kilometers. 2. free 空閑的，有空的， 反義詞為 busy. be free 有空，閑著，相當(dāng)于 have time. I’ll be free next week. = I’ll have time next week. 還可作“免費(fèi)的、自由的”解。be free to do sth. 自由地做某事。 The tickets are free. You’re free to go or to stay. 3. How come？ 怎么會？ 怎么回事？表示某件事情很奇怪，有點(diǎn)想不通；可單獨(dú)使用，也可引導(dǎo)一個問句， 相當(dāng)于疑問句 why, 但 how come 開頭的特殊疑問句使用的仍然是陳述語序。 How come Tom didn’t come to the party? = Why didn’t Tom come to the party? 4. stay up late 指“熬夜到很晚，遲睡”。 Don’t stay up late next time. stay up 指“熬夜，不睡覺”。 He stayed up all night to write his story. 5. go to bed 強(qiáng)調(diào)“上床睡覺”的動作及過程，但人不一定睡著。 I went to bed at eleven last night. go to sleep 強(qiáng)調(diào)“入睡，睡著，進(jìn)入夢鄉(xiāng)”。 She was so tired that she went to sleep soon. 6. find + 賓語 +名詞, 發(fā)現(xiàn) ： We have found him (to be) a good boy. find + 賓語 + 形容詞， 發(fā)現(xiàn)： He found the room dirty. find + 賓語 + 現(xiàn)在分詞， 發(fā)現(xiàn) ： I found her standing at the door. 7. percent 百分?jǐn)?shù)， 基數(shù)詞 + percent： percent 沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式，作主語時，根據(jù)所修飾的名詞來判斷謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)。 Forty percent of the students in our class are girls. Thirty percent of time passed. 8. more than 超過，多于，不僅僅， 相當(dāng)于 over. 在句型轉(zhuǎn)換中考查兩者的同義替換。反義詞組為：less than. I lived in Shanghai for more than / over ten years. 9. afraid 形容詞， 擔(dān)心的，害怕的，在句中作表語，不用在名詞前作定語。 I’m afraid we can’t come here on time. be afraid of sb / sth 害怕某人 / 某事； be afraid of doing sth. 害怕做某事。 Some children are afraid of the dark. Don’t be afraid of asking question. I’m afraid + 從句 （恐怕，擔(dān)心）： I’m afraid I have to go now. 10. sometimes , sometime, some times , some time 的區(qū)別： sometimes 頻度副詞， 有時。表示動作發(fā)生的不經(jīng)常性，多與一般現(xiàn)在時連用，可位于句首、句中或句末。 Sometimes I get up very early. ------How often do you get up? sometime 副詞，某個時候。 表示不確切或不具體的時間，常用于過去時或?qū)頃r，對它用疑問詞when. I will go to Shanghai sometime next week. ------When will you go to Shanghai next week? some times 名詞詞組， 幾次，幾倍。其中time 是可數(shù)名詞，對它提問用how many times. I have read the story some times. -------How many times have you read the story? some time 名詞短語， 一段時間. 表示“一段時間”時，句中謂語動詞常為延續(xù)性動詞，提問時用 How long. I ‘ll stay here for some time. -----How long will you stay here? Unit 3 I’m more outgoing than my sister 詞語辨析： laugh v. & n. 笑 We all laughed loudly when she made a joke. 她說了個笑話，我們都大聲笑起來。 We all laughed at his joke. 聽了他的笑話我們都笑起來。 He laughs best who laughs last. 誰笑在最后，誰笑得最好。/不要高興得太早。 （與at連用）嘲笑 Don’t laugh at him. 別嘲笑他。 People have often laughed at stories told by seamen. 人們常常嘲笑海員所講的故事。 Everyone laughed at his foolish antics. 大家都笑他那種愚蠢的滑稽動作。 笑；笑聲 We had a good laugh at his joke. 我們被他的笑話逗得哈哈大笑。 though conj. 雖然；縱然；即使；盡管 = although Though it was raining，he went there. 雖然當(dāng)時正下著雨，他還是到那里去了。 Though he was poor he was happy. 雖然他很窮卻很快樂。 注意：不能受漢語的影響，在though引導(dǎo)的從句后使用but。如： Though he was poor，but he was happy.（誤） though adv.. 不過，可是，然而，常用于句末，用逗號隔開。 Jim said that he would come, he didn’t , though. 語法講解： 形容詞與副詞的比較級 大多數(shù)形容詞（性質(zhì)形容詞）和副詞有比較級和最高級的變化，即原級、比較級和最高級，用來表示事物的等級差別。原級即形容詞的原形，比較級和最高級有規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化兩種。 1．規(guī)則變化 單音節(jié)詞和少數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞，加詞尾-er，-est來構(gòu)成比較級和最高級。 構(gòu)成法 原級 比較級 最高級 一般單音節(jié)詞末尾加-er，-est tall（高的） great（巨大的） taller greater tallest greatest 以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾的單音節(jié)詞和少數(shù)以-le結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié) 詞只加-r，-st nice（好的） large（大的） nicer larger nicest largest 以一個輔音字母結(jié)尾的閉音節(jié)單音節(jié)詞，雙寫結(jié)尾的輔 音字母，再加-er，-est big（大的） hot（熱的） bigger hotter biggest hottest “以輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞，改y為i，再加-er， -est easy（容易的） busy（忙的） easier busier easiest busiest 少數(shù)以-er，-ow結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞末尾加-er，-est clever（聰明的） narrow（窄的） cleverer narrower cleverest narrowest 其他雙音節(jié)詞和多音節(jié)詞，在前面加more，most來構(gòu)成比較級和最高級 important（重要的） easily（容易地） more important more easily most important most easily 2．不規(guī)則變化 原級 比較級 最高級 good（好的）well（健康的） better best bad（壞的）ill（有病的） worse worst old（老的） older/elder oldest/eldest much/many（多的） more most little（少的） less least far（遠(yuǎn)的） farther/further farthest/furthest Unit 4 What’s the best movie theater 句型： 1. It has the biggest screens. 2. The DJs choose songs the most carefuuly. 3. How do you like it so far? 到目前為止，你認(rèn)為它怎么樣？ 4. Thanks forget telling me. 5. Can I ask you some questions? 常用法： Can I ask you some……. How do you like……. 你認(rèn)為……怎么樣 Thanks for doing sth. What do you think of …….. much + 形容詞或副詞比較級 …….得多 watch sb. do sth. 觀看某人做某事 play a role in doing sth. 發(fā)揮做某事的作用 one of +可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) …..之一…… 練習(xí)，用括號里的詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。 1. We went to the __________(bad) restaurant in town last night. The menu had only 10dishes and the service was not good at all. 2. Blue Moon is ______________(good), but Miler’s is _____________(good ) in town. 3. The Big Screen is _________________(expensive) than most cinemas, but Cinema City is ____________(expensive). 4. Movie City has the __________ (bad) service, but we can sit the_______________ (comfortably)there. 5. Johnny Dep acted the _________________(good) in that movie. He’s much ____________(good) than other actors at finding the ________________(interesting) role. 閱讀信息然后在下面的句子中改錯。 A movie ticket at Town Cinema is $12.00. It is $10.50 at Screen City, and $10.00 at Movie World. Screen City is always very crowded. Many people go to Movie World, too. But you can always get a ticket at Town Cinema. The seats at Movie World are very comfortable. The seats at Screen City are a little hard. The Town Cinema seats are very uncomfortable. 1. Movie World is the most expensive. 2. Screen City has the cheapest tickets. 3. Town cinema is more popular than Screen City. 4. Movie World is the most popular. 5. Town Cinema has the most comfortable seats Unit 5 Do you want to a game show? 句型： ----What do you think of talk shows? ----I don’t mind them. I hope to be a TV reporter one day. How about you? 常用法： let sb. do sth. plan to do sth. hope to do sth. happen to do sth. expect to do sth. How about doing…… be ready to do sth. try one’s best to do sth. 知識點(diǎn)： 1、the other, the others, other, others,another 辨析 the other 表示特指兩個或者兩部份中的另一個或另一部分，可直接單數(shù)名詞或復(fù)數(shù)名詞。表示兩個中的一個……另一個……時，常用one …the other…。例： He has two brothers, one is a teacher, the other is a doctor. There are forty students in our class. twenty-one are girls, the other nineteen are boys. the others 特指某一范圍內(nèi)的其他的（人或物），是the other的復(fù)數(shù)形式，相當(dāng)于the other+復(fù)數(shù)名詞。the other + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 = any other + 名詞單數(shù)。例： You two stay here, the others go with me. I’m different from Jeff because I’m louder than the other kids (any other kid) in my class. other 作代詞或形容詞，可修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)。例： We learn Chinese, Maths, English and other subjects. others 作代詞，泛指“其他的人或物”。 例： Some students are doing homework,others are talking loudly. another 泛指同類事物中的三者或三者以上的“另一個”，只能代替或修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。例： I don’t like this one. Please show me another one. 2.find out 查明，弄清楚，find 找到 Please find out when Mrs Green will go to Beijing. 3、 go on 發(fā)生，與 take place 同義 I wonder what was going on. 4、happen v.發(fā)生，一般指偶然發(fā)生，主語為事，不能為人。 Sth + happens to sb. A traffic accident happened to his elder brother yesterday. Sth + happens + 地點(diǎn)/時間，意為：某地/某時發(fā)生了某事 An accident happened on Park Street. happen v，表示“碰巧”，主語可以是人，后常跟動詞不定式to,表示“碰巧……”. Sb + happens to do sth. I happened to see my uncle on the street. * take place 意為“發(fā)生，舉行，舉辦”，一般指非偶然性事件的“發(fā)生”，即這種事件的發(fā)生一定有某種原因或事先的安排。例： Great changes have taken place in China. The meeting will take place next Friday. 5、expect v. 期待，盼望，預(yù)期，后常接四種結(jié)構(gòu)： 1)expect + 名詞/代詞，期待某事/某人，預(yù)計……可能發(fā)生。 I’m expecting Li Lin’s letter. 2)expect to do sth. 預(yù)計做某事 Lily expects to come back next week. 3)expect sb. to do sth. I expect my mother to come back early. 4)expect + 從句 預(yù)計…… I expected that I’ll come back next Monday. 6、 serious a. 嚴(yán)肅的，認(rèn)真的。 He is a serious man. be serious about sb/sth. 對某人/某事當(dāng)真 Peter is serious about Jenny. He wants to get married to her. be serious about doing sth. 對某事當(dāng)真 ____He’s serious about selling his house. 根據(jù)你的實際觀點(diǎn)回答問題。 1. What do you think of game shows? 2. What comedy shows do you like to watch? 3. Do you plan to watch a sports show tonight? 4. What can you expect to learn from the news? 編對話。 A: What do you plan to watch on TV tonight? B: I hope to ______________, but I also want to _______________.How about you? Do you _________________ a talk show or______________? A: Oh, I want to ___________________. 用所給詞語造句，使對話通順。 A: _______________________________________(what/think of/ soap operas) B: _______________________________________(can’t stand) A: ________________________________________(what show/ want to watch/ tonight) B: ________________________________________(talent show) A: ________________________________________(what expect to learn/ game show) B: ________________________________________(interesting information?) A: _________________________________________(what/ hope to watch/ tomorrow) B: _________________________________________(news) A: __________________________________________(do/ play to watch/comedy) B: _________________________________________( no/ plan to watch/ comedy) Unit 6 I’m going to study computer science 短語用法： want to do sth. be going to + 動詞原形 practice doing sth. keep on doing sth. learn to do sth. finish doing sth promise to do sth. help sb. to do sth. remember to do sth. agree to do sth. love to do sth. be going to 的用法 1） be going to + 動詞原形——表示將來的打算、計劃或安排。常與表示將來的tomorrow, next year等時間狀語或when 引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句連用。各種句式變換都借助be 動詞完成，be隨主語有am, is, are 的變換，going to 后接動詞原形。 肯定句： 主語 + be going to + 動詞原形 + 其他。He is going to take the bus there. 否定句： 主語 + be not going to + 動詞原形 + 其他 I’m not going to see my friends this weekend. 一般疑問句： Be + 主語 + going to + 動詞原形 + 其他 肯定回答： Yes, 主語 + be. 否定回答： No, 主語 + be not. Are you going to see your friends this weekend? Yes ,I am. / No, I’m not. 特殊疑問句： 疑問詞 + be + 主語 + going to + 動詞原形 + 其他？ What is he going to do this weekend? When are you going to see your friends? 2) 如果表示計劃去某地，可直接用 be going to + 地點(diǎn) We are going to Beijing for a holiday. 3) 表示位置移動的動詞，如go , come, leave 等常用進(jìn)行時表示將來。 The bus is coming. My aunt is leaving for Beijing next week. 4) be going to 與 will 的區(qū)別： ① 對未來事情的預(yù)測用“ will + 動詞原形”表達(dá)，will 沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，變否定句要在will 后面加not, 也可用will 后面加 not,或者縮略式won’t, 變一般疑問句將will 提至 句首。 Will planes be large in the future? Yes, they will. / No, they won’t. ②will 常表示說話人相信或希望要發(fā)生的事情，而be going to 指某事肯定發(fā)生，常表示事情很快就要發(fā)生。 I believe Lucy will be a great doctor. ③ 陳述將來的某個事實用will. I will ten years old next year. ④表示現(xiàn)在巨大將來要做的事情用 will. I’m tired I will go to bed. ⑤ 表示意愿用will. I’ll tell you the truth. ⑥ 表示計劃、打算要做的事情用 be going to, 而不用 will. I’m going to buy a computer this month. 2、 promise vt. 保證，許諾。有三種結(jié)構(gòu)： 1)promise to do sth. _____My mother promised to buy a piano for me. 2)promise sb. sth. _____ My aunt promised me a bike. 3)promise + that 從句_____ Tom promises that he can return on time. promise n. 允諾， 諾言 Lily is a dishonest girl. She never keeps a promise. 3、when 與 while 的區(qū)別： when 表示“當(dāng)…時候”，既指時間點(diǎn)，又指一段時間，when 引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中的動詞可以是終止性的也可以是延續(xù)性的。When the teacher came in, the students were talking. When she arrives, I’ll call you. while 表示“當(dāng)…時候”，僅指一段時間，從句中的動作必須是延續(xù)性的，一般強(qiáng)調(diào)主從句的動作同時發(fā)生， while 還可以作并列連詞，意為“ 而、卻”，表示對比關(guān)系。 Lisa was singing while her mother was playing piano. Tom is strong while his younger brother is week. 4、practice vt. 練習(xí)， 后接名詞，代詞或v-ing 作賓語。 Your elder sister is practicing the guitar in the room. 常跟v-ing 作賓語的動詞有： 考慮建議盼原諒：consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse, pardon. 承認(rèn)推遲沒得想： admit, delay/put off, fancy. 避免錯過繼續(xù)練：avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practice. 否認(rèn)完成能欣賞： deny, finish, enjoy, appreciate. 不禁介意與逃亡： can’t help , mind, escape. 不準(zhǔn)冒險憑想象： forbid, risk, imagine. 5、 everyday 與 every day 區(qū)別 everyday adj. 每天的 在句中作定語，位于名詞前。 This is our everyday homework. every day 副詞短語， 在句中作狀語，位于句首或句末。 He reads books every day. 練習(xí)： ---Let’s discuss the plan, shall we? ----Not now. I ______ to an interview. A. go B. went C. am going D. was going ------Jack is busy packing luggage. ---Yes. He _________for America on vacation. A. leaves B. left C. is leaving D. has been away 補(bǔ)全對話： A: Kelly, what do you want to be _________you grow up? B: I _______ to be a doctor. A: Wow! _________ are you going to do that? B: I’m ________ to study medicine, at a university. A: Hmm…sounds difficult. ________are you _______to study? B: I’m going to ______ in London. A: ________are you going to start? B: I’m going to _________next September. 用所給單詞完成句子。 take listen make is help learn are Resolutions __________promises to yourself. They may _______ to make you a better person and to make your life easier. I am going to ________ four resolutions. The first resolution is about my own personal improvement. Next year, or maybe sooner, I am going to _______ up a new hobby. I think singing _______a great activity so I am going to ______to sing . I think this will also make my family happy because they love to ______to music and sing together. 補(bǔ)全對話： A: What do you ________to be when you grow up? B: I want ____________ a scientist. A: Wow! That sounds cool. But it’s also difficult. _______are you ________to do that? B: After I finish high school, I’m ________to go to university. A: ________ are you _______ to study? B: In Hefei. I’m _______to study there for four years. A: I think I want __________ a teacher. I’m ________to teach in Wuhan. Unit 7 Will people have robots? 用法： will + 動詞原形 將要做 fewer/more + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 更少/更多… less/more + 不可數(shù)名詞 更少/更多 try to do sth. 盡力做某事 have to do sth 不得不做某事 agree with sb. 同意某人的意見 such + 名詞（詞組） 如此 play a part in doing sth 參與做某事 make sb do sth 讓某人做某事 help sb with sth 幫助某人做某事 There will be + 主語 + 其他 將會有…. There is/are + sb. + doing sth 有…正在做… It is + 形容詞 + for sb + to do sth 做某事對某人來說…的 詞語辨析： 1、 every 與 each 的區(qū)別： every 用來表整體，each 用來表個別。each 最低需是兩，every 最低需是三。every adj. every 作主用單數(shù)，each 可單也可復(fù)，作主、作定用單數(shù)，其他情況用復(fù)數(shù)。 each adj./ pron. Every teacher knows her. There are lots of trees on each side of the road. Each of the road has a dictionary. 2. 、on the earth 在地球上，作地點(diǎn)狀語，位于句首或句末。 on earth 究竟，到底。用于疑問句或副詞后，加強(qiáng)語氣。 All the living things on the earth depend on the sun. / What on earth do you mean? 3、 human, 指包括男人女人孩子的“人，人類”，有別于動物，自然景物，機(jī)器等的特殊群體，也可指具體的人。 person, 無性別之分，常用于數(shù)目不太大，而且數(shù)目比較精確的場合。 people, 泛指“人們”，表示復(fù)數(shù)概念。 man,前不帶冠詞而且單獨(dú)使用時，指“男人”，a man 可指“一個人/ 一個男人”，復(fù)數(shù)形式為men. He was the only human on the island. There are only three persons in the room. There are many people there. Man is stronger than woman. 4.、seem 連系動詞，好像，似乎，看來。有下面幾種用法： seem + 名詞 看起來。He seems a nice man. seem like 好像，似乎。 It seemed like a good idea at the time. seem to do sth. 似乎/看起來/好像做某事。 I seem to have left my book at home. It seems/seemed that 看起來好像…, 似乎…. He was very happy. seem to be + 形容詞/名詞 = seem + 形容詞/名詞。 She seems to be happy.= She seems happy. 5.、probably ad. maybe 相當(dāng)于 perhaps. 也許，大概，可能。作狀語. probably 用于句中，可能性最大。 He will probably come tomorrow. maybe/perhaps 用于句首。 Maybe/Perhaps you are right. 6、 during / for / in 介詞，在……期間。 說到某事是在某一段時間之間發(fā)生的用during; 說到某事持續(xù)多久則用for; 說到某事具體發(fā)生的時間用in. We visited many places of interest during the summer holiday. I’ve been here for two weeks. They usually leave school in July. 一般將來時結(jié)構(gòu)： 肯定式： 主語 + will/shall + 動詞原形 + 其他 （will 用于各種人稱，shall 用于第一人稱） 主語 + be going to + 動詞原形 + 其他 （be 隨人稱、數(shù)和時間的變化而變換） 否定式： 在will/shall/be 后面加 not. will not = won’t . 一般疑問句： 將will/shall/be 提到主語前面。 There be 句型的一般將來時： There will be + 主語 + 其他 ，意為 ：將會有。一般疑問句形式為： Will there be + 主語 + 其他。 肯定回答是： Yes, there will. 否定回答是： No, there won’t. 否定形式是：There won’t be + 主語 + 其他， 將不會有…… 特殊疑問句是: 疑問詞/ 詞組 + 一般疑問句？ When will there be a nice basketball match? 練習(xí)： 用more, less,fewer 填空。 1. In the future, there will be ________fresh water because there will be _______pollution in the sea. 2. In 100 years, there will be ______cars because there will be _______people in the cities. 3. There will be ________job for people because ________ robots will do the same jobs as people. 4. I think there will be ________cities because people will build________buildings in the country. 5. In 50 years, people will have _______ free time because there will be ________things to do. 補(bǔ)全對話： Girl: Mon, what will the future _________like? Mom: Well, no one knows what the future will be _________. Girl: But ______ I be beautiful like you?________I be a pilot? I want to fly up into the sky. Mom: You’re already beautiful. And you should study hard. Then you _____be a pilot. Girl: OK,I must study hard then. Mom: But you should also remember that ______ will ______ both good and bad things in life. Girl: Oh, but I’m not scared. Mom, because you ________ help me! 1、Traveling to space is no longer just a dream. Russia______the first hotel in space in the near future. A. builds B. will build C. built D. has built 2、There ______ a football match on CCTV-5 at nine tomorrow evening. A. will have B. is going to be C . is having 3、In 50 years there _______more robots in people’s homes. A. were B. will have C. will be D. have 4、--Will people live to be 300 years old? ---_________. A. No, they aren’t B. No, they won’t C. No, they don’t D. No, they can’t 5、 They ______any classes next week. A. will have B. won’t have C. have D. had Unit 8 How do you make a banana milk shake? 短語用法： How many + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) How much + 不可數(shù)名詞 let sb. + do sth. want + to do sth. forget + to do sth. how + to do sth. There are many reasons for 一段時間 +ago by + doin