高考英語二輪復習 核心考點總動員 專題38 閱讀填空（一）（含解析）

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專題 38 閱讀填空（一） 關(guān)鍵詞：閱讀理解,推理,詞匯復現(xiàn),邏輯,語境 難度系數(shù)：???? 推薦指數(shù)：????? 【基礎(chǔ)回顧】 考點歸納： “七選五”型閱讀理解題，試題模式為：給出一篇缺少五個句子的文章，對應有七個選項，要求同學們根據(jù)文章結(jié)構(gòu)、內(nèi)容，選出正確的句子，填入相應的空白處?！犊荚囌f明》對該題型命題目的的表述為“主要考查考生對文章的整體內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)以及上下文邏輯意義的理解和掌握?！? 　　此題型文章中有5處空白，在閱讀過程中，如果不明白文章的主旨和段落主題、作者的寫作意圖，就很難順暢地讀下去、讀明白，自然就很難選出正確答案。而一個空填錯勢必又影響到對另外一個空的選擇。另外，此題有5個空白處，卻提供7個選項，因此有2個選項是多余的干擾選項，從而又加大了選出正確答案的難度。 　　該題型要求同學們從整體上把握文章的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容上的聯(lián)系，理解句子之間、段落之間的關(guān)系，對諸如連貫性、一致性等語段特征有較強的意識和熟練的把握。 基礎(chǔ)必讀： 詞匯同現(xiàn)型 　　詞匯同現(xiàn)是指屬于同一詞匯搭配范疇或者某一領(lǐng)域的詞匯在文章中共同出現(xiàn)，達到語義銜接的目的。一般來說，上下文中詞匯的范疇越小，上下文的銜接關(guān)系越緊密。 2015全國卷Ⅰ] 39.________ If youve been betrayed, you are the victim of your circumstance. But theres a difference between being a victim and living with a “victim mentality”. At some point in all of our lives, well have our trust tested or violated. You didnt lose “everything”. Once trust is lost, what is left? Instead of looking at the situation from this hopeless angle, look at everything you still have and be thankful for all of the good in your life. 40.________ Instead, its a healthy way to work through the experience to allow room for positive growth and forgiveness. C．Stop regarding yourself as the victim. G．Seeing the positive side of things doesnt mean youre ignoring what happened. 【解析】39．C　根據(jù)后句“If youve been betrayed, you are the victim of your circumstance.”可知此段主要講述不要一直認為自己是受害者。故選C。 【技能方法】 1）從意思上判斷 　　在做題時最重要的是要讀懂空白前后的句子，明白這幾句話的確切意思，然后根據(jù)意思的連貫性或邏輯性從選項中選取正確答案。在讀懂意思的基礎(chǔ)上，再利用線索特征詞等進一步確認答案。 2）從詞匯上鎖定線索 　　做題時很重要的一點是保持對一些線索詞的敏感，最主要的線索特征詞是空白前后的名詞和動詞，尋找答案時注意在選項中查找同義詞、近義詞、反義詞或表示同一類事物的詞語等。其次是代詞、數(shù)詞、表示時間/年代的詞、地點/名稱等專有名詞等。尤其是在讀不懂句子的情況下，利用這樣的線索詞尋找答案是很有效的方法。 3）從關(guān)聯(lián)詞上查找 　　由于英語的句段之間經(jīng)常會運用關(guān)聯(lián)詞表示銜接和過渡，使文章邏輯更清楚和連貫，因此文章中和選項中表示各種邏輯關(guān)系的路標性信號詞在選擇答案時都是很重要的線索。　　在做題時可將這三個層面的線索很好地結(jié)合起來。例如，在看到表示并列或遞進關(guān)系的關(guān)聯(lián)詞時，一般表示前后句子的名詞或句意具有同指性；而表示轉(zhuǎn)折讓步關(guān)系的詞則往往表示前后句子的名詞同指，但句意對立，或褒貶對立或肯否對立；而表示例證關(guān)系的詞則意味著在舉例之前或之后有表述概念或某一觀點的句子，往往會有復數(shù)名詞出現(xiàn)。 【基礎(chǔ)達標】 2016全國卷Ⅲ] 根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，從短文后的選項中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項。選項中有兩項為多余選項。 Everyone knows that fish is good for health. __16__ But it seems that many people dont cook fish at home. Americans eat only about fifteen pounds of fish per person per year, but we eat twice as much fish in restaurants as at home. Buying, storing, and cooking fish isnt difficult. __17__ This text is about how to buy and cook fish in an easy way. __18__ Fresh fish should smell sweet: you should feel that youre standing at the oceans edge. Any fishy or strong smell means the fish isnt fresh. __19__ When you have bought a fish and arrive home, youd better store the fish in the refrigerator if you dont cook it immediately, but fresh fish should be stored in your fridge for only a day or two. Frozen fish isnt as tasty as the fresh one. There are many common methods used to cook fish. __20__ First, clean it and season it with your choice of spices (調(diào)料). Put the whole fish on a plate and steam it in a steam pot for 8 to 10 minutes if it weighs about one pound. (A larger one will take more time.) Then, its ready to serve. A. Do not buy it. B. The easiest is to steam it. C. This is how you can do it. D. It just requires a little knowledge. E．The fish will go bad within hours. F．When buying fish, you should first smell it. G．The fats in fish are thought to help prevent heart disease. 17. D　上文提及“買魚、貯存魚和烹飪魚不難”，下一句說“本文就是有關(guān)如何購買魚，并用簡易的方法烹飪魚的”，所以空格處應該是說“買魚、儲存魚和烹飪魚要求具備一些相關(guān)的知識”。故選D項。 18. F　 由空格后的句子說“新鮮的魚聞起來應該味道鮮美”可知上一句應該是說“你買魚的時候應該首先聞一聞”。故選F項。 19. A　由上一句說“任何魚腥味或者難聞的腥臭味都意味著魚不新鮮了”可知下一句應該是說 “不要買這樣的魚”。故選A項。 20. B　空格前的句子說“烹飪魚有多種常見的方法”，后面介紹蒸魚的步驟，由此可知空格處的句子應該是關(guān)于蒸魚的。故選B項。 【能力提升】 【2016全國新課標II】根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，從短文后的選項中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項。選項中有兩項為多余選項。 A garden that’s just right for you Have you ever visited a garden that seemed just right for you, where the atmosphere of the garden appeared to total more than the sum(總和) of its parts? 16 . But it doesn’t happen by accident. It starts with looking inside yourself and understanding who you are with respect to the natural world and how you approach the gardening process. ●___17 Some people may think that a garden is no more than plants, flowers, patterns and masses of color. Others are concerned about using gardening methods that require less water and fewer fertilizers(肥料). 18 . However, there are a number of other reasons that might explain why you want to garden. One of them comes from our earliest years. ●Recall(回憶)your childhood memories Our model of what a garden should be often goes back to childhood. Grandma’s rose garden and Dad’s vegetable garden might be good or bad, but that’s not what’s important. 19 --how being in those gardens made us feel. If you’d like to build a powerful bond with your garden, start by taking some time to recall the gardens of your youth. 20 then go outside and work out a plan to translate your childhood memories into your grown-up garden. Have fun. A. Know why you garden B. Find a good place for your own garden C. It’s our experience of the garden that matters D. It’s delightful to see so many beautiful flowers E. Still others may simply enjoy being outdoors and close to plants F. You can produce that kind of magical quality in your own garden, too G. For each of those gardens, writer down the strongest memory you have 【答案】16. F 17. A 18. E 19. C 20. G 17.A 根據(jù)本段前兩句“Some people may think that a garden is no more than plants, flowers, patterns and masses of color. Others are concerned about using gardening methods that require less water and fewer fertilizers(肥料).”可知不同人對花園有不同的看法，再倒數(shù)第二句“然而，有很多能夠解釋你為什么想做園藝的原因”可知我們首先要搞清楚為什么要做園藝。故A項正確。 18.E 本段前兩句提出有些人認為花園只是一些花花草草，有些人關(guān)心少用水少用廢料。本句仍然在說明人們對園藝的不同看法。故E項“還有其他人只是喜歡在戶外接觸植物”與上下文一致，也是人們對于園藝的觀點。 19.C 根據(jù)前句“......那些都不重要”可知劃線句強調(diào)的是在園藝中對我們來說真正重要的是什么。故C項“重要的是我們搞園藝的經(jīng)歷”符合上下文串聯(lián)。 20.G 本部分介紹如果我們自己建一個花園，要回憶一下年輕的時候所看到的那些花園，并把這些花園的優(yōu)點寫下來，然后制定計劃并把自己的計劃變成美麗的花園。故G項與上下文一致。 【名師點睛】.Com] 本文屬于七選五閱讀中最常見的設(shè)空在段首的方法，通常是段落主題句。認真閱讀后文內(nèi)容，根據(jù)段落一致性原則，查找同義詞或其他相關(guān)的詞，推斷出主題句。本題我們根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二句“However, there are a number of other reasons that might explain why you want to garden.”可知我們首先要知道為什么要搞園藝。故A項為本段主題句。 當七選五閱讀設(shè)空在句首時，還可能存在以下兩種情況： 1. 屬于段落間的過渡句。這時要前瞻后望找啟示，即閱讀上一段結(jié)尾部分，通常正確答案與上一段結(jié)尾有機地銜接起來，并結(jié)合下一段內(nèi)容，看所選的答案是否將兩段內(nèi)容連貫起來。 2. 與后文是并列、轉(zhuǎn)折、因果關(guān)系等。著重閱讀后文第一兩句，鎖定線索信號詞，然后在選項中查找相關(guān)特征詞。通常正確答案的最后一句與空白后的第一句在意思上是緊密銜接的，因此這兩句間會有某種的銜接手段，尤其當選項是幾句話時。比如，如果選項中出現(xiàn)時間年代時，往往要注意與原文中年代的前后對應關(guān)系。 考點：考查說明文閱讀 【終極闖關(guān)】 【2016全國新課標I】根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，從短文后的選項中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項，選項中有兩項為多余選項。 Secret codes (密碼)keep messages private. Banks, companies, and government agencies use secret codes in doing business, especially when information is sent by computer. People have used secret codes for thousands of years. 36 Code breaking never lags(落后) far behind code making. The science of creating and reading coded messages is called cryptography. There are three main types of cryptography. 37 For example, the first letters of “My elephant eats too many eels” Spell out the hidden message “Meet me.” 38 You might represent each letter with a number, For example, Let’s number the letters of the alphabet, in order, from 1 to 26. If we substitute a number for each letter, the message “Meet me” would read “13 5 20 13 5.” A code uses symbols to replace words, phrases, or sentences. To read the message of a real code, you must have a code book. 39 For example “bridge“ might stand for “meet” and “out” might stand for “me.” The message “bridge out” would actually mean “Meet me.” 40 However, it is also hard to keep a code book secret for long. So codes must be changed frequently. A. Itisveryhardtobreakacodewithoutthecodebook. B. Inanylanguage,somelettersareusedmorethanothers. C. Onlypeoplewhoknowthekeywordcanreadthemessage. D. Aslongastherehavebeencodes,peoplehavetriedtobreakthem. E. Youcanhideamessagebyhavingthefirstlettersofeachwordspellitout. F. Withacodebook,youmightwritedownwordsthatwouldstandforotherwords. G. Anotherwaytohideamessageistousesymbolstostandforspecificlettersofthealphabet. 【答案】 36.-40 D E G.F A 37.E考查對上下文的理解和判斷能力。后面舉的例子是來證明人們設(shè)置密碼時往往會利用一些單詞的第一個字母來作為密碼，由此判斷E選項內(nèi)容符合語境邏輯。 38.G考查對上下文的理解和判斷能力。根據(jù)后面的解釋內(nèi)容可以判斷這是介紹密碼設(shè)置的又一種方法，故G選項內(nèi)容Anotherwaytohideamessageistousesymbolstostandforspecificlettersofthealphabet.符合語境。 39.F考查對上下文的理解和判斷能力。根據(jù)后面的舉例以及前句中的 a code book可以判斷該句是介紹密碼書的使用，故判斷F選項Withacodebook,youmightwritedownwordsthatwouldstandforotherwords.可以起到承上啟下的作用。 40.A考查對上下文的理解和判斷能力。根據(jù)空后內(nèi)容的轉(zhuǎn)折可知盡管利用密碼書可以破譯密碼，但是一本密碼書也不會使用很久的時間，故判斷A選項Itisveryhardtobreakacodewithoutthecodebook.符合語境。 考點：七選五閱讀理解