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附 錄A
Automotive Transmission
J.A.smith
The role of transmission:
The output of the engine speed is very high, maximum power and maximum torque at a certain speed area. Engine in order to exert the best performance, it is necessary to have a variable-speed devices, to coordinate the engine speed and the actual wheel speed. Transmission process in the car, in between the engine and the wheels have a different gear ratio, by shifting the engine can work at their best performance of state power. Transmissions are the development trend of more and more complex, increasingly high degree of automation, automatic transmission will be the mainstream of the future.
Transmission type.
Automotive automatic transmission has three common forms: namely, Automatic Transmission (AT), mechanical stepless automatic transmission (CVT), electric-controlled mechanical automatic transmission (AMT). At present, the most widely used is the AT, AT almost become synonymous with automatic transmission.
AT Torque by Torque, and planetary gear and hydraulic control system components, through the hydraulic transmission and gear portfolio approach to achieve variable-speed torque variation. One of Hydraulic Torque is the most important parts, which pump wheels, turbines and components, such as guide pulley of the transmission of both torque and the role of clutch.
AT compared with, CVT save the complex and cumbersome combination of variable-speed gear transmission, but the two groups to carry out variable-speed drive pulley. By changing the driving wheel and driven wheel contact belt speed radius. Canceled because of gear, so the transmission ratio can change speed more smoothly, without shifting sense of the sudden jump.
AMT and Automatic Transmission (AT) are the same class has automatic transmission. It is in general based on the manual transmission, through the installation of microcomputer-controlled electric device to replace the original finish by the manual operation of the clutch of separation, joint, and block transmission of the election, motion shift, automatic shift implementation.
The general structure of automobile transmission:
1. Easy transmission of the basic structure: the shell, transmission and manipulation of some parts.
(1)Shell: Shell is the basic pieces of support for the installation of transmission and storage of all parts lubricants. Has installed its bearing on the precision boring. Transmission under varying load, so the stiffness of the shell should be enough, there is to strengthen the wall, the shape of the complex, as many castings (gray cast iron materials, commonly used HT200).
In order to facilitate the installation, transmission and manipulation of some Split parts are frequently made, cover with the housing connected by bolts and reliable positioning. Shell has come on up, I put the oil, check oil foot mouth, should also be taken into heat dissipation.
(2)Transmission parts: is the gear, shaft, bearings and other transmission parts. Geometry axis through strength, stiffness calculation. Mainly due to decide on the stiffness, while the carbon steel and alloy steel elastic modulus almost equal, so the general use of carbon steel (commonly used 45 steel). Only one gear with the shaft or axle load made serious only by steel. Shaft and gear for many spline connection (for neutral good, reliable transmission of power, a small compressive stress, etc.). Spline shaft bearing parts and let the surface hardening treatment by the Department. Shaft with rolling bearing supports many, easy lubrication, high efficiency, small radial clearance, axial positioning should be reliable. Many ways to use splash lubrication (υ> 25m / s, as long as the appropriate viscosity apparently succumbed to the wall).
(3)to manipulate parts: the main components located inside the transmission cover.
2.The composition of the structural characteristics of transmission:
there is easy and efficient transmission, the advantages of simple easy-to-use-Jun mine but a few files, i changed the scope of small (traction, speed small), file number should be taken only at certain limited Cut used. If the increase in the scope of i, then increase the size so that transmission, axle span increase, both in order to increase the file-axis span of a few do not make too large, transmission can be formed. The composition of the so-called transmission, usually from both a combination of easy transmission, one of a few more files as the main transmission, less transmission known as the deputy.
Transmission component of advantages:
(1)can reduce the number of gears, and a few more files to reduce the number of gear the more obvious advantages. Easy compared with the transmission, it can shorten the length of shaft to reduce the transmission of the external size and weight, and can easily be more than one reverse. Into the file so the current number of files more than six hours, almost all transmission components.
(2)transmission: the rate of change of Ω than large: if the main transmission gear ratio change rate Ωzu = 3, Vice transmission Ωfu = 4 is Ω = 12; easy transmission arrangement Ω = 12, the structure is often difficult to reasonable.
Composed of transmission of disadvantage:
(1)file groups have correspondence between the transmission ratio, so that each file is not 2, (the speed and traction) are ideal.
(2)manipulation of trouble shifting, and sometimes both want to manipulate some speed, if not for the flower arrangement will shift memory.
In order to reduce the control action, it is best to shift the order. Calling attention to the grade for this presentation ten out files so that the first group of transmission ratio is greater than all of the first file group 11 to the majority of phase transformation from the stall speed of just fixing the main purpose of this is the only way most convenient.
GM Hydra-Matic
General can be regarded as the founder of automotive automatic transmission has been. The world's first automatic transmission is used in the United States in 1940 Oldsmobile automobile on a common, and it is a tandem structure of planetary gear transmission fluid control. Applies to the Cadillac STS-V's latest six-speed Hydra-Matic automatic transmission 6L80, may be regarded as the world's most advanced Automatic Transmission (AT) has been.
Automatic Transmission For example, it has an internal gear is also divided, but the abolition of the clutch. The more gear, then shift, the better the ride comfort. At present, common automatic transmission are generally four-speed, that is, block has four forward. 6L80 has six forward gear, the number of teeth than the one block are separately 2.36,3 block 4.03,2 block 0.85,6 block 1.15,5 block 1.53,4 block 0.67. Obviously, it is more than 4-speed automatic transmission with a greater ratio and smaller ratio of the difference, it is more smooth when speed.
Outside the block a few more besides, 6L80 also has a lot of unique special skills:
Driver shift control system (DSC) - through its driver into a vehicle without the clutch from the automatic five-speed, high-performance. Drivers under the food stalls to the DSC on the location, the light touch can be specified at the scope of the neat, smooth implementation block addition and subtraction. The driver to switch control mode, the transmission control module monitors the vehicle speed, engine torque and gear used to decide whether to automatically add block to avoid damage to the powertrain. Each have a sliding gear on the clutch, can be carried out on all five gear engine braking.
Performance computing systems down block (PAL) - in a row after a high-speed, stop maintain engine braking. Transmission control module based on driving behavior to decide whether to activate the device. If the system found in the vehicle slowed down before turning, transmission may be even lower in order to avoid stall two block.
Performance computing shift system (PAS) - turn off the accelerator in high-speed automatic adjustment of the level of acceleration gear, re-open at throttle-down power to elevate. Once the transmission control module to detect high levels of command, this function immediately.
This transmission also reduced in the rugged mountain road "Shift Search," the stability of the shift functions, with the lower block BrakeAssist monitoring function, electronically controlled engine braking, as well as to adapt to these high-power, high torque engines are the new need a new dual-chip torque converter. In addition, SRX is also equipped with high-performance downhill Downgrade Detection Brake Assist.Chinese car market gearbox
China's auto market is in a transmission period of rapid development. 2007 Chinese sales of 8,791,500 motor vehicles, motor vehicle production in 2008 will exceed nine million sales, car sales in 2010 will reach 12.63 million. Size of the market in the automotive industry's rapid growth, China is faced with a major transmission industry opportunities. In 2006 the market scale of China's automobile transmission up to 300 billion yuan and more than 20% annual growth is expected in 2010 is expected to reach 60 billion yuan.
附 錄B
汽車變速器
J.A.史密斯
變速器的作用：
發(fā)動機(jī)的輸出轉(zhuǎn)速非常高，最大功率及最大扭矩在一定的轉(zhuǎn)速區(qū)出現(xiàn)。為了發(fā)揮發(fā)動機(jī)的最佳性能，就必須有一套變速裝置，來協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)動機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)速和車輪的實際行駛速度。變速器可以在汽車行駛過程中，在發(fā)動機(jī)和車輪之間產(chǎn)生不同的變速比，通過換擋可以使發(fā)動機(jī)工作在其最佳的動力性能狀態(tài)下。變速器的發(fā)展趨勢是越來越復(fù)雜，自動化程度也越來越高，自動變速器將是未來的主流。
變速器的型式：
汽車自動變速器常見的有三種型式：分別是液力自動變速器 (AT)、機(jī)械無級自動變速器(CVT)、電控機(jī)械自動變速器(AMT)。目前應(yīng)用最廣泛的是AT，AT幾乎成為自動變速器的代名詞。
AT是由液力變扭器、行星齒輪和液壓操縱系統(tǒng)組成，通過液力傳遞和齒輪組合的方式來實現(xiàn)變速變矩。其中液力變扭器是最重要的部件，它由泵輪、渦輪和導(dǎo)輪等構(gòu)件組成，兼有傳遞扭矩和離合的作用。
與AT相比，CVT省去了復(fù)雜而又笨重的齒輪組合變速傳動，而是兩組帶輪進(jìn)行變速傳動。通過改變驅(qū)動輪與從動輪傳動帶的接觸半徑進(jìn)行變速。由于取消了齒輪傳動，因此其傳動比可以隨意變化，變速更加平順，沒有換擋的突跳感。
AMT和液力自動變速器(AT)一樣是有級自動變速器。它在普通手動變速器的基礎(chǔ)上，通過加裝微電腦控制的電動裝置，取代原來由人工操作完成的離合器的分離、接合及變速器的選擋、換擋動作，實現(xiàn)自動換擋。
汽車變速器一般結(jié)構(gòu)：
1．簡單式變速器的基本結(jié)構(gòu)：由殼體、傳動部分和操縱部分組成
(1)殼體：殼體是基礎(chǔ)件，用以安裝支承變速器全部零件及存放潤滑油。其上有安裝軸承的精確鏜孔。變速器承受變載荷，所以殼體應(yīng)有足夠的剛度，內(nèi)壁有加強(qiáng)，形狀復(fù)雜，多為鑄件(材料為灰鑄鐵，常用HT200)。
為便于安裝，傳動部分和操縱部分常做成剖分式，箱蓋與殼體用螺栓聯(lián)接并可靠定位。殼體上有加油、放油口，油面檢查尺口，還應(yīng)考慮散熱。
(2)傳動部分：是指齒輪、軸、軸承等傳動件。軸的幾何尺寸通過強(qiáng)度、剛度計算確定。因主要決定于剛度，而碳鋼與合金鋼彈性模量近乎相等，所以一般用碳鋼(常用45鋼)。只有齒輪與軸制成一體或軸載荷嚴(yán)重才用合金鋼。軸與齒輪多為花鍵聯(lián)接(對中性好，能可靠傳遞動力，擠壓應(yīng)力小等)。軸的花鍵部分和放軸承處經(jīng)表面淬火處理。軸多用滾動軸承支承，潤滑簡單，效率高、徑向間隙小，軸向定位應(yīng)可靠。潤滑方式多用飛濺(υ>25m/s，只要粘度適宜可甩到壁上)。
(3)操縱部分：主要零件位于變速器蓋內(nèi)。
2．組成式變速器結(jié)構(gòu)特點
簡單式變速器有效率高、構(gòu)造簡單使用方便鈞優(yōu)點礦但檔數(shù)少，i變化范圍小(牽引力、速度范圍小)，只宜在檔數(shù)不多的某些車工采用。若增加i的范圍，則使變速器尺寸加大，軸跨度增加，為了既增加檔數(shù)又不使軸跨度過大，可采用組成式變速器。所謂組成式變速器，通常由兩個簡單式變速器組合而成，其中檔數(shù)較多的稱為主變速器，較少的稱為副變速器。
組成式變速器的優(yōu)點：
(1)可以減少齒輪個數(shù)，而且檔數(shù)越多減少齒輪個數(shù)的優(yōu)點愈明顯。同簡單式變速器相比，它可縮短軸的長度，減少整個變速器的外部尺寸和重量，并且能方便地得到不止一個倒檔。所以當(dāng)前進(jìn)檔數(shù)超過六個檔時，幾乎都用組成式變速器。
(2)傳動比變化率Ω大：若主變速器傳動比變化率Ωzu=3，副變速器Ωfu=4則Ω=12；若使簡單式變速器Ω=12，結(jié)構(gòu)往往很難合理。
組成式變速器的缺點：
(1)檔組間傳動比有對應(yīng)關(guān)系，不易使每檔的(速度及牽引力)都很理想。
(2)換檔操縱麻煩，有時要操縱兩個變速部分，若為插花換檔還不便記憶。
為了減少操縱動作，最好能順序換檔。為此要求重視檔次編排使第10檔組傳動比全部大于第11檔組，達(dá)到多數(shù)相領(lǐng)排檔的變換只需操縱主變速的目的，這樣才最為方便。
通用 Hydra-Matic：
通用可稱得上是汽車自動變速器的鼻祖了。世界上第一個自動變速器就是1940年應(yīng)用在美國通用的奧斯莫比爾汽車上的，它是一臺串聯(lián)式行星齒輪結(jié)構(gòu)的液控變速器。而應(yīng)用于凱迪拉克 STS-V的最新Hydra-Matic六速自動變速器6L80，則可稱得上是世界上最先進(jìn)的液力自動變速器(AT)了。
對于液力自動變速器來說，它的內(nèi)部其實也有擋位之分，只是取消了離合器。擋位越多，則換擋的平順性就越好。目前常見的自動變速器一般都是四速的，即有4個前進(jìn)擋。6L80則有6個前進(jìn)擋，齒數(shù)比分別是1擋4.03、2擋2.36、3擋1.53、4擋1.15、5擋0.85、6擋0.67。顯然，它比4速自動變速器具有更大的速比和更小的速比級差，因此變速時也就更加平順。
除了擋數(shù)更多以外，6L80還具有很多獨有的特殊絕技：
駕駛換擋控制系統(tǒng)(DSC)—通過它，司機(jī)將車輛從自動擋變成無需離合器的高性能五速手動擋。司機(jī)把排擋桿推到DSC位置上后，輕輕一碰就可以在指定的范圍內(nèi)利落、流暢地實現(xiàn)加減擋。在司機(jī)切換控制狀態(tài)下，變速器控制模塊會監(jiān)控車輛的速度、發(fā)動機(jī)扭力以及所使用的擋位來決定是否自動加擋，避免對動力總成造成破壞。每個擋位上都有滑行離合器，能在所有五個擋位上進(jìn)行發(fā)動機(jī)制動。
性能運算降擋系統(tǒng)(PAL)—在連續(xù)高速行駛后，阻止升擋，保持發(fā)動機(jī)制動。變速器控制模塊根據(jù)駕駛行為來決定是否啟動這一裝置。如果系統(tǒng)發(fā)現(xiàn)車輛拐彎前速度下降，變速器可能會連降兩擋以避免失速。
性能運算換擋系統(tǒng)(PAS)—它在關(guān)閉油門高速水平加速時自動調(diào)節(jié)擋位，在油門重新打開時降擋迅速提升動力。變速器控制模塊一旦察覺高速水平指令，這項功能立即啟動。
這款變速器還有在崎嶇山路上減少“擋位搜索”的換擋穩(wěn)定功能，帶有制動助力的降擋監(jiān)視功能，電控發(fā)動機(jī)制動，以及適應(yīng)這些高動力、高扭力的新式發(fā)動機(jī)所需的新型雙片式扭力變換器。另外，SRX還配備了性能卓越的Downgrade Detection下坡剎車輔助系統(tǒng)。
中國汽車變速器市場：
中國汽車變速器市場正處于高速發(fā)展期。2007年中國汽車銷售879.15萬輛，2008年汽車產(chǎn)銷量將突破900萬，2010年汽車銷售規(guī)模將達(dá)到1263萬輛。在汽車行業(yè)市場規(guī)模高速增長的情況下，中國變速器行業(yè)面臨著重大機(jī)遇。2006年我國汽車變速器市場規(guī)模達(dá)300億元人民幣，并且以每年超過20%的速度增長，預(yù)計2010年有望達(dá)到600元。
9
哈工大華德學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）評語
姓名： 張寶壘 學(xué)號： 1089311218 專業(yè)： 車輛工程
畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）題目： 轎車兩軸機(jī)械式變速器結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計
工作起止日期： 2011 年 10 月 09 日起 2011 年 12 月 31 日止
指導(dǎo)教師對畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）進(jìn)行情況，完成質(zhì)量及評分意見：
指導(dǎo)教師簽字： 指導(dǎo)教師職稱：
評閱人評閱意見：
評閱教師簽字： 評閱教師職稱：
答辯委員會評語：
根據(jù)畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）的材料和學(xué)生的答辯情況，答辯委員會作出如下評定：
學(xué)生 畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）答辯成績評定為：
對畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）的特殊評語：
答辯委員會主任（簽字） 職稱：
答辯委員會副主任（簽字）： 職稱：
答辯委員會委員（簽字）：
年 月 日
畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）任務(wù)書
學(xué)生姓名
張寶壘
系部
汽車工程系
專業(yè)、班級
車輛工程0893112
指導(dǎo)教師姓名
閆春麗
職稱
副教授
從事
專業(yè)
車輛工程
是否外聘
■是□否
題目名稱
轎車兩軸式機(jī)械變速器結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計
一、設(shè)計（論文）目的、意義
汽車傳動系是汽車的重要組成部分，變速器又是傳動系的重要部件，因此變速器的設(shè)計就十分重要。通常，機(jī)械式變速器具有結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、傳動效率高、制造成本低和工作可靠等優(yōu)點，在不同形式汽車上得到廣泛的應(yīng)用。
轎車多采用前置發(fā)動機(jī)前輪驅(qū)動的布置，因為這種布置使汽車的動力傳動系統(tǒng)緊湊、操縱性好且可使汽車質(zhì)量減輕。兩軸式變速器則方便于這種布置，而且使傳動系的結(jié)構(gòu)簡單。
本設(shè)計涉及到的專業(yè)課包括汽車設(shè)計、汽車?yán)碚?、汽車?gòu)造以及機(jī)械設(shè)計、工程材料等眾多專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)課和專業(yè)課，對于學(xué)生的本科學(xué)習(xí)做一個綜合的總結(jié)。通過本次設(shè)計，使學(xué)生掌握一種學(xué)習(xí)的方法，為以后的工作打下良好的基礎(chǔ)
二、設(shè)計（論文）內(nèi)容、技術(shù)要求（研究方法）
本設(shè)計要求學(xué)生為根據(jù)某轎車的基本參數(shù)，設(shè)計一款兩軸式機(jī)械變速器，設(shè)計內(nèi)容包括確定變速器傳動方案，確定各擋傳動比，對變速器主要零部件進(jìn)行設(shè)計計算，并對齒輪及軸進(jìn)行強(qiáng)度校核。學(xué)生利用所學(xué)過的知識，正確繪出二維CAD圖，并完成設(shè)計說明書。
該轎車的主要技術(shù)參數(shù)如下：
發(fā)動機(jī)：總排量1.8L，額定功率74kW, 額定功率時轉(zhuǎn)速5200r/min, 最大扭矩155N.m, 最大扭矩時轉(zhuǎn)速3800r/min。最高車速165km/h。
主要質(zhì)量參數(shù)：整備質(zhì)量1070kg, 滿載質(zhì)量2150kg,
幾何參數(shù)：總長4546mm, 總寬1710mm, 高1427mm, 軸距2656mm。
三、設(shè)計（論文）完成后應(yīng)提交的成果
（一）計算說明部分
設(shè)計說明書不少于1.2萬 （二）圖紙部分
1、參考文獻(xiàn)篇數(shù)：10篇以上（其中不少于3篇外文文獻(xiàn)）；
2、內(nèi)容充實，結(jié)構(gòu)清晰合理，符合規(guī)范；
3、繪制一張A0裝配圖，三張A2零件圖。
四、設(shè)計（論文）進(jìn)度安排
2011.10.9~2011.10.20 進(jìn)行調(diào)研，查相關(guān)資料，撰寫《開題報告》。
2011.10.21 畢業(yè)設(shè)計開題答辯。
2011.10.22～2011.11.17 按要求完成總體設(shè)計方案、初步計算及繪制草圖。
2011.11.18 老師檢查完成進(jìn)度情況。
2011.11.19～2010.11.24 完成設(shè)計草圖。
2011.11.25 進(jìn)行中期檢查。
2011.11.26～2011.12.09 繪制正式圖紙及完成設(shè)計說明書草稿。
2011.12.10～2011.12.19 學(xué)生上交畢業(yè)設(shè)計材料。
2011.12.20 ～2011.12.26 老師對畢業(yè)設(shè)計進(jìn)行評審。
2011.12.28、29 畢業(yè)設(shè)計答辯。
2011.12.30、31 提交所有畢業(yè)設(shè)計材料
五、主要參考資料
[1] 高維山.變速器[M].北京：人民交通出版社，1990：23-35.
[2] 郝京順.汽車變速器的發(fā)展[J].北京汽車,2000,(06)
[3] 林紹義.一種汽車變速器設(shè)計[J].機(jī)電技術(shù),2004,(01).
[4] 孫恒，傅則紹.機(jī)械原理[M].北京：高等教育出版社，1990：133-135.
[5] 劉海江，于信匯，沈 斌.汽車齒輪[M].上海：同濟(jì)大學(xué)出版社，1998：204-230.
[6] 謝進(jìn)，丁劍飛，陳永.基于功能、約束和結(jié)構(gòu)的機(jī)構(gòu)概念設(shè)計.機(jī)械設(shè)計與研究[J]，1999（2）：33-55.
[7] 徐海山，湯夢蕊.變速器換檔機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計[J].機(jī)械工程師，2002(4)：68-72.
[8] 蔡炳炎，徐勇，林寧.機(jī)械式汽車變速器的速比配置分析[J].機(jī)械研究與應(yīng)用 2005-04：25-26.
[9] 羅春香.汽車變速器中速比分配問題的研究[J].西南民族大學(xué)學(xué)報，2004.
[10] 劉惟信.汽車設(shè)計[M].北京：清華人學(xué)出版社，2001：140-160.
[11] 王特典，衛(wèi)家嵋.工程材料[M].南京：東南大學(xué)出版社，1996.
[12] 趙世琴，黃宗益，陳明.慣性式同步器的結(jié)構(gòu)分析[J].《起重運輸機(jī)械》
[13] 余志生.汽車?yán)碚揫M].北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2000：16-21.
[14] 龔桂義.漸開線圓柱齒輪強(qiáng)度計算與結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計[M].北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社， 1992：56-58.
[15] 吳宗澤，羅圣國.機(jī)械設(shè)計課程設(shè)計手冊[M]. 北京：高等教育出版社，1999.
[16] 曉青.汽車變速器的百年變遷[J].汽車運用，2003(12).
[17] Jonathan S, Cohone1 al. A form verification system for the conceptual design of complex mechanical systems[J]. Engineering with computers 1994(10)：33-44
[18] Yolaro Halamura et al.Actual conceptual design process for an intelligent machining center[J].Annals of the CIRP, 1995(44)：123-128.
六、備注
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