電腦外殼沖壓模具設計【說明書+CAD】

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本科畢業(yè)設計任務書 機電工程系 填寫時間： 2015 年 1 月 1 日 課題名稱 電腦外殼沖壓模具 學生姓名 專業(yè)、學號 2011機械，116712133 畢業(yè)設計 基本要求、重點需要 研究的問題 要求：分析筆記本電腦外殼的沖壓工藝，設計了一套用于液壓機上的結構簡單的成形模。完成近10000字的畢業(yè)設計說明書及圖紙。 主要內容：設計一套用于液壓機上的結構簡單的本電腦外殼的成形模,提出各種可能的沖壓工藝方案,經過分析與討論確定適合于大批生產和中批生產的工藝方案。進行了詳細的工藝計算,選擇沖壓設備,編制工藝文件。然后設計電腦外殼的成形模。 需要解決的關鍵問題：材料的選擇，修邊模的設計、拉伸模的設計。 計劃 進度 安排 （1）查找、了解相關資料，并完成開題報告。3.0周 （2） 沖壓工藝規(guī)程的編制，包括沖壓件的工藝分析、毛坯形狀及尺寸、工藝方案的確定等最終沖壓工藝過程卡片的確定。4.0周 （3）修改并完成所有的零件圖和裝備圖。4.0 周 （4）改善前后對比分析。1周 （5）整理平時收集的資料并完成設計說明書。2周 （6）答辯及其準備 1.0周 應收集 的資料 及主要 參考文獻 生產工藝,沖壓，電腦材料相關的資料。 指導教師（簽名）： 職稱： 系（教研室）主任（簽名）： 分管院長（簽章）： 本科畢業(yè)設計開題報告 設計題目： 電腦外殼沖壓模具設計 專業(yè)年級： 2011級機械4班 學 號： 姓　 名： 指導教師、職稱： 2015年 1 月 10日 1、 本設計課題的目的意義，主要及擬解決的關鍵性問題（附參考文獻） 沖壓技術廣泛用于航空、汽車、電機、家電和通信等行業(yè)零部件的成形。近幾年來，我國具工業(yè)從起步到飛躍發(fā)展，歷經了半個多世紀，近幾年來，我國模具技術有了很大發(fā)展，模具設計與制造水平有了較大提高，大型、精密、復雜、高效和長壽命模具的需求量大幅度增加，模具質量、模具壽命明顯提高，模具交貨期較前縮短，模具CAD/CAM技術也得到了相當廣泛的應用。目前,我國模具總量雖然已達到相當大的規(guī)模,模具水平也已有了很大提高,但設計制造水平在總體上要工業(yè)發(fā)達國家落后許多。隨著與國際接軌的腳步不斷加快，市場競爭的日益加劇，人們已經越來越認識到產品質量、成本和新產品的開發(fā)能力的重要性。而模具制造是整個鏈條中最基礎的要素之一我國目前的模具開發(fā)制造水平比國際先進水平至少相差10 年， 特別是大型、精密、復雜、長壽命模具的產需矛盾更加突出，已成為嚴重制約我國制造業(yè)發(fā)展的瓶頸。 擬解決的關鍵問題:設計了在拉深過程中對模具和零件進行加熱的拉深模，可以解決鎂合金AZ31在常溫下不可拉深的問題，如果設計成兩個方向同時進行切邊的復合模，則很難保證零件切邊部分的精度，所以分水平切邊和垂直切邊為兩個單獨的工序進行，從而滿足產品的技術要求。 2、 本設計課題的主要設計、預期設計結果 設計的主要內容:設計一套用于液壓機上的結構簡單的本電腦外殼的成形模,提出各種可能的沖壓工藝方案,經過分析與討論確定適合于大批生產和中批生產的工藝方案。進行了詳細的工藝計算,選擇沖壓設備,編制工藝文件。然后設計電腦外殼的成形模。 預期設計結果:設計了一套用于液壓機上的結構簡單的成形模。 3、 設計方法和步驟 1、了解選題背景后，查閱一些有關模具材料、模具設計理論、模具設計實例、模架結構等方面的文獻，全面復習相關專業(yè)課程。 2、初步計算，根據所給零件圖樣，并且通過對工件的必要的工藝分析與工藝計算，還需考慮經濟性和可行性的前提下，才能確定工藝方案。 3、通過查閱相關資料，了解了各種沖壓模具的結構、模具的制造及設計和裝配流程。 4、模具設計，首先確定模架的結構形式，然后進行拉深模設計和修邊模設計。 4、 設計工作的總體安排及進度 （1）2015年1月23號，查找、了解相關資料，并完成開題報告。 （2）2015年3月10號，確定本設計總體方案。 （3）2015年4月20號，完成系統(tǒng)零配件的選擇，以及圖紙的繪制。 （4）2015年5月8號，完成設計說明書。 （5）2015年5月15號，上交畢業(yè)設計說明書及相關圖紙于指導老師。 五、指導教師審查意見： 簽字：　　　　　　 年　月　日 六、系(教研室)審查意見： 簽字：　　 年　月　日 七、學院審查意見： 分管院長簽章： 年　月　日 編號 無錫太湖學院 畢業(yè)設計（論文） 相關資料 題目： 鎖芯套冷沖壓工藝及級進模設計 信機 系 機械工程及自動化專業(yè) 學 號： 　　　 0923215　　　　 學生姓名： 王　 吉 指導教師： 　 鐘建剛（職稱：副教授） （職稱： ） 2013年5月25日 目 錄 一、畢業(yè)設計（論文）開題報告 二、畢業(yè)設計（論文）外文資料翻譯及原文 三、學生“畢業(yè)論文（論文）計劃、進度、檢查及落實表” 四、實習鑒定表 無錫太湖學院 畢業(yè)設計（論文） 開題報告 題目： 鎖芯套冷沖壓工藝及級進模設計 信機 系 機械工程及自動化 專業(yè) 學 號： 0923215 學生姓名： 王 吉 指導教師： 鐘建剛 （職稱：副教授） （職稱： ） 2012年11月22日 課題來源 來源于無錫明達電器有限公司，是電器產品上的一個零件。 科學依據（包括課題的科學意義；國內外研究概況、水平和發(fā)展趨勢；應用前景等） （1）課題科學意義 模具是機械工程及其自動化專業(yè)的一個專業(yè)方向，選擇模具方向的畢業(yè)設計題目完全符合本專業(yè)的要求，從應用性方面來說，模具又是生產效率極高的工具之一，能有效保證產品一致性和可更換性，具有很好的發(fā)展前途和應用前景。連續(xù)模在模具中技術含量高，制造、裝配難度大，因此本課題研究連續(xù)模的沖壓工藝、排樣方案、模具結構分析等方面，同時要求學生要有良好的心理素質和仔細認真的作風，對學生也是一次很好的鍛煉機會。 （2）研究狀況及其發(fā)展前景 隨著電子、信息等高新技術的不斷發(fā)展，模具CAD/CAE/CAM正向集成化、三維化、智能化和網絡化方向發(fā)展。模具CAD/CAE/CAM技術是模具設計、制造技術的發(fā)展方向，模具和工件的檢測數字、模具軟件功能集成化、模具設計、分析及制造的三維化、模具產業(yè)的逆向工程以及模具軟件應用的網絡化是主趨勢。 模具發(fā)展日新月異，今后其發(fā)展趨勢大致包括以下方面： 1.發(fā)展高效模具 對于大批量生產用模具，應向高效率發(fā)展。如為了適應當前高速壓力機的使用，應發(fā)展多工位級進模以提高生產效率。 2.發(fā)展簡易模具 對于小批量生產用模具，為降低成本，縮短模具制造周期，盡量發(fā)展薄板沖模，鋅合金、低熔點合金，環(huán)氧樹脂等簡易模。 3.發(fā)展多功能模具 為了提高效率和保證制品的質量，要采用多工位級進模及具有組合功能的雙色，多色塑料注射模等。 4.發(fā)展高壽命模具 高效率必然需要高壽命，為了達到高壽命，除模具本身結構優(yōu)化外，還要對材料的選用和熱處理，表面強化技術予以開發(fā)和創(chuàng)新。 5.發(fā)展高精度模具 要實現模具的高精度，在模具的設計與加工中必然要使用高精度加工設備和高技術加工工藝。要進一步發(fā)展數控機床和加工中心的使用，要發(fā)展CAD/CAE/CIM等高新技術。 研究內容 本課題研究連續(xù)模的沖壓工藝、排樣方案、模具結構分析等方面，通過平時的學習和專業(yè)老師的精心指導以及查閱大量資料，從而能夠有序的完成模具的設計過程。所以通過此次論文寫作，我更進一步體會了模具在制造業(yè)中的作用，在本篇論文中我將較多的研究和調查沖壓模具，探討沖壓模具在模具工業(yè)中現在的研究狀況和將來的發(fā)展，為以后的實際工作打下了堅實的理論基礎。 擬采取的研究方法、技術路線、實驗方案及可行性分析 首先，要對零件的工藝進行分析，課題的鎖芯套零件的方按，采用先沖孔、再預剪、之后翻邊，最后落料的工藝。其次，是對零件的排樣方按的設定，通過計算，選擇最優(yōu)的排樣方按。之后，則是對沖壓凹凸模的設計計算，合理的沖裁間隙關系著沖裁模的沖裁質量和沖裁模具本身的壽命，也是模具設計中較為重要的一個環(huán)節(jié)。最后是模架和壓力機的選用。 研究計劃及預期成果 研究計劃： 2012年11月12日-2012年12月2日：按照任務書要求查閱論文相關參考資料，填寫畢業(yè)設計開題報告書。 2012年12月3日-2013年3月1日：工作計劃、進度。 2013年3月4日-2013年3月15日：查閱參考資料，學習并翻譯一篇與畢業(yè)設計相關的英文材料。 2013年3月18日-2013年4月12日：沖壓工藝設計，模具結構設計，刃口尺寸和主要零件結構設計和尺寸計算。 2013年4月15日-2013年5月3日：繪制模具裝配圖和零件圖。 2013年5月6日-2013年5月25日：工藝文件、畢業(yè)論文撰寫和修改工作。 預期成果： 1．完成模具裝配圖：1張（A0或A1）； 2．零件圖：主要非標準件零件圖（不少于5張）； 3．冷沖壓工藝卡片：1張； 4．設計說明書：1份； 5．翻譯8000以上外文印刷字符或譯出約5000左右漢字的有關技術資料或專業(yè)文獻，內容要盡量結合課題。 特色或創(chuàng)新之處 ①該課題主要針對鎖芯套零件，在對零件沖孔、翻邊和落料的成形工藝分析的基礎上，提出了該零件采用多工位級進模的沖壓方案 ②在排樣方按上采用利用率高的斜排。 已具備的條件和尚需解決的問題 ①了解沖壓的知識，比如說模具零件的認識和沖壓機的工作原理。 ②理論與實踐有著不可避免的差距，由于沒有設計經驗，在實際設計時，會遇到許多問題。在零件排樣和料帶設計中，由于實際定位和導向零件的設計，需要做一定的修改。 指導教師意見 指導教師簽名： 年 月 日 教研室（學科組、研究所）意見 教研室主任簽名： 年 月 日 系意見 主管領導簽名： 年 月 日 英文原文 Categories of stamping forming Many deformation processes can be done by stamping, the basic processes of the stamping can be divided into two kinds: cutting and forming. Cutting is a shearing process that one part of the blank is cut form the other .It mainly includes blanking, punching, trimming, parting and shaving, where punching and blanking are the most widely used. Forming is a process that one part of the blank has some displacement form the other. It mainly includes deep drawing, bending, local forming, bulging, flanging, necking, sizing and spinning. In substance, stamping forming is such that the plastic deformation occurs in the deformation zone of the stamping blank caused by the external force. The stress state and deformation characteristic of the deformation zone are the basic factors to decide the properties of the stamping forming. Based on the stress state and deformation characteristics of the deformation zone, the forming methods can be divided into several categories with the same forming properties and to be studied systematically. The deformation zone in almost all types of stamping forming is in the plane stress state. Usually there is no force or only small force applied on the blank surface. When it is assumed that the stress perpendicular to the blank surface equal to zero, two principal stresses perpendicular to each other and act on the blank surface produce the plastic deformation of the material. Due to the small thickness of the blank, it is assumed approximately that the two principal stresses distribute uniformly along the thickness direction. Based on this analysis, the stress state and the deformation characteristics of the deformation zone in all kind of stamping forming can be denoted by the point in the coordinates of the plane principal stress(diagram of the stamping stress) and the coordinates of the corresponding plane principal stains (diagram of the stamping strain). The different points in the figures of the stamping stress and strain possess different stress state and deformation characteristics. (1)When the deformation zone of the stamping blank is subjected toplanetensile stresses, it can be divided into two cases, that is σγ>σθ>0,σt=0andσθ>σγ >0,σt=0.In both cases, the stress with the maximum absolute value is always a tensile stress. These two cases are analyzed respectively as follows. 2)In the case that σγ>σθ>0andσt=0, according to the integral theory, the relationships between stresses and strains are: εγ/（σγ-σm）=εθ/（σθ-σm）=εt/（σt -σm）=k 1.1 where, εγ，εθ，εt are the principal strains of the radial, tangential and thickness directions of the axial symmetrical stamping forming; σγ，σθand σtare the principal stresses of the radial, tangential and thickness directions of the axial symmetrical stamping forming;σm is the average stress,σm=（σγ+σθ+σt）/3; k is a constant. In plane stress state, Equation 1.1 3εγ/（2σγ-σθ）=3εθ/（2σθ-σt）=3εt/[-（σt+σθ）]=k 1.2 Since σγ>σθ>0,so 2σγ-σθ>0 and εθ>0.It indicates that in plane stress state with two axial tensile stresses, if the tensile stress with the maximum absolute value is σγ, the principal strain in this direction must be positive, that is, the deformation belongs to tensile forming. In addition, because σγ>σθ>0，therefore -（σt+σθ）<0 and εt<0. The strain in the thickness direction of the blankεt is negative, that is, the deformation belongs to compressive forming, and the thickness decreases. The deformation condition in the tangential direction depends on the values ofσγ and σθ. When σγ=2σθ,εθ=0； when σγ>2σθ,εθ<0；and when σγ<2σθ ,εθ>0. The range of σθ is σγ>=σθ>=0 . In the equibiaxial tensile stress state σγ=σθ ，according to Equation 1.2,εγ=εθ>0 and εt?<0 . In the uniaxial tensile stress stateσθ=0，according to Equation 1.2 εθ=-εγ/2. According to above analysis, it is known that this kind of deformation condition is in the region AON of the diagram of the diagram of the stamping strain (see Fig .1.1), and in the region GOH of the diagram of the stamping stress (see Fig.1.2). 2)When σθ>σγ >0 and σt=0, according to Equation 1.2 , 2σθ>σγ >0 and εθ>0,This result shows that for the plane stress state with two tensile stresses, when the absoluste value of σθ is the strain in this direction must be positive, that is, it must be in the state of tensile forming. Also becauseσγ>σθ>0，therefore -（σt+σθ）<0 and εt<0. The strain in the thickness direction of the blankεt is negative, or in the state of compressive forming, and the thickness decreases. The deformation condition in the radial direction depends on the values ofσγ and σθ. When σθ=2σγ,εγ0;when σθ>σγ,εγ<0;and when σθ<2σγ,εγ>0. The range of σγ is σθ>= σγ>=0 .When σγ=σθ,εγ=εθ>0, that is, in equibiaxial tensile stress state, the tensile deformation with the same values occurs in the two tensile stress directions; when σγ=0, εγ=-εθ /2, that is, in uniaxial tensile stress state, the deformation characteristic in this case is the same as that of the ordinary uniaxial tensile. This kind of deformation is in the region AON of the diagram of the stamping strain (see Fig.1.1), and in the region GOH of the diagram of the stamping stress (see Fig.1.2). Between above two cases of stamping deformation, the properties ofσθandσγ, and the deformation caused by them are the same, only the direction of the maximum stress is different. These two deformations are same for isotropic homogeneous material. (1)When the deformation zone of stamping blank is subjected to two compressive stressesσγandσθ(σt=0), it can also be divided into two cases, which are σγ<σθ<0,σt=0 and σθ<σγ <0,σt=0. 1）When σγ<σθ<0 and σt=0, according to Equation 1.2, 2σγ-σθ<0與εγ=0.This result shows that in the plane stress state with two compressive stresses, if the stress with the maximum absolute value is σγ<0, the strain in this direction must be negative, that is, in the state of compressive forming. Also because σγ<σθ<0, therefore -（σt +σθ）>0 and εt>0.The strain in the thickness direction of the blankεt is positive, and the thickness increases. The deformation condition in the tangential direction depends on the values ofσγ and σθ.When σγ=2σθ,εθ=0;when σγ>2σθ,εθ<0;and when σγ<2σθ ,εθ>0. The range of σθ is σγ<σθ<0.When σγ=σθ,it is in equibiaxial tensile stress state, henceεγ=εθ<0; when σθ=0,it is in uniaxial tensile stress state, hence εθ=-εγ/2.This kind of deformation condition is in the region EOG of the diagram of the stamping strain (see Fig.1.1), and in the region COD of the diagram of the stamping stress (see Fig.1.2). 2）When σθ<σγ <0and σt=0, according to Equation 1.2,2σθ-σγ <0 and εθ<0. This result shows that in the plane stress state with two compressive stresses, if the stress with the maximum absolute value is σθ, the strain in this direction must be negative, that is, in the state of compressive forming. Also becauseσθ<σγ <0 , therefore -（σt +σθ）>0 and εt>0.The strain in the thickness direction of the blankεt is positive, and the thickness increases. The deformation condition in the radial direction depends on the values ofσγ and σθ. When σθ=2σγ, εγ=0; when σθ>2σγ,εγ<0; and when σθ<2σγ ,εγ>0. The range of σγ is σθ<= σγ<=0 . When σγ=σθ , it is in equibiaxial tensile stress state, hence εγ=εθ<0; when σγ=0, it is in uniaxial tensile stress state, hence εγ=-εθ /2>0.This kind of deformation is in the region GOL of the diagram of the stamping strain (see Fig.1.1), and in the region DOE of the diagram of the stamping stress (see Fig.1.2). (3) The deformation zone of the stamping blank is subjected to two stresses with opposite signs, and the absolute value of the tensile stress is larger than that of the compressive stress. There exist two cases to be analyzed as follow: 　　1)When σγ>0, σθ<0 and |σγ|>|σθ|, according to Equation 1.2, 2σγ-σθ>0 and εγ>0.This result shows that in the plane stress state with opposite signs, if the stress with the maximum absolute value is tensile, the strain in the maximum stress direction is positive, that is, in the state of tensile forming. Also because σγ>0, σθ<0 and |σγ|>|σθ|, therefore εθ<0. The strain in the compressive stress direction is negative, that is, in the state of compressive forming. The range of σθ is 0>=σθ>=-σγ. When σθ=-σγ, then εγ>0,εθ<0 , and |εγ|=|εθ|;when σθ=0, then εγ>0,εθ<0, and εθ=-εγ/2, it is the uniaxial tensile stress state. This kind of deformation condition is in the region MON of the diagram of the stamping strain (see Fig.1.1), and in the region FOG of the diagram of the stamping stress (see Fig.1.2). 2)When σθ>0, σγ <0,σt=0 and |σθ|>|σγ|, according to Equation 1.2, by means of the same analysis mentioned above, εθ>0, that is, the deformation zone is in the plane stress state with opposite signs. If the stress with the maximum absolute value is tensile stress σθ, the strain in this direction is positive, that is, in the state of tensile forming. The strain in the radial direction is negative （εγ<=0）, that is, in the state of compressive forming. The range of σγ is 0>=σγ>=-σθ. When σγ=-σθ, then εθ>0,εγ <0 and |εγ|=|εθ|; when σγ=0, then εθ>0,εγ <0, andεγ=-εθ /2. This kind of deformation condition is in the region COD of the diagram of the stamping strain (see Fig.1.1), and in the region AOB of the diagram of the stamping stress (see Fig.1.2). Although the expressions of these two cases are different, their deformation essences are the same. (4) The deformation zone of the stamping blank is subjected to two stresses with opposite signs, and the absolute value of the compressive stress is larger than that of the tensile stress. There exist two cases to be analyzed as follows: 1)When σγ>0,σθ<0 and |σθ|>|σγ|, according to Equation 1.2, 2σθ- σγ<0 and εθ<0.This result shows that in plane stress state with opposite signs, if the stress with the maximum absolute value is compressive stress σθ, the strain in this direction is negative, or in the state of compressive forming. Also because σγ>0 and σθ<0, therefore 2σγ- σθ<0 and εγ>0. The strain in the tensile stress direction is positive, or in the state of tensile forming. The range of σγis 0>=σγ>=-σθ.When σγ=-σθ, then εγ>0,εθ<0, and εγ=-εθ;when σγ=0, then εγ>0,εθ<0, and εγ=-εθ/2. This kind of deformation is in the region LOM of the diagram of the stamping strain (see Fig.1.1), and in the region EOF of the diagram of the stamping stress (see Fig.1.2). 2)When σθ>0, σγ <0 and |σγ|>|σθ|, according to Equation 1.2 and by means of the same analysis mentioned above,εγ< 0.This result shows that in plane stress state with opposite signs, if the stress with the maximum absolute value is compressive stress σγ,the strain in this direction is negative, or in the state of compressive forming, The strain in the tensile stress direction is positive, or in the state of tensile forming. The range of σθ is 0>=σθ>=-σγ.When σθ=-σγ, then εθ>0,εγ <0, and εθ=-εγ;when σθ=0, then εθ>0,εγ <0, and εθ=-εγ/2. Such deformation is in the region DOF of the diagram of the stamping strain (see Fig.1.1), and in the region BOC of the diagram of the stamping stress (see Fig.1.2). The four deformation conditions are related to the corresponding stamping forming methods. Their relationships are labeled with letters in Fig.1.1 and Fig.1.2. The four deformation conditions analyzed above are applicable to all kinds of plane stress states, that is, the four deformation conditions can sum up all kinds of stamping forming in to two types, tensile and compressive. When the stress with the maximum absolute value in the deformation zone of the stamping blank is tensile, the deformation along this stress direction must be tensile. Such stamping deformation is called tensile forming. Based on above analysis, the tensile forming occupies five regions MON, AON, AOB, BOC and COD in the diagram of the stamping stain; and four regions FOG, GOH, AOH and AOB in the diagram of the stamping stress. When the stress with the maximum absolute value in the deformation zone of the stamping blank is compressive, the deformation along this stress direction must be compressive. Such stamping deformation is called compressive forming. Based on above analysis, the compressive forming occupies five regions LOM, HOL, GOH, FOG and DOF in the diagram of the stamping strain; and four regions EOF, DOE, COD and BOC in the diagram of the stamping stress. MD and FB are the boundaries of the two types of forming in the diagrams of the stamping strain and stress respectively. The tensile forming is located in the top right of the boundary, and the compressive forming is located in the bottom left of the boundary. Because the stress produced by the plastic deformation of the material is related to the strain caused by the stress, there also exist certain relationships between the diagrams of the stamping stress and strain. There are corresponding locations in the diagrams of the stamping stress and strain for every stamping deformation. According to the state of stress or strain in the deformation zone of the forming blank, and using the boundary line in the diagram of the stamping stress MD or the boundary line in the diagram of the stamping strain FB, it is easy to know the properties and characteristics of the stamping forming. The locations in the diagrams of the stamping stress and strain for various stress states and the corresponding relationships of the two diagrams are listed in Table 1.1.It shows that the geometrical location for every region are different in the diagrams of the stamping stress and strain, but their sequences in the two diagrams are the same. One key point is that the boundary line between the tensile and the compressive forming is an inclined line at 45°to the coordinate axis. The characteristics of the stamping technique for tensile and compressive forming are listed in Table 1.2. Table 1.2 clearly shows that in the deformation zone of the blank, the characteristics of the force and deformation, and the patterns relevant to the deformation for each stamping method are the same. Therefore, in addition to the research on the detail stamping method, it is feasible to study stamping systematically and comprehensively. The characteristic of the systematic research is to study the common principle of all different types of stamping methods. The results of the systematic research are applicable to all stamping methods. The research on the properties and limit of the sheet metal stamping has been carried out in certain extent. The contents of the research on the stamping forming limit by using systematic method are shown in Fig.1.3. State of stress Location in the diagram of the stamping strain Location in the diagram of the stamping stress Types of deformation Stress Strain Biaxial tensile stress state σθ>0,σγ>0 σγ> σθ AON GOH + + Tensile σθ>σγ AOC AOH + + Tensile Biaxial compressive stress state σθ<0,σγ<0 σγ< σθ EOG COD — — Compressive σθ<σγ GOL DOE — — Compressive Stateof stress with opposite signs σγ>0,σθ<0 |σγ|>|σθ| MON FOG + + Tensile |σθ|>|σγ| LOM EOF — — Compressive State of stress with opposite signs σθ>0,σγ<0 |σθ|>|σγ| COD AOB + + Tensile |σγ|> |σθ| DOE BOC — — Compressive Table 1.1 Comparison between states of stress and strain in stamping Table 1.2 Comparison between tensile and compressive forming Item Tensile forming Compressive forming Representation of the quality problem in the deformation zone Fracture in the deformation zone due to excessive deformation Instability wrinkle caused by compressive stress Forming limit 1． Mainly depends on the plasticity of the material, and is irrelevant to the thickness 2． Can be estimated by extensibility or the forming limit DLF 1． Mainly depends on the loading capability in the force transferring zone 2． Depends on the anti-instability capability 3． Has certain relationship to the blank thickness Variation of the blank thickness in the deformation zone Thinning Thickening Methods to improve forming limit 1． Improve the plasticity of the material 2． Decrease local deformation, and increase deformation uniformity 3． Adopt an intermediate heat treatment process 1． Adopt multi-pass forming process 2． Change the mechanics relationship between the force transferring and deformation zones 3． Adopt anti-wrinkle measures Fig.1.1 Diagram of stamping strain 　　　Fig.1.2 Diagram of stamping stress Fig.1.3 Examples for systematic research methods 中文譯文 沖壓變形 沖壓變形工藝可完成多種工序，其基本工序可分為分離工序和變形工序兩大類。 分離工序是使坯料的一部分與另一部分相互分離的工藝方法，主要有落料、沖孔、切邊、剖切、修整等。其中有以沖孔、落料應用最廣。變形工序是使坯料的一部分相對另一部分產生位移而不破裂的工藝方法，主要有拉深、彎曲、局部成形、脹形、翻邊、縮徑、校形、旋壓等。 從本質上看，沖壓成形就是毛坯的變形區(qū)在外力的作用下產生相應的塑性變形，所以變形區(qū)的應力狀態(tài)和變形性質是決定沖壓成形性質的基本因素。因此，根據變形區(qū)應力狀態(tài)和變形特點進行的沖壓成形分類，可以把成形性質相同的成形方法概括成同一個類型并進行系統(tǒng)化的研究。 絕大多數沖壓成形時毛坯變形區(qū)均處于平面應力狀態(tài)。通常認為在板材表面上不受外力的作用，即使有外力作用，其數值也是較小的，所以可以認為垂直于板面方向的應力為零，使板材毛坯產生塑性變形的是作用于板面方向上相互垂直的兩個主應力。由于板厚較小，通常都近似地認為這兩個主應力在厚度方向上是均勻分布的?；谶@樣的分析，可以把各種形式沖壓成形中的毛