風閥體板料折彎機傳動裝置設計【板料彎邊機的總體設計和部件設計】

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附錄1　譯文 機械設計概論 機械設計是一門通過設計新產品或者改進老產品來滿足人類需求的應用技術科學。它是一個廣闊的工程技術領域，不僅要研究產品在尺寸、形狀和詳細結構等方面的基本構思，還要考慮產品在制造、銷售和使用等方面的有關問題。 進行各種機械設計工作的人員通常被稱為設計人員或者設計工程師。機械設計是一項創(chuàng)造性的工作。設計工程師不僅在工作上要有創(chuàng)新性，還必須在機械制圖、運動學、動力學、工程材料、材料力學和機械制造工藝等方面具有深厚的基礎知識。 如前面所述，機械設計的目的是生產能夠滿足人類需求的產品。發(fā)明、發(fā)現和科學知識本身并不一定能給人類帶來益處，只有當它們被用在產品上才能產生效益。因此，應該認識到在一個特定產品進行設計之前，必須先確定人們是否需要這種產品。 應當把機械設計看成是設計人員運用創(chuàng)造性的才能進行產品設計、系統分析和制訂產品的制造工藝的一個良機。掌握工程基礎知識要比熟記一些數據和公式更為重要。僅僅使用數據和公式是不足以在一個好的設計中做出所需的全部決定。另一方面，應該認真精確地進行所有運算。例如，即時將一個小數點的位置放錯，也會使正確的設計變成錯誤的。 一個好的設計人員應該用于提出新的想法，而且愿意承擔一定的風險，當新的方法不適用時，就恢復采用原來的方法。因此，設計人員必須要有耐心，因為所花費的時間和努力并不能保證帶來成功。一個全新的設計，要求擯棄許多陳舊的，為人們所熟知的方法。由于許多人易于墨守成規(guī)，這樣做并不是一件容易的事情。一位設計工程師應該不斷地探索改進現有產品的辦法，在此過程中應該認真選擇原有的、經過驗證的設計原理，將其與未經驗證的新概念結合起來。 新設計本身會有許多缺陷和未能預料的問題發(fā)生，只有當這些缺陷和問題被解決之后，才能體現出新產品的優(yōu)越性。因此，一個性能優(yōu)越的產品誕生的同時，也伴隨著較高的風險。應該強調的是，如果設計本身不要求采油全新的方法，就沒有必要僅僅為了變革的目的而采用新辦法。 在設計的初始階段，應該允許設計人員不受各種約束，充分發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造性。即時產生了許多不切合實際的想法，也會在設計的早期，即繪制生產圖紙之前被改正掉。只有這樣，才不至于堵塞創(chuàng)新的思路。通常要提出幾套設計方案，然后加以比較。很有可能在最后選定的方案中，采用了某些未被接受的方案中的一些想法。 機械設計是一門通過設計新產品或者改進老產品來滿足人類需求的應用技術科學。它是一個廣闊的工程技術領域，不僅要研究產品在尺寸、形狀和詳細結構等方面的基本構思，還要考慮產品在制造、銷售和使用等方面的有關問題。 進行各種機械設計工作的人員通常被稱為設計人員或者設計工程師。機械設計是一項創(chuàng)造性的工作。設計工程師不僅在工作上要有創(chuàng)新性，還必須在機械制圖、運動學、動力學、工程材料、材料力學和機械制造工藝等方面具有深厚的基礎知識。 如前面所述，機械設計的目的是生產能夠滿足人類需求的產品。發(fā)明、發(fā)現和科學知識本身并不一定能給人類帶來益處，只有當它們被用在產品上才能產生效益。因此，應該認識到在一個特定產品進行設計之前，必須先確定人們是否需要這種產品。 應當把機械設計看成是設計人員運用創(chuàng)造性的才能進行產品設計、系統分析和制訂產品的制造工藝的一個良機。掌握工程基礎知識要比熟記一些數據和公式更為重要。僅僅使用數據和公式是不足以在一個好的設計中做出所需的全部決定。另一方面，應該認真精確地進行所有運算。例如，即時將一個小數點的位置放錯，也會使正確的設計變成錯誤的。 一個好的設計人員應該用于提出新的想法，而且愿意承擔一定的風險，當新的方法不適用時，就恢復采用原來的方法。因此，設計人員必須要有耐心，因為所花費的時間和努力并不能保證帶來成功。一個全新的設計，要求擯棄許多陳舊的，為人們所熟知的方法。由于許多人易于墨守成規(guī)，這樣做并不是一件容易的事情。一位設計工程師應該不斷地探索改進現有產品的辦法，在此過程中應該認真選擇原有的、經過驗證的設計原理，將其與未經驗證的新概念結合起來。 新設計本身會有許多缺陷和未能預料的問題發(fā)生，只有當這些缺陷和問題被解決之后，才能體現出新產品的優(yōu)越性。因此，一個性能優(yōu)越的產品誕生的同時，也伴隨著較高的風險。應該強調的是，如果設計本身不要求采油全新的方法，就沒有必要僅僅為了變革的目的而采用新辦法。 在設計的初始階段，應該允許設計人員不受各種約束，充分發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造性。即時產生了許多不切合實際的想法，也會在設計的早期，即繪制生產圖紙之前被改正掉。只有這樣，才不至于堵塞創(chuàng)新的思路。通常要提出幾套設計方案，然后加以比較。很有可能在最后選定的方案中，采用了某些未被接受的方案中的一些想法。 心理學家經常談論如何使人們適合他們所操作的機器。設計人員的基本職責是努力使機器來適應人們。這并不是一項容易的工作，因為實際上并不存在著一個對所有人來說都是最優(yōu)的操作范圍和操作過程。 另一個應該被認為到的主要問題是，設計工程師必須能夠同其他有關人員進行交流和溝通。在開始階段，設計人員必須就初步設計同管理人員進行交流和溝通，并得到批準。這一般是通過口頭討論，草圖和文字材料進行的。為了有效地進行交流，需要解決下列問題： （1）所要設計的這個產品是否真正為人們所需要？ （2）此產品與其他公司的現有同類產品相比有無競爭能力？ （3）生產這種產品是否經濟？ （4）產品的維護是否方便？ （5）產品有無銷路？是否可以營利？ 只有時間才能對上述問題給出答案。但是，產品的設計、制造和銷售只能。 在對上述問題的初步肯定答案的基礎上進行。設計工程師還應該通過零件圖和裝配圖，與制造部門一起對最終設計方案進行溝通 通常，在制造過程中會出現某個問題。但是，工程上的更改必須要經過設計人員批準，以保證不會損傷產品的功能。有時，在產品的裝配時或者裝箱外運前的試驗中才發(fā)現設計中的某些缺陷。這些事例恰好說明了設計是一個動態(tài)過程?？偸谴嬖谥玫姆椒▉硗瓿稍O計工作，設計人員應該不斷努力，尋找這些更好的方法。 根據目前國內外設計學者進行機械產品方案設計所用方法的主要特征，可以將方案的現代設計方法概括為下述四大類型。 1、系統化設計方法 系統化設計方法的主要特點是：將設計看成由若干個設計要素組成的一個系統，每個設計要素具有獨立性，各個要素間存在著有機的聯系，并具有層次性，所有的設計要素結合后，即可實現設計系統所需完成的任務。 2、結構模塊化設計方法 從規(guī)劃產品的角度提出：定義設計任務時以功能化的產品結構為基礎，引用已有的產品解(如通用零件部件等)描述設計任務，即分解任務時就考慮每個分任務是否存在對應的產品解，這樣，能夠在產品規(guī)劃階段就消除設計任務中可能存在的矛盾，早期預測生產能力、費用，以及開發(fā)設計過程中計劃的可調整性，由此提高設計效率和設計的可靠性，同時也降低新產品的成本。Feldmann將描述設計任務的功能化產品結構分為四層，(1)產品→(2)功能組成→(3)主要功能組件→(4)功能元件。并采用面向應用的結構化特征目錄，對功能元件進行更為具體的定性和定量描述。同時研制出適合于產品開發(fā)早期和設計初期使用的工具軟件STRAT。 3、基于產品特征知識的設計方法 基于產品特征知識設計方法的主要特點是：用計算機能夠識別的語言描述產品的特征及其設計領域專家的知識和經驗，建立相應的知識庫及推理機，再利用已存儲的領域知識和建立的推理機制實現計算機輔助產品的方案設計。 4、智能化設計方法 智能化設計方法的主要特點是：根據設計方法學理論，借助于三維圖形軟件、智能化設計軟件和虛擬現實技術，以及多媒體、超媒體工具進行產品的開發(fā)設計、表達產品的構思、描述 產品的結構。 附錄2　英文參考資料 Introduction to Machine Design Machine design is the application of science and technology to devise new or improved products for the purpose of satisfying human needs .It is a vast field of e ing technology which not only concerns itself with the original conception of the product in terms of its size, shape and construction details, but also considers the various factors involved in the manufacture, marketing and use lf the product. People who perform the various functions of machine design are typically called designers, or design e s. Machine design is basically a creative activity. However, in addition to being innovative, a design e must also gave a solid background in the areas lf mechanical drawing, kinematics, dynamics, materials e ing, strength of materials and manufacturing processes. As stated previously, the purpose lf machine design is to produce a product which will serve a need for man. Inventions, discoveries and scientific knowledge by themselves do not necessarily benefit people; only if they are incorporated into a designed product will a benefit be derived. It should be recognized, therefore, that a human need must be identified before a particular product is designed. Machine design should be considered to be an opportunity to use innovative talents to envision a design of a product, to analyze the system and then male sound judgments on how the product is to be manufactured. It is important to understand the fundamentals of e ing rather than memorize mere facts and equations. There are no facts or equations which alone can be used to provide all the correct decisions required to produce a good design. On the other hand, any calculations made must be done with the utmost care and precision. For example, if a decimal point is misplaced, an otherwise acceptable design may not function. Good designs require trying new ideas and being willing to tale a certain amount lf risk, knowing that if the new idea does not work the existing method can be reinstated. Thus a designer must have patience, since there id no assurance of success for the time and effort expended. Creating a completely new design generally requires that many old and well-established methods be thrust and attitudes. A design e should constantly search for ways to improve an exiting product and must decide what old, proven concepts should be used and what new, untried ideas should be incorporated. New designs generally have “bugs” or unforeseen problems which must be worked out before the superior characteristics of the new designs can be enjoyed. Thus there is a chance for a superior product, but only at higher risk. It should be emphasized that, if a design does not warrant radical new methods such methods should not be applied merely for the sake of change. During the beginning staged of design, creativity should be allowed to flourish without a great number of constraints. Eve though many impractical ideas may arise, it is usually easy to eliminate them in the early stages of design before firm details are required by manufacturing. In this way, innovative ideas are not inhibited. Quite often, more than one design is developed, up to the point where they can be compared against each other. It is entirely possible that the design which is ultimately accepted will use ideas existing in one of the rejected designs that did not show as much overall promise. Machine design is the application of science and technology to devise new or improved products for the purpose of satisfying human needs .It is a vast field of e ing technology which not only concerns itself with the original conception of the product in terms of its size, shape and construction details, but also considers the various factors involved in the manufacture, marketing and use lf the product. People who perform the various functions of machine design are typically called designers, or design e s. Machine design is basically a creative activity. However, in addition to being innovative, a design e must also gave a solid background in the areas lf mechanical drawing, kinematics, dynamics, materials e ing, strength of materials and manufacturing processes. As stated previously, the purpose lf machine design is to produce a product which will serve a need for man. Inventions, discoveries and scientific knowledge by themselves do not necessarily benefit people; only if they are incorporated into a designed product will a benefit be derived. It should be recognized, therefore, that a human need must be identified before a particular product is designed. Machine design should be considered to be an opportunity to use innovative talents to envision a design of a product, to analyze the system and then male sound judgments on how the product is to be manufactured. It is important to understand the fundamentals of e ing rather than memorize mere facts and equations. There are no facts or equations which alone can be used to provide all the correct decisions required to produce a good design. On the other hand, any calculations made must be done with the utmost care and precision. For example, if a decimal point is misplaced, an otherwise acceptable design may not function. Good designs require trying new ideas and being willing to tale a certain amount lf risk, knowing that if the new idea does not work the existing method can be reinstated. Thus a designer must have patience, since there id no assurance of success for the time and effort expended. Creating a completely new design generally requires that many old and well-established methods be thrust and attitudes. A design e should constantly search for ways to improve an exiting product and must decide what old, proven concepts should be used and what new, untried ideas should be incorporated. New designs generally have “bugs” or unforeseen problems which must be worked out before the superior characteristics of the new designs can be enjoyed. Thus there is a chance for a superior product, but only at higher risk. It should be emphasized that, if a design does not warrant radical new methods such methods should not be applied merely for the sake of change. During the beginning staged of design, creativity should be allowed to flourish without a great number of constraints. Eve though many impractical ideas may arise, it is usually easy to eliminate them in the early stages of design before firm details are required by manufacturing. In this way, innovative ideas are not inhibited. Quite often, more than one design is developed, up to the point where they can be compared against each other. It is entirely possible that the design which is ultimately accepted will use ideas existing in one of the rejected designs that did not show as much overall promise. Psychologists frequently talk about trying to fit people to the machines they operate. It is essentially the responsibility of the design e to strive to fit machines to people. This is not an easy task, since there is really no average person for which certain operating dimensions and procedures are optimum. Another important point which should be recognized is that a design e must be able to communicate ideas to other people if they are to be incorporated. Initially, the designer must communicate a preliminary design to get management approval. This is usually done by verbal discussions in conjunction with drawing layouts and written material. To communicate effectively, the following questions must be answered: (1) Does the design really serve a human need? (2) Will it be competitive with existing products of rival companied? (3) Is it economical to produce? (4) Can it be readily maintained? (5) Will it sell and make a profit? Only time provide the true answers to the preceding questions, but the product should be designed, manufactured and marketed only with initial affirmative answers. The design e also must communicate the finalized design to manufacturing through the use of detail and assembly drawings. Quite often, a problem will occur during the manufacturing cycle. It may be that a change is required in the dimensioning or tolerancing of a part so that it can be more readily produced. This falls in the category of e ing changes which must be approved by the design e so that the product function will not be adversely affected. In other cases, a deficiency in the design may appear during assembly or testing just prior to shipping. These realities simply bear out the fact that design is a living process. There is always a better way to do it and the designer should constantly strive towards finding that better way. Under the current domestic and foreign scholars for mechanical design product design methodology used by the main feature, The program will be of modern design methods summarized as the following four categories. 1.systematic design method Systematic design of the main features : design as by a number of design elements of a system, Each element is independence between the various elements of an organic link, and is layered, all combining elements of the design, system design can be realized required to 2. the modular design structure Products from the planning perspective : Definitions design tasks to the functional structure-based products, use existing product solutions (such as the common parts and components, etc.) to describe the design task that the decomposition of tasks on each task to consider whether there are corresponding product solution, Thus, in the planning stage product design to eliminate possible contradictions, early production forecasts, costs, and the development of the design process of adjustment, which can improve design efficiency and reliability, while also reducing the cost of new product. Feldmann will describe the design of the function of the product mix is divided into four tiers, (1) Product → (2) functional components → (3) major functional components → (4) functional components. And uses face the application structure characteristic table ofcontents, carries on more concrete qualitative and the quotadescription to the function part. 3. the characteristics of knowledge-based product design Knowledge-based product design characteristics of the main features : using computers to identify the language to describe the characteristics of the product and its design experts in the field of knowledge and experience, corresponding inference engine and knowledge base, Reuse stored domain knowledge and reasoning mechanism established by the Computer Aided Design program. 4. Intelligent Design Intelligent Design is the main features : design theory, using 3D graphics software Intelligent design software and virtual reality technology, and multimedia, hypermedia tools for product development design, Expression product ideas, describing the structure of products. 哈工大華德學院畢業(yè)設計（論文）任務書 姓 名： 宋相材 院 （系）機電與汽車工程學院 專 業(yè)：機械設計制造及其自動化 班 號：1095111 任務起至日期： 2013 年 9 月 20 日 至 2013 年 12 月 17 日 畢業(yè)設計（論文）題目：風閥體板料折彎機傳動裝置設計 立題的目的和意義： 畢業(yè)設計是本科生大學生大學學習階段的綜合訓練環(huán)節(jié)。通過畢業(yè)設計，使學生把所學的技術基礎知識和專業(yè)知識和與工程實踐相結合，重點培養(yǎng)學生的理論分析能力、工程設計與計算能力和事跡操作能力，具有良好的創(chuàng)新意識，使其畢業(yè)后能更好地適應實際工作的需求。 技術要求與主要內容： 風閥體板料折彎機是為某企業(yè)研制的風閥體加工自動生產線上的一臺設備。 生產批量：3萬件/年;截面形狀：呈U字型（詳見參考圖樣）；技術參數：加工材料Q235，縱向長度為1424mm，板厚2.0~4.0mm。 設計（論文）完成后應提交的成果 1、工程設計圖 折彎機總裝圖 1張 傳動裝置裝配圖 1張 主要零件圖 3張 2、設計計算說明書（10000字以上） 1份 進度安排： 9月20日開題報告 11月5日中期檢查 12月5日結題驗收 12月13日上交畢業(yè)論文； 12月17、18日畢業(yè)答辯 同組設計者及分工： 邢彥召 風閥體板料折彎機軋制工藝設計 指導教師簽字___________________ 年 月 日 系（教研室）主任意見： 系（教研室）主任簽字___________________ 年 月 日