ZB1-40軸向柱塞泵泵殼的工藝與工裝設(shè)計(jì)【8張CAD圖紙+畢業(yè)論文+任務(wù)書+開題報(bào)告+外文翻譯】

ZB1-40軸向柱塞泵泵殼的工藝與工裝設(shè)計(jì)

35頁 17000字?jǐn)?shù)+論文說明書+任務(wù)書+8張CAD圖紙【詳情如下】

ZB1-40軸向柱塞泵泵殼的工藝與工裝設(shè)計(jì)開題報(bào)告.doc

ZB1-40軸向柱塞泵泵殼的工藝與工裝設(shè)計(jì)說明書.doc

任務(wù)書.doc

外文翻譯---潤滑和摩擦學(xué)在海水水力活塞泵中的應(yīng)用.doc

夾具體.dwg

夾具裝配圖.dwg

氣動(dòng)加緊車床夾具.dwg

氣動(dòng)夾具體.dwg

氣動(dòng)夾具裝配圖.dwg

鉆夾具體.dwg

鉆夾具裝配.dwg

銑夾具體.dwg

銑夾具裝配.dwg

ZB1-40軸向柱塞泵泵殼的工藝與工裝設(shè)計(jì)

目錄

摘要、關(guān)鍵詞1

引言2

第一章  零件的分析3

1.1  零件的作用3

1.2  零件的工藝分析4

第二章  確定毛坯、畫毛坯圖5

2.1  確定毛坯種類5

2.2  確定鑄件加工余量及形狀5

第三章  工藝規(guī)程設(shè)計(jì)7

3.1  選擇定位基準(zhǔn)7

3.1.1  精基準(zhǔn)的選擇7

3.1.2  粗基準(zhǔn)的選擇8

3.2  制定工藝路線9

3.3  選擇加工設(shè)備及刀、夾、量具10

3.4  加工工序設(shè)計(jì)12

第四章  夾具設(shè)計(jì)16

4.1  銑夾具設(shè)計(jì)18

4.1  銑夾具設(shè)計(jì)19

結(jié)論20

致謝22

參考文獻(xiàn)23

外文資料翻譯34

摘要: 在生產(chǎn)過程中，使生產(chǎn)對象（原材料，毛坯，零件或總成等）的質(zhì)和量的狀態(tài)發(fā)生直接變化的過程叫工藝過程，如毛坯制造，機(jī)械加工，熱處理，裝配等都稱之為工藝過程。在制定工藝過程中，要確定各工序的安裝工位和該工序需要的工步，加工該工序的機(jī)車及機(jī)床的進(jìn)給量，切削深度，主軸轉(zhuǎn)速和切削速度，該工序的夾具，刀具及量具，還有走刀次數(shù)和走刀長度，最后計(jì)算該工序的基本時(shí)間，輔助時(shí)間和工作地服務(wù)時(shí)間。

關(guān)鍵詞： 工序 工藝  工步 加工余量  定位方案 夾緊力

Piston-technology equipment design

Abstract: In the production process so that the production target (of raw materials, blank, or assembly of parts, and so on) the quality and quantity of the state direct the process of change is called process, such as blank manufacturing, machining, heat treatment, assembly, have called the process Process. In the course of the development process, it is necessary to determine the process to install the work place and the process needed further work, the process of the processing machine tools and locomotives of the feed rate, cutting depth, cutting speed and spindle speed, the process of the fixture, and cutting tools Measuring, and cutting the number and length of the knife away, the final calculation of the basic processes of time, support time and work to serve the time.

key words: Process Technology  Step Allowance  Orientation Program Clamping force

1  引言

畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)是在我們學(xué)完了大學(xué)的全部基礎(chǔ)課及全部專業(yè)課之后進(jìn)行的，它是對我們在大學(xué)這四年中一次綜合的檢驗(yàn)。并在進(jìn)行了生產(chǎn)實(shí)習(xí)的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行的一個(gè)教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)，也是學(xué)生在校學(xué)習(xí)階段的最后一個(gè)重要的教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)，是完成工程師基本訓(xùn)練的一個(gè)必不可少的過程。通過畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)培養(yǎng)學(xué)生綜合運(yùn)用所學(xué)知識(shí)獨(dú)立解決本專業(yè)一般工程技術(shù)問題的能力，樹立正確的設(shè)計(jì)思想和工作作風(fēng)。

畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)是在畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行的，根據(jù)自己的設(shè)計(jì)課題，在畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)期間認(rèn)真調(diào)查研究、搜索資料。本次設(shè)計(jì)涉及到機(jī)床、工藝、工裝、夾具等機(jī)制專業(yè)的大部分專業(yè)知識(shí)，是一次全面、系統(tǒng)地檢驗(yàn)自己在大學(xué)期間對專業(yè)知識(shí)的掌握情況。在整個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)過程中做到嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、認(rèn)真、一絲不茍的精神，盡量使自己的設(shè)計(jì)達(dá)到要求的較高水平。通過獨(dú)立地查找資料、分析計(jì)算完成方案設(shè)計(jì)，繪制圖紙和編寫技術(shù)文件等，使自己對機(jī)制專業(yè)有了更深刻的認(rèn)識(shí)。

本說明書是設(shè)計(jì)ZB1-40軸向柱塞泵泵殼零件加工工藝規(guī)程及裝備之用，是工作者在進(jìn)行大量生產(chǎn)實(shí)習(xí)的基礎(chǔ)上，再和現(xiàn)場了解相結(jié)合，選用“機(jī)械制造工藝學(xué)”和“機(jī)床夾具設(shè)計(jì)”編寫而成。機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程是規(guī)定零件制造工藝過程和操作方法等的工藝方法。它是根據(jù)加工對象的具體情況和實(shí)際的生產(chǎn)條件，采用合理的加工方法和過程，按規(guī)定的形式制定的。夾具是機(jī)床與工件之間的連接裝置，使工件相對于機(jī)床或刀具獲得正確位置。機(jī)床夾具的好壞將直接影響工件加工表面的位置精度，所以機(jī)床夾具設(shè)計(jì)是裝備設(shè)計(jì)中的一項(xiàng)重要工作，是加工過程中最活躍的因素之一。

本書系統(tǒng)地介紹了ZB1-40軸向柱塞泵泵殼零件加工工藝過程以及其工藝裝備的選用、零件的功用及結(jié)構(gòu)分析、加工余量、工序尺寸、公差、確定工時(shí)、切削余量、速度的計(jì)算選用、工件加工夾具的設(shè)計(jì)等，是一份較為全面的設(shè)計(jì)說明書。

本次設(shè)計(jì)為期一個(gè)多月，承蒙學(xué)校領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和老師的關(guān)心和支持，特別是XXX老師的悉心指導(dǎo)，在此特表謝意！由于編者水平有限、經(jīng)驗(yàn)不足，再加成稿倉促，本書有許多不足之處，懇請老師指正。                                                  

第一章  零件的分析

1.1零件的作用

柱塞泵是依靠柱塞在其缸體內(nèi)往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)密封工作腔的容積變化來實(shí)現(xiàn)吸油和壓油的。由于柱塞與缸體內(nèi)孔均為圓柱表面，容易得到高精度的配合，所以這類泵的特點(diǎn)是泄露小，容積效率高，可以在高壓下工作。

柱塞泵的工作原理：它是由斜盤、柱塞、缸體、配油盤等主要零件組成。斜盤和配油盤是不動(dòng)的，傳動(dòng)軸帶動(dòng)缸體、柱塞一起轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，柱塞靠機(jī)械裝置或低壓油作用下壓緊在斜盤上。當(dāng)傳動(dòng)軸旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)，柱塞在其自下而上回轉(zhuǎn)的半周內(nèi)逐漸向外伸出，使缸體孔內(nèi)密封工作腔容積不斷增加，產(chǎn)生局部真空，從而將油液經(jīng)配油盤窗口向外壓出。缸體每轉(zhuǎn)一轉(zhuǎn)，每個(gè)柱塞往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)一次，完成一次吸油和壓油動(dòng)作。改變斜盤的傾角，可以改變柱塞往復(fù)行程的大小，因而也就改變了泵的排量。

ZB1-40軸向柱塞泵泵殼的加工是柱塞泵加工過程中的主要環(huán)節(jié)，它的加工質(zhì)量的好壞直接影響著柱塞泵的產(chǎn)品的性能和耐用性，從而提出零件的制造工藝方面的要求：加工精度和加工表面質(zhì)量。前者包括了零件的尺寸精度、形狀精度和位置精度；后者包括了零件表面的粗糙度、波度、和物理、機(jī)械性能；設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)能夠加工。在工件上應(yīng)有足夠的加工空間，以便刀具能夠接近加工部位，如留有必要的退刀槽和越程槽等；要能提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率。如加工表面盡可能地安排在同一平面或同一軸線上，以便采取多刀或多件加工的高效生產(chǎn)方法。零件圖如圖所示

結(jié)    論

本次設(shè)計(jì)從零件的毛坯生產(chǎn)到最終成品，中間經(jīng)過了銑、鉆、打毛刺等工序。因?yàn)槭谴笈可a(chǎn)，工序就分得很散，中間就可省去換刀具和調(diào)試的時(shí)間。在每道工序中都有計(jì)算切削用量和工時(shí)。

在本次設(shè)計(jì)中已無大的問題，基本達(dá)到了要求。只是在夾具的設(shè)計(jì)中沒有能提出多中方案進(jìn)行分析比較，有所不足。

在論文工作中，得到了本院有關(guān)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和老師的幫助與支持，在此表示衷心的感謝。

經(jīng)過兩個(gè)月的時(shí)間，我已經(jīng)完成了大學(xué)這四年中的最后一項(xiàng)任務(wù)：畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)?？梢哉f，這兩個(gè)月給我留下的印象是我這一生都難以忘記的。有人說，大學(xué)生活是美妙的。這點(diǎn)我也承認(rèn)，大學(xué)就等于一個(gè)小型社會(huì)，是我們學(xué)校走向社會(huì)的一個(gè)中轉(zhuǎn)站，為我們以后走進(jìn)社會(huì)的做下了一個(gè)鋪墊。然而畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)這個(gè)過程又是十分艱苦的，這是我這兩個(gè)月來最深的體會(huì)。但是通過這次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)，培養(yǎng)了我綜合運(yùn)用在大學(xué)四年中所學(xué)的知識(shí)，以及發(fā)現(xiàn)、提出、分析和解決問題的能力等等。 

記得剛開始對畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的茫然無措，使我對自己能否完成畢業(yè)也涉及有了一絲擔(dān)憂，但是自己在那段時(shí)間也是花了一定的時(shí)間去認(rèn)真分析指導(dǎo)老師給我的零件圖紙，遇到了一些看不懂的地方我會(huì)到與我的指導(dǎo)老師老師進(jìn)行交流，使我一開始的那些擔(dān)憂漸漸的轉(zhuǎn)化成了一份自信。當(dāng)分析完了零件圖紙以后，比進(jìn)入了畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的政體：工藝規(guī)程的編制和夾具設(shè)計(jì)。這其中包括確定加工工藝路線，工藝方案，夾具數(shù)量，設(shè)備數(shù)量；確定夾具定位點(diǎn)、夾緊點(diǎn)，夾緊力大小的計(jì)算，氣缸型號的選擇，對夾具進(jìn)行方案設(shè)計(jì)；對加工中心夾具進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)，繪制夾具總圖，零件尺寸圖等任務(wù)。這一切的一切都使我從中學(xué)到了不少在書本上沒有學(xué)過的內(nèi)容。本次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)，也使我明白了一個(gè)深刻的道理，那就是理論與實(shí)踐相結(jié)合的重要性，學(xué)校里學(xué)習(xí)的知識(shí)固然是很重要的，但是在學(xué)校里學(xué)習(xí)的知識(shí)大多數(shù)都是理論的知識(shí)，真正接觸的實(shí)踐的內(nèi)容是不多的，所以我們也算是珍惜了這次做畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)機(jī)會(huì)，在接觸了大量的加工零件，讓我有了很一目了然的感覺，很多實(shí)際的東西再結(jié)合上理論知識(shí)做基礎(chǔ)，使我們接受起新的事物來更加的得心應(yīng)手了。

這次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)使我清楚地認(rèn)識(shí)到作為一個(gè)機(jī)械專業(yè)畢業(yè)生必須擁有的那份執(zhí)著與堅(jiān)持?！安环e跬步，無以至千里：不積小流，無以成江海?！焙芏嗍露际菢O少成多，在機(jī)械方面更是如此。從中使我把學(xué)校里的知識(shí)與實(shí)踐進(jìn)行了結(jié)合，根據(jù)所學(xué)的理論知識(shí)，設(shè)計(jì)和制定自己的工藝路線和夾具，在老師的指導(dǎo)下，參觀工廠實(shí)踐加工路線和夾具，發(fā)現(xiàn)和解決自己所制定的工藝路線和夾具存在的問題，對自己提高了確實(shí)不少。這次設(shè)計(jì)培養(yǎng)、增強(qiáng)了查閱資料和手冊的能力。從開題報(bào)告到寫畢業(yè)論文，中間查閱了大量的資料和手冊，其中更加熟悉了各種機(jī)械手冊的查找。在做畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的過程中我還遇到了不少的困難，但是自己并沒有放棄，終于挺了過來。我相信這次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)為我以后的工作做出了很好的鋪墊，使我對以后的工作充滿了信心。

致  謝

在本次設(shè)計(jì)過程中，得到了XXX（畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)指導(dǎo)老師）的大力幫助。在這，首先向XXX表示最真摯的感謝！感謝他在百忙之中多次利用休息時(shí)間耐心的給予指導(dǎo)與幫助！與此同時(shí)，機(jī)械工程學(xué)院機(jī)制教研室的全體老師 給予了我熱心的指導(dǎo)與幫助，在此一并向幫助過我的老師和朋友們表示最真摯的謝意！是你們的熱心幫助，我能完成自己的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)，完成三年的學(xué)習(xí)總結(jié)。在此，我祝愿母校能發(fā)展越來越好，盡快的升為大學(xué)，我能為自己為科院人而自豪，永遠(yuǎn)記得老師教我們的先做人再學(xué)習(xí)，在以后的工作中勤奮工作。

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外文翻譯英文文獻(xiàn)lubrication and tribology in seawater hydraulic piston pumpAbstract: Water hydraulic systems have provoked major interest because of the human friendly and environmental safety aspects. Piston pump is one of the most frequently used hydraulic units in recent engineering technique.In water hydraulic piston pump,poor lubrication is more likely to happen than in oil hydraulic one because of difference in properties between water and oil.So there are some key problems such as corrosive wear and erosion,which are investigated briefly.Many new materials have been developed,which give longer life expectancies with water without corrosion and erosion.A new type of seawater hydraulic piston pumps with better suction characteristics had been developed at HUST.Much of this research has concentrated on new materials,structureand experiments,which are also specially introduced.Keywords: water hydraulics;pistonpump;lubrication;test;materialINTRODUCTIONThe earliest hydraulic systems used water as the hydraulic fluid.This restricted the working temperature range and caused corrosion as well as lubricating problems.It was not until the late 1920's that mineral hydraulic oils were introduced.Consequently, the oil became the main pressure medium of hydraulic applications.Recently,the demand for usingpure tap water(excluding seawater) as a pressure medium in hydraulic applications has increased due to its availability,easy maintenance,its low cost and high safety levels against pollution and fire hazard.So,water hydraulics can be used in new application areas such as food processing,pulp and paper industry,medicine,glass making,coal mining and nuclear industry.Water is characterized by very low viscosity in comparison with mineral hydraulic oils.For example, the kinematics viscosity of water at 40 is about 0.7 /s and of typical mineral oil is 3 2 /s. Key problems should be 2mmconsidered in water hydraulic system. Firstly,the very low viscosity must increase the difficulty of developing hydrodynamic film between frictional pairs,and the very small change of water's viscosity with pressure means that elastohydrodynamic lubrication with hard materials is unlikely to occur.So,the low viscosity is accompanied with poor lubricity of water.Poor lubricity can cause corrosive wear and erosion problems.Secondly,it is to be noted that water (especially sea water)is electrically conductive and may act as anelectrolyte when impurities or certain additives are present.In such cases the electrolytic corrosion may occur.Therefore metallic materials to be used in connection with the water pressure medium should comply with the electrochemical series.From the present point of view,oil has an advantage against water in the aspect of lubrication but the recent technology of materials,designs and tribology has brought the possibility of using water as a pressure medium again.A number of new materials,such as stainless steel,corrosion resistant alloy,ceramics,polymers,bronze,brass,anodized alumina and composites,etc.,have good compatibility with water,along with modern design and manufacturing techniques,water hydraulics become more and more practical.Modern science and technologies can provide essential technical guarantee for the reemergence and development of water hydraulics.Piston pump is one of the most frequently used hydraulic units in recent engineering techniques.In water hydraulic piston pump,poor lubrication is more likely to happen than that in oil hydraulic oneIn water hydraulic system,the first objective is to develop piston pump and motor using raw water as pressure medium.To deal with problems of using raw water as lubricant,three critical sliding pairs,such as the cylinder block/port plate,piston/cylinder bore,swash plate/slipper pad have been focused.Water piston pump(motor) has been developed in some developed countries,such as USA,UK,Japan,Denmark,GermanyandFinland,etc.Pumps and motors are virtually identical.The Fenner company in the United Kingdom has developed an axial pump for raw water with fixed displacement.The pumps and motors are of the swash plate type.Bearing centers are designed to be in line with the torque centers of the units in order to minimize tilt forces on the valve plate.All rubbing surfaces use polymer-stainless interfaces.An adapt ation of the pump using ceramic pistons has operated successfully up to 14MPa.The casing are made of stainless steel.The Hauhinco radial piston pump in Germany has fixed displacement.The pump design is based upon using new and non-traditional materials sothat a separate lubrication system is avoided.The medium,industrial water,to be pumped also acts as a lubricant.Typically pump ratings are: flow rate up to 242L/min,pressure up to 32MPa.The Danfoss Nessie pump of type PHA(pump axialhigh-pressure) in Denmark is designed as an integral unit based upon the swash plate principle.All friction surfaces,such as cylinders,thrust plate and piston shoes,are made solely of reinforced plastic or overmolded stainless steel.The outer housing and end flanges are made of chronite-casted special brass in order to prevent corrosion.The pump is designed so that the lubrication of the moving parts in thepump is maintained by the water itself.All the parts in the pump are made of non-corrosive materials, ensuring a long life of the pump.The pressure level of the pump is16MPa.The axial piston pump inthe Finnish company Hytar can also act asa motor and it can be operated in normal tap water and seawater. The pressure level of the pump is 21 Mpa and the lifespan is about 8000 h After ten years of research and development on high water based fluid hydraulics,a new research and development program for tap water and seawater hydraulics supported by National Science Foundation of China were carried out at Huazhong University of Science & Technology (HUST) from 1990 to today.Recently,a new type of seawater hydraulic piston pumps with better suction characteristics had been developed at HUST[4].Much of this research has concentrated on new materials,structure and experiments,which are specially introduced in this paper.Meanwhile,the applications on some aspects for water hydraulics are also described.1 SEAWATER HYDRAULIC AXIAL PISTON PUMP AT HUSTFigure 1 shows the schematic diagram of the seawater hydraulic axial piston pump at HUST.It is a swash plate axial seven-piston pump with fixed displacement,which can work with either seawater or raw water.This pump's ratings are:flow rate up to 40L/min,pressure up to 14 MPa.The specified pressure is 10 MPa.The inlet and outlet check valves with soft seals are respectively associated with each piston,on the piston suction stroke,water is drawn by vacuum from the inlet port through the inlet check valves,filling the space at the left side of the pistons.On the piston discharge stroke,the water is forced to the outlet port through the outlet valves.To get better lubrication for the bearings,the drive mechanism of the pump is lubricated with oil and the oil chamber at the right side of the pistons is kept separate from the displacement side by using double packing seals around each of the seven pistons.Therefore, bearings and the swash plate/slipperpad friction pairs are lubricated with oil.The piston/cylinder bore friction pairs are lubricated with raw water.Fig.1 Schematic Diagram of the Seawater Axial Piston PumpWhen using raw water as lubricant,due to rawwater's chemically active nature,low viscosity,poor lubrication and high vapor pressure,the selection of materials used,play a key role in determining long lifespan for a water hydraulic pump.The front and rear casings,cylinder block are made of aluminum-alloy with anodizing treatment,pistons and cylinder liners are made of stainless steel(1Cr18Ni9Ti)and reinforced polymer o rreinforced polymer-eterketon (PEEK),respectively.The seals of inlet and outlet valves are made of poly tetrafluoroethy lene(PTEF)and the poppets with soft seals are made of bronzed stainless steel.In order to reduce the wear on a surface,materials with low friction coefficient must be used. relatively new polymer,PEEK shows a very lowfriction coefficient,about0.02,in contact to steel with a water film[4].This friction coefficient iscomparable with 0.05~0.07 for steel to steel with mineral oil.Recently,PEEK,has turned to becommonly used for sliding parts in water hy draulic pump and motor.In order to reduce the wear on a surface,materials with low friction coefficient must be used.A relatively new polymer,PEEK shows a very low friction coefficient,about 0.02,in contact to steel with a water film[4].This friction coefficient is comparable with 0.05~0.07 for steel to steel with mineral oil.Recently,PEEK,has turned to be commonly used for sliding parts in water hydraulic pump and motor.1 EXPERIMENTAL2.1 Test apparatusIn order to examine the functions of this pump,an experimental study is in progress.The test pump is driven by an electric motor.To study the functions of this pump at different pump rotation,which was controlled by adjustments in electriccabinet.The relief valve can be used to protect the system.The throttle is used as loading unit for the test pump. The cooler controls the temperature of the system. All hydraulic components were designed by ourselves.2.2 Experimental methodThe test method is described as follows.Either raw water(pure tap water)or seawater(imitationseawater) can be used as pressure medium.The imitation seawater can be made up according to thestandard (ASTMD21142252) of the United States of America That the main features of the tests were decidedas follows:(a) The loading pressure should be adjusted upto 14MPa.(b) The speed of rotation should be fully variable up to 1000r/min.(c) After speed reaches a steady state,waterpressure and the flow rate should be recorded.(d) The temperature of fluid medium is controlled in the range of 20~40e.2.3 Test procedureThe aim of the test was to determine the variation of volumetric efficiency, for the pump,with pressure and speed ,as well as the curves of the pump ?inlet vacuum versus flow rate. Usually Volumetric efficiency can be used to describe the performances of a pump.It is defined as: = 100℅?0Q?Where is volumetric dfficiency; Q is the dffective,averaged pump delivery per unit time, L/min; Q is the theoretical,averaged pump delivery 0per unit time,L/min.The system pressure can be adjusted by water throttle.Changing theorifices can change the out put pressure of the pump.The loading pressure should be increased from0t o14MP agradually.2 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS2.1 ResultsObserved from the flow meter,the effective flow rate is undulate within a small range.The average of observed data is calculated as the final result.Under the three speeds condition (1000r/min,750r/min,500r/min),volumetric efficiency,Gv for the pump is a function of pressure as shown in Fig 2.Effective flow rate,Q for the pump is a function of pressure as shown in Fig 33.2 DiscussionsThe volumetric efficiency for the sea water pump decreases as the loading pressur erises,which is steady in the range from 82% to 85%. Finally, from Eq.2,under identical conditions,the leak age through aclear ance can be up to forty times greater than that of typical hydraulicoil because water(sea water)viscosity is 1/50 much less than that of the Journal of Marine Science and Application,Vol.2,No.1,June 2003 oil.This decreases the volumetric efficiency for thesea water pump quickly.So,the increase of volumetric efficiency for the sea water pump is also one of the key problems in pump design.Q =312dpLv???Awhere q is leakage through a clearance, is clearance thickness, is ??fluid mass density, v is fluid kinematics viscosity, is pressure pAdifference,L is clearance length,and d is diameter. Fig.2 Test curves of volumetric efficiency vs system pressureFig.3 Test curves of flow rate vs system pressureIf we want to get the same flow rate as oil,the clearances such as piston/cylinder interface should be reduced by approximately 70%,for instance,the thickness is around 5~40 .This will result in material asperity m?contacts of matching surface,high friction,and severe mechanical wear.Meanwhile,it will also result in high velocity through the small clearances,which leads to fluid erosion called"wire drawing" on the matching surface. Obviously,it is not practical.Figure 4 shows that the pump suction characteristics are pretty well,which can be worked at inlet vacuum of 0.04MPa.If the rotating speed is reduced to 1000 or 750r/min,it can operated at an inlet vacuum of 0.05~0.055MPa.4 APPLICATIONSAfter severe acceptance test,the sea water hydraulic pump at HUS Thas been successfully used in a deep submergence rescue vehicle.In water hydraulics,a lot of interesting applications have been developed and researched.The application mentioned below shows clear that water hydraulics is no longer restricted to stationary applications.4.1 Ocean exploration engineeringWhen seawater hydraulics is used in the subsea control system,the power source and sea water pump could be positioned nea rthe working place,requiring only electrical power from the surface. There would be no need for the flow and return of hydraulics fluid,and possibly no need for the expensive umbilicalat allif the system were controlled remotely.The financial benefits would be significant。4.2 Metallurgical industry and miningNon-flammability is of paramount importance in high-temperature and mining applications.The use of water hydraulics instead of conventional fire resistant hydraulics in metallurgical industry(converter,furnace and aluminum productions),plastics processing facilities,nuclear industry and power in mine,not only avoid the risk of fire,but also reduce operating cost and pollution to environment.4.3 Paper cuttingQuite new development is water jet cutting system for paper machine.In paper machine the edge of the paper has to be cut quickly and evenly.Traditional way is to use steel cutters,but due to their unreliable operation more interest has been paid to use water jet for cutting.In other words,the problem is that the steel cuttings are wearing quite much and have to be changed very often.The alternative is to use water jet cutting.80MPa cutting system has been developed in Finland。Which is now available in the market.4.4 Waste packer lorryIn Sweden there is an interesting mobile application operated with water hydraulics.That is awaste packer lorry[4] .The waste lorry is a daily operated vehicle and the hydraulic system must be designed for outdoor temperatures of-10 to + 40e. Therefore,the tap water is frost protected by 35% food grade propylene glycol.This fluid is classified as a non-hazardous to human and the environment.5 FURTHER RESEARCHES 5.1 Pump(Motor)A new,middle-low pressure,hydraulic axial piston pump(motor)is still in the developmentstage at HUST today.It has pistons,in multiples of four(usually8,12,16,20and24),place daxiallyaround the pump(motor)shaft.Valving consists of an internal hydraulic distributor and the pistons,which act as 3-way spool valves as the swash plate is rotated.The pump can also act as a motor and it can be operated in normal tap water and seawater.The valving system called piston valving has many design advantages.It has no rotating parts and does not add to the rotational inertia when it is used as motor.It has a high dirt-tolerance because dirt particles in the valving area are simply sheared off.It does not require flat lapping of surfaces.There is neither forced loading of valve plates nor pressure loading,so it has low start-up forces.Another advantage of the valving is that it permits hollow and straight through shaft construction because there are no mechanical devices down the center of the pump (motor).It allows the use of nearly any size bearings desired as they are supported by the end caps.It is a swash plate axial eight-piston pump(motor) with fixed displacement which can work with either seawater or raw water.All bearings,pistonhead,swash plate sliding surfaces of this pump are lubricated with oil and are kept separate from the displacement side by seals around the pistons.So,it has advantages regarding the lubrication of many contacts in the pump(motor).To select appropriate materials and calculation parameters in pump(motor)design,a bench wear test rig's has been developed to evaluate the lubricating properties of fluids matching materials.Essentially it is a single piston swash plate pump with port valves.This test rig ratings are:displacement around 6.3mL/r,pressure up to 21MPa,rotational speed up to 2000r/min.It can be used to test the tribological properties of different engineering materials lubricated by any fluids such as seawater,rawwater,HWBF,HFA,HFB,HFC and mineral oil,etc.A series of primary test researches work have beenUndertaken using this bench test rig.Three critical lubricating zones(cylinderblock/portplate,piston/cylinderbore,swashplate/slipperpad)in a pump(motor)are also still in the development stage at HUST today.It is very important to select suitable materials and optimize structure parameters in a water hydraulic pump(motor) design.6 CONCLUSIONSWater hydraulics is a versatile technology,which can be applied to various fields.That makes it an interesting technology area to research and develop.In water hydraulic system,the first objectiveshould be to develop piston pump and motor using raw water as pressure medium.The poor lubrication,wear,and erosion in water piston pump(motor) are more likely to happen than in oil hydraulic one.So,material selection,structure optimization and manufacturing Should be considered as key problems in pump(motor)design.Meanwhile,the experiences of experimental study on the friction pairs in a pump(motor)will provide good helps for design and development of water hydraulic axial piston pumps and motors.In a nutshell,modern water hydraulic technology is still new and a lot of problems must be solved to make the technique more widely available for power transmission.中文翻譯潤滑和摩擦學(xué)在海水水力活塞泵中的應(yīng)用摘要：因?yàn)榭紤]到人類的友好性和環(huán)境保護(hù)等諸多方面的影響，水力體系就體現(xiàn)出了較為關(guān)鍵的利害關(guān)系。在現(xiàn)在的工程技術(shù)中，活塞泵已成為最廣泛應(yīng)用的運(yùn)動(dòng)單元。在水力活塞泵中、由于水和油之間在性質(zhì)上的差異，不良的潤滑要比在液壓系統(tǒng)中更可能發(fā)生。因此，經(jīng)過主要的調(diào)查，其中發(fā)現(xiàn)了腐蝕、磨損等這樣的關(guān)鍵問題。許多在水中沒有被腐蝕并且仍擁有較久的生命周期的新材料已經(jīng)被發(fā)現(xiàn)，一種新型的帶有套管吸力特性的海水水力活塞泵已經(jīng)被廣泛發(fā)展和應(yīng)用。大多數(shù)的研究都集中在了新材料、結(jié)構(gòu)、以及大量的實(shí)驗(yàn)上，而這些也將在本文作以特別的介紹。關(guān)鍵詞：水力體系，活塞泵，潤滑，試驗(yàn)，材料最初的水力體系是用水做為工作液體。這樣能夠限制工作回火的范圍，避免腐蝕的發(fā)生以及解決一些潤滑的問題。直到十九世紀(jì)二十年代，礦物的水力輕質(zhì)石油產(chǎn)品才被推出。逐漸地，石油成為了水力應(yīng)用中的主要壓力介質(zhì)。近年來，由于材料可行性，方便地維護(hù)，較底的成本，以及較高的安全系數(shù)和較低的環(huán)境污染，較低的火災(zāi)隱患等方面的研究，已經(jīng)使純凈的水做為一種壓力介質(zhì)在水力中的需求有了顯著的提高。因此 ，海水水力體系在一些新的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域像食物加工，造紙技術(shù)，醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域，玻璃制造，煤炭產(chǎn)業(yè)和核工業(yè)等都有了廣泛的應(yīng)用水與礦物的水力輕質(zhì)石油產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行比較，其特點(diǎn)在于擁有較低的粘性，舉個(gè)例子，水的運(yùn)動(dòng)粘度大概是0.72 /s，而礦物輕質(zhì)石油的運(yùn)動(dòng)粘度大概是32 /s。在水力系2m2m統(tǒng)中的某些關(guān)鍵問題應(yīng)該受到關(guān)注。首先，由于比較低的粘性，摩擦力偶和壓力水粘性的微小改變，使油膜的開發(fā)難度就有了一定程度地增加，這就意味著彈性流體同硬的物質(zhì)材料之間不可能發(fā)生動(dòng)力潤滑。所以，海水擁有著較低的粘度并且伴有不良的潤滑，而不良的潤滑就能夠引起腐蝕破壞。另外，我們都知道水（尤其是海水）是電的導(dǎo)體，并且當(dāng)其不夠純凈或者有一定的添加劑存在的時(shí)候，它就可以成為電解液。在這種情況下，電鍍腐蝕就有可能發(fā)生。因此當(dāng)金屬材料和水力介質(zhì)一起使用時(shí)應(yīng)該嚴(yán)格遵守元素的電化順序。從現(xiàn)今的觀點(diǎn)我們可以看出，石油在潤滑方面有強(qiáng)于水的優(yōu)勢，然而，現(xiàn)在的材料科學(xué)，設(shè)計(jì)方法，摩擦學(xué)已經(jīng)再一次地使水作為壓力介質(zhì)成為了可能。許多的新材料像不銹鋼，抗腐蝕的合金，陶瓷，黃銅，青銅，礬土和一些混合物等等伴隨著現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)與制造技術(shù)的發(fā)展，都與水有了很好的兼容性，水力體系也越來越被用于生產(chǎn)實(shí)際?，F(xiàn)代的科學(xué)與技術(shù)為水力體系的再現(xiàn)和發(fā)展提供了非常必要的技術(shù)保證。在現(xiàn)在的工程技術(shù)中，活塞泵是最廣泛應(yīng)用的運(yùn)動(dòng)單元。在水力活塞泵中、不良的潤滑比在液壓中更可能發(fā)生，在水力系統(tǒng)中，首要的目標(biāo)就是對在活塞泵和活塞馬達(dá)中用原水做為壓力介質(zhì)的研制開發(fā)。 為了解決利用原水做為潤滑劑所能遇到的問題，一些重要的滑動(dòng)副像汽缸體，配流盤，活塞，缸徑，旋轉(zhuǎn)斜盤，滑塊支座等應(yīng)該被加以重視。水力活塞泵（馬達(dá)）在許多發(fā)達(dá)國家都已經(jīng)被開發(fā)，像美國、英國、日本、德國、芬蘭等。泵和馬達(dá)是有明顯區(qū)分的，英國的沼澤公司已經(jīng)開發(fā)了一種使用原水的擁有固定排水量的軸流泵，其中泵和馬達(dá)都是旋轉(zhuǎn)斜盤型。軸承的中心和單元的扭矩定中心被設(shè)計(jì)在同一線上，其目的是為了使受壓后配流盤活塞的傾斜減到最小。全部的摩擦面都使用不銹鋼的聚合體接觸面。一種應(yīng)用陶瓷活塞的適應(yīng)性泵已經(jīng)成功地把壓力實(shí)現(xiàn)到14Mpa，它的外殼是就是用不銹鋼制成的。徑向活塞泵在德國的研制開發(fā)下，已經(jīng)擁有了固定的排水量。泵的設(shè)計(jì)主要是基于應(yīng)用新的和非傳統(tǒng)的材料，因此一套獨(dú)立的潤滑系統(tǒng)對于泵來說不可缺少的，所以那些泵的工作介質(zhì)和工業(yè)水都可以作為一種潤滑劑。典型泵的額定值是：流速達(dá)到242L／min,p壓力達(dá)到32mpa。在丹麥那種有高壓泵軸的泵是基于旋轉(zhuǎn)斜盤的運(yùn)動(dòng)規(guī)則設(shè)計(jì)成為一成套的機(jī)組。全部的摩擦表面像圓柱面、止推板，活塞等都使用增強(qiáng)塑料或者是不銹鋼，因而通常被單獨(dú)地制造。為了避免腐蝕，泵的外殼和凸緣都是由鉻鎳特種合金和特種黃銅所制成，而泵也要設(shè)計(jì)成為能夠便于活動(dòng)部件利用水本身所能保持的潤滑。要想確保泵擁有較強(qiáng)的使用壽命，泵的所有部件都要用抗腐蝕的材料制成，當(dāng)泵的壓力是16Mpa 時(shí)， 軸向活塞泵也能夠當(dāng)作標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的馬達(dá)使用，并且它也能被應(yīng)用于普通的自來水和海水中。當(dāng)泵的壓力是21 Mpa時(shí)，它的使用壽命為8000 小時(shí)左右。在高水位流體水力十年來的研究和開發(fā)之后，從 1990到今天由中國國家科學(xué)基金會(huì)贊助，在華中科技大學(xué)進(jìn)行的一種新的海水液壓支架的研究