汽車轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)的建模及有限元分析

汽車轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)的建模及有限元分析,汽車,轉(zhuǎn)向,建模,有限元分析 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計（論 文）外 文 參 考 資 料 及 譯 文 譯文題目：Automotive safety systems and technology research and analysis 汽車安全系統(tǒng)技術(shù)研究與分析 學(xué)生姓名： ?！　I(yè)： 所在學(xué)院： 指導(dǎo)教師： 職　　稱： Automotive safety systems and technology research and analysis Abstract: auto parts of good and bad will directly affect the safety of the car， are directly related to the people's life safety and security in wealth. This article mainly from the car's active safety technology and passive safety technology two aspects elaborated the importance of car parts， and how to improve the safety of the car. Key words: automobile， active safety technology， passive safety technology As traffic tools of the modernization and absolute number increase sharply， traffic accidents are also increasing. Car accident has become severe global social issues. Undoubtedly， advanced auto safety facilities are the driving safety indispensable safeguard. So， we should start， from technology to research and development of high performance， high safety car， also want to strengthen the regular inspection in cars， so timely maintenance investigation， make cars often in good technical status， so as to improve the safety performance of the car. Here we introduced active safety technology and automobile car passive safety technology. Auto safety is according to the traffic accident happened before and after the classified. One is in a traffic accident take safety measures， especially before immediately will produce risk condition， drivers manipulate the steering wheel avoid or emergency brake to avoid traffic accidents. In the car， drive in usually to ensure the basic manipulation stability， drivers on the surrounding environment and to ensure the visual recognition sex drive the car itself， developed the basic performance ant-lock braking system (ABS)， prevent slippery drive system (ASR)， active suspension， power steering and four-wheel drive (4WD)， four-wheel steering (4WS)， lighting system， wiper， the rearview mirror， prevent from rear-end collision car alarm system and laser radar， etc. These security devices and technology， called active safety system， can also be called preventive security system. On the other hand， in order to reduce traffic accidents and company by personnel directly suffer degree， ensure company take staff and pedestrian safety， says the security for passive safety， can also be called conflict safety. When after the accident， in order to prevent disasters， including prevent the expansion of fire and make crew from traffic accident can extricate the security devices and systems， called prevent disaster expand security system. One．Automobile active security technology 1. ABS braking system Ant-lock Braking System (Braking System， lock do by ABS computers as ABS)， hydraulic device， the wheel speed sensors， brake hydraulic pipeline and electrical wiring etc. Their structures are shown below. ABS tasseled for the car in various driving conditions braking performance and brake safety particularly important， especially is emergency braking， can make full use of the peak between tire and road surface adhesion properties， improve performance and reduce automobile fight sideslip braking distance， give full play to the braking performance， but also increase the automobile braking process control. So as to reduce the possibility of car accidents. No installation ABS car， if the driving force trample brake pedal， wheel will rapidly lower speed， and finally wheels stop turning， but body because of inertia remains forward sliding. This phenomenon was at the wheel and pavement occur between larger "slip"， appear this kind of situation， the car tires of automobile lateral spreads almost disappear， so poor force will appear the following phenomena: (1) Steering stability fall: the steering wheel is ineffective， vehicle tail manipulation of curl， serious when vehicle circles or appear folding phenomenon; (2) Handling fall: manipulate the steering wheel and short of steering requirements; (3) Braking distance extended: more than general braking distance. So， we can imagine to have installed ABS system of the car safety is very important. 2．the ASR drive torque control system ABS are used to prevent car braking process wheel lock， will wheel sliding rate control in ideal range， so as to shorten the braking distance， improve automobile braking direction stability and steering control， so as to improve the safety of the car. Along with the increase of vehicle performance requirements， not only in braking process required to prevent wheel lock， and asked the driver to prevent drive roller skating turn in the process， making cars in the direction stability， driving process steering control ability and acceleration performance， so are improved by the car drive torque steering system ASR (Accelerations Regulation) Slip. ASR is the perfect complement and ABS ASR， but most alone is set with ABS combined together， commonly used ABS/ASR says， called antiskid control system. ASR is mainly used to prevent car in the beginning， accelerate the wheels， guarantee slip in the car accelerated rate and improve the stability in bad pavement drive attached conditions. It makes no difference speed in the car lock ice roads and muddy road started and to improve its capacity， also can prevent high in speed by turning cars gliding pavement and rear lateral spreads phenomenon. Anyhow， prevent the wheel because ASR slip， can maximize the engine driving moment of cars had enough， ensure the longitudinal force， lateral force and manipulation of power， make cars in starting， steering and accelerate the process， in gliding and muddy road， in a mountain area downhill process can steadily driving， guarantees the safety， reducing tire wear and fuel consumption， and improves the car driving capability. 3．VDC system ABS/ASR system successfully solves the brake and the car when driven direction stability problem， but cannot solve the vehicle steering stability problem driving direction. For example when steering road， inevitably by lateral and longitudinal force， only local surface can provide full lateral and longitudinal force， the pilot can control vehicles. If the ground adhesion ability lower lateral， will damage cars driving ability predetermined direction. Rainy days cars driving， often high-speed steering lateral sliding out， it is the ground because of insufficient lateral adhesion ability. To resolve the issue， and developed countries automobile industry recently in ABS/ASR system on the basis of the development of dynamic Control system (into car Dynamics Control， the abbreviation VDC Vehicle). The system of the car brake， driving， suspension， steering， engine and so on various main assembly control system in function， structure organic ground comprehensive together， can make cars in all kinds of bad working conditions， such as ice road pavement， commuting， river bend pavement and took evasive action moving line， braking and acceleration and the downhill for different conditions， such as bearing， different type pressure and different levels of type wear all have good direction stability， to show the best driving performance. VDC applications， in braking， acceleration and steering aspects of driver's fully released request， is the car of active safety driving a new milestone. VDC of steering control system is mainly by driving for each wheel brake control and engine power output control to realize. For example， if the car turn left front wheel for steering the inadequate capacity tend to slip out of the corner， VDC system can measure imminent， just know lateral spreads left rear brake adopt appropriate measures. If at the same corner， because rear wheel tend to slip out of favor of lateral overmuch， VDC system is proper braking to front-right wheel failure， maintain the stability of the vehicle driving. In extreme cases， VDC system can also take reduce engine to reduce the power output， and to reduce the speed of the demand side adhesion ability to maintain the stability of the vehicle driving. Adopt VDC system， automobile in folio pavement or corner of pavement braking distance still can further reduce. 4． CCS cars cruise control system Auto cruise Control System (Cruiser Control System， abbreviation for CCS) is can make automobile work in engine favorable speed range， reduce driver's driving manipulate labor intensity， improve the driving comfort the automatic driving device. Car cruising system (CCS) role is required by the driver: after a normally-closed switch， no speed on the accelerator pedal can automatically keep the speed， make the vehicle with the fixed speed. Using this device， when on the highway after a long time， the driver driving not have to control the accelerator pedal， reduce fatigue， while reducing unnecessary speed change， can reduce save fuel. Auto cruise control system is the earliest development of the automotive electronic control system. This system uses another speed sensor， will speed signal input engine control microcomputer， by microcomputer control vacuum system work. This system can make use of the server， speed control switch lever and brake pedal on vacuum lift switches etc， its function and basic system the same. In this system， electronic control device can accord change of driving resistance， automatic regulation engine throttle Angle， make the speed constant. Such not only reduce unnecessary speed change， which saves fuel， also reduced the driver's burden. Two. Automobile passive safety technology 1. Seat belt Car seat belt is a safety device， it can in car collision or sharp turn， make crew to keep its original position as possible without mobile and rotation， avoid collision with in-car hard parts caused damage. Seat belts and airbags， as modern cars are safety devices， but the long history of the former， popularize the scope. The seemingly simple seat belt actually not "simple". Attention has been at the forefront of traffic safety， through the analysis of general motors after a car accident found: seat belt not only makes people protect the lives， can be in more than half of the accident to reduce or even eliminate drivers， motorists are the chance of injury. Car collision or unexpected emergency braking force generated great inertia， will allow the driver and passenger and car windscreen， steering wheel， seat， collision happened objects such as secondary to drive is caused extremely easily crew serious damage， even drive occupant seats or threw the apex， seat belts can will ride in the seat. Bondage personnel When has the accident， which can effectively prevent the collision， and its buffer role can absorbs a great deal of kinetic energy， reduce rides personnel extent of the injuries. Fasten your seat belt airbags play our role is also an important condition. Because the airbag to maximize role for the ride in the impact of the physical location， sitting instant action have extremely strict and the requirements. Otherwise， the airbag started strong instantaneous wallops to head are fragile site， may cause serious damage， especially for children， this damage can be fatal. Even the most ordinary three belts， try a can timely in crash that lived rides the bundle， ensure the upper part of a ride in the airbag fully extended range， make the airbag most effectively play efficacy. Accordingly， must not because the car is equipped with airbags and feel carefree seat belt fastened， only to reduce or eliminate the traffic accident happen. 汽車安全系統(tǒng)技術(shù)研究與分析 摘要：汽車零部件的好與壞將直接影響汽車行駛的安全性，直接關(guān)系著人們的生命安全和財富安全。本文主要從汽車的主動安全技術(shù)和被動安全技術(shù)兩方面來闡述汽車零部件的重要性，以及如何提高汽車行駛的安全性。 關(guān)鍵詞：汽車、主動安全技術(shù)、被動安全技術(shù) 作為現(xiàn)代化的交通工具和絕對數(shù)量的急劇增長，交通事故也在不斷增加。交通事故已成為嚴(yán)峻的全球性社會問題。毫無疑問，先進的汽車安全設(shè)施是行車安全不可缺少的保障。所以，我們應(yīng)該從技術(shù)研發(fā)方面入手，努力研究開發(fā)高性能、高安全性的汽車，同時也要加強對在用汽車的定期檢查，以便及時檢修，使汽車經(jīng)常處于良好的技術(shù)狀況，從而高汽車行駛的安全性能。 這里我們重點介紹汽車主動安全技術(shù)和汽車被動安全技術(shù)。汽車的安全性是按交通事故發(fā)生的前后加以分類的。一方面是在交通事故發(fā)生之前采取安全措施，特別是在馬上會產(chǎn)生危險狀況時，駕駛者操縱方向盤，避免或緊急剎車，以避免交通事故發(fā)生。汽車在通常的行駛中，為確保駕駛者的基本操縱穩(wěn)定性，對周圍環(huán)境的視認(rèn)性和汽車本身的基本行駛性能，開發(fā)了防抱死制動系統(tǒng)(ABS)、防滑驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)(ASR)、主動懸架、動力轉(zhuǎn)向、四輪驅(qū)動(4WD)、四輪轉(zhuǎn)向(4WS)、燈光照明系統(tǒng)、刮水器、后視鏡、防止車輛追尾的車距報警系統(tǒng)和激光雷達等。這些安全裝置和技術(shù)稱為主動安全系統(tǒng)，也可稱為預(yù)防安全系統(tǒng)。另一方面，為了盡量減少交通事故和降低司乘人員直接受害程度，保證司乘人員和行人的安全，我們稱這種安全性為被動安全，也可稱為沖突安全。當(dāng)事故發(fā)生后，為了防止災(zāi)害的擴大，包括防止火災(zāi)和使乘員能從事故車輛中解脫出來的安全裝置和系統(tǒng)，被稱為防止災(zāi)害擴大的安全系統(tǒng)。 一、汽車主動安全技術(shù) 1.ABS防抱死制動系統(tǒng) 防抱死制動系統(tǒng)(Anti-lock Braking System，簡稱ABS)由ABS電腦、液壓裝置、車輪轉(zhuǎn)速傳感器、制動液壓管路及電器配線等組成。 ABS系統(tǒng)對汽車在各種行駛條件下的制動性能及制動安全尤為重要，特別是緊急制動，能夠充分利用輪胎和路面之間的峰值附著性能，提高汽車抗側(cè)滑性能并縮短制動距離，充分發(fā)揮制動效能，同時增加了汽車制動過程中的控制。從而降低了汽車事故發(fā)生的可能性。 沒有安裝ABS的汽車，如果在行駛中用力踩踏制動踏板，車輪會急速降低轉(zhuǎn)速，最后車輪停止轉(zhuǎn)動，但車身但車身因為慣性仍然向前滑動。這種現(xiàn)象在車輪與路面之間發(fā)生較大的“滑移”，出現(xiàn)這種狀況時，汽車輪胎的橫向擴散幾乎消失，于是會出現(xiàn)下述現(xiàn)象： （1）轉(zhuǎn)向穩(wěn)定性下降：方向盤不靈，車輛尾部上翹，嚴(yán)重時車輛打轉(zhuǎn)或出現(xiàn)折疊現(xiàn)象； （2）操縱性下降：操縱方向盤而達不到轉(zhuǎn)向要求； （3）制動距離延長：超過一般的制動距離。 所以，可想而知裝設(shè)ABS系統(tǒng)對汽車行駛的安全性是非常重要的。 2．ASR驅(qū)動防滑控制系統(tǒng) ABS用于防止汽車制動過程中車輪抱死，將車輪的滑移率控制在理想的范圍內(nèi)，以縮短制動距離，提高汽車制動時方向穩(wěn)定性和轉(zhuǎn)向操縱性，從而提高汽車行駛的安全性。隨著對汽車性能要求的提高，不僅要求在制動過程中防止車輪抱死，而且要求在驅(qū)動過程中防止驅(qū)動輪滑轉(zhuǎn)，使汽車在驅(qū)動過程中的方向穩(wěn)定性、轉(zhuǎn)向控制能力和加速性能都得到提高，因此采用了汽車驅(qū)動防滑轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)ASR（Accelerations Slip Regulation）。ASR是ABS的完善和補充，ASR可單獨設(shè)置，但大多數(shù)是與ABS組合一起，常用ABS/ASR表示，稱為防滑控制系統(tǒng)。 ASR主要用來防止汽車在起步、加速時車輪的滑轉(zhuǎn)，保證汽車在加速過程中的穩(wěn)定性并改善在不良路面上的驅(qū)動附著條件。它可以使無差速鎖的汽車在冰雪路面和泥濘道路上起步并改善其通行能力，還可以防止在車速較高并通過滑溜路面又轉(zhuǎn)彎時汽車后部的側(cè)滑現(xiàn)象。 總之，由于ASR防止了車輪的滑轉(zhuǎn)，便可最大限度地利用發(fā)動機的驅(qū)動力矩，保證汽車有足夠的縱向力、側(cè)向力和操縱力，使汽車在起動、轉(zhuǎn)向和加速過程中，在滑溜和泥濘路面上、在山區(qū)上下坡過程中都能穩(wěn)定地行駛，既保證了行車安全，減少輪胎磨損和燃油消耗，又改善了汽車的驅(qū)動性能。 3．VDC系統(tǒng) ABS/ASR系統(tǒng)成功地解決了汽車在制動和驅(qū)動時的方向穩(wěn)定性問題，但不能解決汽車轉(zhuǎn)向行駛的方向穩(wěn)定性問題。例如當(dāng)汽車轉(zhuǎn)向行駛時，不可避免地受到側(cè)向和縱向力的作用，只有當(dāng)?shù)孛婺軌蛱峁┏浞值膫?cè)向和縱向力時，駕駛員才能控制住車輛。如果地面?zhèn)认蚋街芰Ρ容^低，就會損害汽車按預(yù)定方向行駛的能力。雨天汽車高速轉(zhuǎn)向行駛時，常常側(cè)向滑出，就是地面?zhèn)认蚋街芰Σ蛔愕木壒省榻鉀Q此問題，最近汽車工業(yè)發(fā)達國家又在 ABS/ASR系統(tǒng)的基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展成汽車動態(tài)控制系統(tǒng)（Vehicle Dynamics Control，簡稱VDC）。這個系統(tǒng)把汽車的制動、驅(qū)動、懸架、轉(zhuǎn)向、發(fā)動機等各主要總成的控制系統(tǒng)在功能上、結(jié)構(gòu)上有機地綜合在一起，可使汽車在各種惡劣工況下，如冰雪路面上、對開路面上、彎道路面上以及采取規(guī)避動作移線、制動、加速和下坡等工況時，對不同承載、不同輪胎氣壓和不同程度的輪胎磨損都有良好的方向穩(wěn)定性，表現(xiàn)出最佳的行駛性能。VDC的應(yīng)用，在制動、加速和轉(zhuǎn)向方面完全解脫對駕駛員的要求，是汽車的主動安全行駛方面的一個新的里程碑。 VDC系統(tǒng)對轉(zhuǎn)向行駛的控制主要是借助于對各個車輪的制動控制和發(fā)動機功率輸出控制來實現(xiàn)的。例如汽車左轉(zhuǎn)彎時，若前輪因轉(zhuǎn)向能力不足而趨于滑出彎道，VDC系統(tǒng)即可測知側(cè)滑即將發(fā)生，就采取適當(dāng)制動左后輪的辦法。若在同一彎道上，因后輪趨于側(cè)向滑出而轉(zhuǎn)向過多，VDC系統(tǒng)即采取適當(dāng)制動右前輪的辦法，維持車輛的穩(wěn)定行駛。在極端情況下，VDC系統(tǒng)還可采取降低發(fā)動機功率輸出的辦法降低行駛車速，減少對地面?zhèn)认蚋街芰Φ男枨髞砭S持車輛的穩(wěn)定行駛。采用VDC系統(tǒng)后，汽車在對開路面上或彎道路面上的制動距離還可進一步縮短。 4. CCS汽車巡航控制系統(tǒng) 汽車巡航控制系統(tǒng)（Cruised Control System，縮寫為CCS）就是可使汽車工作在發(fā)動機有利的轉(zhuǎn)速范圍內(nèi)，減輕駕駛員的駕駛操縱勞動強度，提高行駛舒適性的汽車自動行駛裝置。 汽車巡航系統(tǒng)（CCS）的作用是：按司機所要求的速度閉合開關(guān)后，不用踩油門踏板就可以自動地保持車速，使車輛以固定的速度行駛。采用了這種裝置，當(dāng)在高速公路上長時間行車后，司機就不用再去控制油門踏板，減輕了疲勞，同時減少了不必要的車速變化，可以減省燃料。 汽車巡航控制系統(tǒng)是最早開發(fā)的汽車電子控制系統(tǒng)之一。這種系統(tǒng)使用另外的車速傳感器，將車速信號輸入發(fā)動機控制微機，由微機控制真空系統(tǒng)工作。這種系統(tǒng)也要使用伺服器、車速控制開關(guān)桿和制動踏板上的真空解除開關(guān)等，其功能和基本系統(tǒng)相同。 在這個系統(tǒng)中，電子控制裝置可根據(jù)行駛阻力的變化，自動調(diào)節(jié)發(fā)動機油門開度，使行駛車速保持恒定。這樣既減少了不必要的車速變化，從而節(jié)省了燃料，同時也減輕了駕駛員的負擔(dān)。 二、汽車被動安全技術(shù) 1．安全帶 汽車安全帶是一種安全裝置，它可以在汽車碰撞或急拐彎時，使乘員保持其原有的位置而不移動和轉(zhuǎn)動，避免與車內(nèi)硬部件發(fā)生碰撞而造成損壞。安全帶與安全氣囊，都是作為現(xiàn)代轎車上的安全裝置，但是前者的歷史悠久，普及范圍廣。 看似簡單的安全帶其實并非“簡單”。一直處在關(guān)注行車安全最前沿的通用汽車公司，通過分析大量意外事故后發(fā)現(xiàn)：汽車安全帶不僅能使人保住性命，更能在超過半數(shù)的事故中減少甚至消除駕車者、乘員受傷的機會。汽車發(fā)生碰撞或突發(fā)緊急制動力產(chǎn)生很大的慣性，會使駕駛員、乘客與車內(nèi)的方向盤、擋風(fēng)玻璃、座椅靠背等物體發(fā)生二次碰撞，極易造成對駕乘員的嚴(yán)重傷害，甚至將駕乘員拋離座位或拋出車外，而安全帶能將駕乘人員束縛在座位上。當(dāng)有事故發(fā)生時，它能有效防止二次碰撞，緩沖作用能吸收大量動能，減輕駕乘人員的傷害程度。 系好你的安全帶也是安全氣囊發(fā)揮作用的一個重要條件。因為安全氣囊要最大限度地發(fā)揮作用，對于駕乘者在撞擊瞬間的身體位置、坐姿以及動作有著極為嚴(yán)格的要求。否則，安全氣囊展開時強大的瞬間沖擊力對于頭部等較為脆弱的部位，可能造成嚴(yán)重的傷害，尤其對于兒童，這種傷害可能是致命的。即便是最普通的三點試安全帶，在撞車瞬間也可及時束住駕乘者的上半身，確保駕乘者處于安全氣囊完全展開的范圍內(nèi)，使安全氣囊最有效地發(fā)揮功效。因此，決不能因為車中裝有了安全氣囊而感到高枕無憂，只有系好了安全帶才能減輕或消除車禍的發(fā)生。