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譯文題目： Fixture design method
夾具設(shè)計(jì)方法
學(xué)生姓名： 學(xué) 號：
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20xx年 2月 27日
Fixture design method
The modern market is a key to meet the consumer demand diversity.In order to effectively respond to the requirements, the manufacturer to determine their manufacturing has sufficiently flexible to meet the needs of their rapid production development.Fixture design, it is to point to use install clamp workpiece fixture in the manufacturing process, so that they can be processed into meet the design specifications of the products, is beneficial to improve manufacturing flexibility is an important factor.To make flexible fixture, there has been a considerable research effort is keen to use computer aided fixture design (CAFD) aided fixture design tools and methods development.This paper includes discussions of these research efforts.More than seventy-five CAFD tools and techniques in fixture design are discussed and introduced a computer aided and on the basis of the technology.Discuss the main conclusion is that when has been significant progress in auxiliary fixture design, mainly have two research issues need further efforts.First, now CAFD research in essence is divided, and associated fixture design before and after the need to provide more support.Second, more focused on a fixture structure of detailed design.
Manufacturing enterprises the main concern is the development of design and production of a variety of high quality products in a short time range.A new products before competitors enter the market quickly, is a can protect and increase market takes up the forehead and higher profits of the decisive factors.Due to the diversity of consumer desire, has already caused the manufacturers need to develop flexible manufacturing requirements, now the production of the products is the mass production of product development to achieve a rapid turnaround.Some factors to achieve flexible manufacturing ability of organization, one of them, during the period of production, in which a workpiece fixture used for after the mechanism of production operation into products by individual parts of the assembly.Fixture during production to safely, quickly and accurately locate the workpiece, the machine manufacturing meet the design specification.In the modern manufacturing accuracy to promote many different products features usually part to achieve common parts interchangeability.
The cost of the jig for manufacturing 10-20% of their total cost of the system.These costs include not only the fixture products, assembly, operation, and also including their design.So in order to reduce the jig and the design cost, there are two kinds of methods have been adopted to achieve this goal.One is focused on the development of flexible fixture system, for example, using new materials properly clamping workpiece and development business module fixture system.Flexible fixture standard is important, however, it didn't handle the difficulty of fixture design.To solve this problem, the second single research method is the development of fixture design program of computer auxiliary fixture design (CAFD) system, it is being discussed in the literature of the research methods.
Have a support in machine tool clamping workpiece clamping device is a workpiece properly fixed in the concrete example.Bolt during processing, so support specific artifacts, clamping clip fixed workpiece position.Positioning system has its own auxiliary units and contact the workpiece locator.A bolt positioning components, - auxiliary unit and a contact artifacts, and produce a position power to prevent the bolt is loose.Manufacturing such typical fixture design process has four stages: equipment design, fixture design, component design, and confirmation.Planning and machining information, the device for the number of each device analysis decision mechanism, complete all necessary processing operation and proper positioning base.Artifacts of manual operation on behalf of the combination of a set of process can be performed without changing positions or locate an operation.To produce each equipped with a clamp fixture planning unit design, and the phase of operational qualification.In the fixture planning, including set meet the requirements of fixture and the layout of the generated, it represents the first step in the solution to these requirements.This layout plan will be set up and the details of the fixture locating and clamping device surface contact, and on the surface of the positioning and clamping point location.Anchor point number and position, must make the six degrees of freedom in the process of workpiece machining has enough constraints.
There are all kinds of convenient conceptual anchor point layout, produce the right components to design (that is, the positioning and clamping device) and a fixture in the validation phase test, then to ensure that it can satisfy the demands of fixture design process.Before because they produce and components design, to set up and fixture verification plan, this is the place where it is worth noting.Usually fixture design stage can be divided into six types."Tolerance" of the requirements and make sure there is enough "support" is the most basic requirement and guarantee the workpiece fixture can be physical support at the same time;The positioning error of workpiece positioning accuracy;The requirements of the same "clamping" centrally maintained the clamp workpiece precision and the processing power;"Purchasing power" of the requirements and to ensure the jig represent values such as from the material, the cost of operation and assembly and disassembly."Availability" of the collision detection requirements focus on the fixture and machining path, artifacts, even itself without collision.Requirements related to fixture related engineering, including such as the need to ensure that a fixed to prevent incorrect feature embedded artifacts and a chip off the error analysis of the jig to help remove the workpiece machining error there.There are a lot of design under the condition of these requirements have conflict.For example: a heavy fixture could be beneficial in terms of stability but cost due to the increased cost of materials and availability for weight gain may hinder the manual processing result is bad.The current CAFD method This section describes the current research achievements of CAFD are mainly introduced in the four stages of their support for fixture design method.
Setup planning involves the recognition processing method, a kind of individual equipment can define the didn't have to change the position of the workpiece with the hand or on the orientation of the workpiece is characteristic of the machines.Followed by the design procedure of residual phase focus on in order to protect the workpiece fixture of each equipment development.The key output from the point of view of fixture installation planning stage is to identify various requirements set, locating datum such as the main surface will be used for the workpiece in the fixture positioning.In the program of the establishment of the key tasks or grouping processing function can be set in a single artifact.Processing characteristics can be defined as cutting tool is a typical examples include hole, groove, the surface and inner surface.These characteristics clustering into separate set is dependent on many factors including tolerance ability of the dependencies between characteristics of machine tools will be used to create characteristic, the direction of the cutting tool machining method and characteristics of priorities and program of the establishment of a number of techniques have been developed to support.Although technology and neural network based on matrix is also used, but the graph theory and heuristic reasoning is the most common program of the establishment of technical support.
Cost optimization indexes such as machine tool change over time, and so on.Through the mixed genetic annealing algorithm considering the ability of the dynamic change of machine tool.Initial characteristic matrix by applying the algorithm to generate a recognition method based on combination machine tools for each feature may consider face and feature location tolerance.
Fixture design involves the definition of comprehensive from, clamping fixture for support, precision adapted to bear ability, collision prevention and availability requirements listed in the table to create a fixture layout scheme.The first part of the layout scheme is fixture to solve in the specified location positioning and clamping.Many validated method features especially the layout of clamping requirements.Usually this validation includes part of the feedback loop is designed to optimize the layout scheme on these requirements.Now technology is used to support the fixture planning of fixture requirements definition, layout planning, layout optimization.To define comprehensive clamp fixture requirements way defined requirements have received limited attention is mainly focused on the definition of personalized needs at the request of the support, clamping, and its accuracy.Analyzes a defining characteristic of form tolerance source, make work tolerance allowed tolerance on each accuracy requirement.Positioning accuracy is to allow the point of a variety of factors, such as precision positioning components, precision machine tool, workpiece deformation and so on.Can continue to meet the tolerance for the decomposition of precision fixture design, such as location tolerance of components in the development of component design stage can not exceed the prescribed precision positioning components.
To complete the workpiece deformation analysis if too large deformation using heuristic rules to positioning and clamping position and test.A planning optimization, the optimization layout scheme of CAFD is common and is constrained to stability and deformation of the workpiece.Based on typical stability optimization layout scheme to ensure a focus on satisfy kinematic form closed contact an infinitesimal part of a set of constraints sports, to strengthen the stability and optimization of some form of basic conditions such as minimizing power in positioning and clamping point.
The improved scheme until you reach the best state.Surface usually test analysis using the finite element deformation in the process to build a series of potential node positioning and clamping.Set of contact point coding and testing, and the development of new genetic algorithm is used for workpiece deformation processing, the clamping force caused by the contact point set until you reach the best instead of using the node.Some CAFD method using geometrical data such as spatial coordinates of the genetic algorithm which can provide to improve the accuracy of the as they represent the physical distance between nodes.
Define a to confirm the fixture based on the working space for a part of the individual configuration method of fixture locating layout for each part.The method prose analysis is used to determine the preliminary work space layout is however a given parts of fixture optimization configuration superposition in determine the optimal anchor point, for an assembly of parts can be assembled in a reconfigurable assembly jig.That has been built on earlier work by the requirements of the simplified calculation optimization algorithm to try.Element concept and detailed design including the definition of positioning and clamping unit connected between the fixture along with their base figure.These components by a positioning and contact artifacts and in turn connect itself is tied to a structural support base.These structural support services and other functions such as provide positioning and clamping unit can bear with sufficient rigidity and application processing fixture clamping force leading to some characteristics of design for the tolerance and allow the jig and locators and workpiece in the right place.Unit a design usually rarely receive unprecedented attention fixture planning and validation but a lot of technology has been used to support the design of the two concepts and detailed unit.A conceptual method of conceptual design has been the focus of component design should contain a single element type and number of elements and their overall layout.Have a variety of different locator clip each structural support elements can be more suitable for some jig problem is bigger than the other.As two setup planning and fixture layout planning, the method based on rules and support the introduction of concept design element of heuristic rules are used to select elements of preferred unit must set up in response to factors such as characteristics of workpiece contact type, surface texture and surface processing operations during the installation.In addition to using heuristic rules as a means to produce concept design, using inductive reasoning technology based decision tree rules from this fixture can be check every decision tree road.
Usually based on rules and geometry method does not explicitly consider the required strength design units.However, so must be able to achieve its function under processing, the clamping force imposed on such parts design tolerance can meet.To solve this problem a lot of behavior unit design driven approach focuses on the existing ensure have enough strength.Cecil proposed some preliminary work to prevent failure size belt clip from a stress fracture but not consider tolerance structural unit.Develop a model of synthetic clamp structure simple type flexible manufacturing and dimensions to determine the stiffness and stability as the goal, by considering the workholder artifacts stiffness matrix and expand for modular fixture. 夾具設(shè)計(jì)方法
現(xiàn)代市場是一個主要為滿足消費(fèi)者多樣性需求的地方。為了種有效地回應(yīng)這要求，制造業(yè)者確定他們的制造業(yè)擁有充分的柔性以滿足他們迅速的生產(chǎn)發(fā)展的需要。夾具設(shè)計(jì)，是指使用夾具在制造過程中裝夾工件，以便他們能被加工成滿足設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)格的產(chǎn)品，是提高制造業(yè)柔性一個重要的有利因素。為了使有柔性的夾具成為可能，已經(jīng)有相當(dāng)程度的研究努力熱衷于使用計(jì)算機(jī)輔助夾具設(shè)計(jì) （CAFD）工具和方法發(fā)展輔助夾具設(shè)計(jì)。這篇文獻(xiàn)包含這些研究努力的討論。超過七十五個 CAFD 工具和方法在夾具設(shè)計(jì)方面被討論并逐步實(shí)行計(jì)算機(jī)輔助和以其為基礎(chǔ)的技術(shù)。討論的主要結(jié)論是當(dāng)已經(jīng)被在輔助夾具設(shè)計(jì)方面有重要的進(jìn)步時，主要地有兩個需要進(jìn)一步的努力的研究議題。第一，現(xiàn)在的 CAFD 研究在本質(zhì)上被分割，而且需要提供更多前后關(guān)聯(lián)的夾具設(shè)計(jì)支持。第二，更多聚焦于一個夾具的自身結(jié)構(gòu)的詳細(xì)設(shè)計(jì)。
制造業(yè)企業(yè)的主要擔(dān)心是發(fā)展設(shè)計(jì)和在短時間范圍里生產(chǎn)多種高質(zhì)量產(chǎn)品的能力。一種新產(chǎn)品在其他競爭者之前快速進(jìn)入市場內(nèi)，是一個能夠起到保護(hù)、增加市場較高占用額和利潤的決定性的因素。由于對多樣性的消費(fèi)者渴求，已經(jīng)造成對制造業(yè)者需要發(fā)展有柔性的制造業(yè)的要求，現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)品的一屆生產(chǎn)是產(chǎn)品發(fā)展中達(dá)成一個迅速的大量生產(chǎn)的轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)。一些因素對達(dá)成有柔性的制造業(yè)的組織能力有影響，其中之一，在生產(chǎn)期間，夾具使用在對哪一個工件進(jìn)行過生產(chǎn)的機(jī)制操作后進(jìn)入產(chǎn)品之內(nèi)被裝配的個別的部份。夾具在生產(chǎn)期間要快速、準(zhǔn)確、安全地定位工件，使機(jī)器制造部份滿足設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)格?，F(xiàn)代制造業(yè)中準(zhǔn)確性促進(jìn)許多不同的產(chǎn)品以通常的部份為特色達(dá)到普遍的部份的可互換性。
夾具的費(fèi)用占制造業(yè)系統(tǒng)的總計(jì)費(fèi)用的 10-20%。這些費(fèi)用不僅包括夾具產(chǎn)品、裝配，運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，也包括它們的設(shè)計(jì)。因此為了減少夾具與設(shè)計(jì)費(fèi)用，有兩種方法已經(jīng)被采用實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)。一是專注于發(fā)展有柔性的夾具系統(tǒng)，例如使用適當(dāng)?shù)匦滦筒牧涎b夾工件和發(fā)展商業(yè)模組夾具系統(tǒng)。然而，有柔性的夾具重要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是它沒有處理設(shè)計(jì)夾具的困難。要解決這一個問題，第二個研究方法是發(fā)展單一化夾具設(shè)計(jì)程序的輔助計(jì)算機(jī)的夾具設(shè)計(jì)（CAFD）制度，它就是在這文獻(xiàn)里面被討論的研究方法。
機(jī)床上有一個支持夾緊工件夾具裝置是一個工件正確地固定在它的夾具體上的典型例子。螺栓在加工期間，如此支撐夾緊夾具體工件，固定工件位置。定位系統(tǒng)有自己的輔助單元和連絡(luò)工件的定位器。定位組件有一個螺栓，—輔助單元和一個連絡(luò)工件，而且產(chǎn)生一個定位力量防止螺栓的松動。 制造這樣典型地夾具的設(shè)計(jì)程序有四個階段：裝備設(shè)計(jì)，夾具設(shè)計(jì)，元件設(shè)計(jì)，和確認(rèn)。在裝置規(guī)劃和加工工件信息，為每個裝置分析決定機(jī)構(gòu)的數(shù)量要求，完成所有必要的加工操作和適當(dāng)?shù)亩ㄎ换鶞?zhǔn)。工件的手動操作代表一個設(shè)置相結(jié)合的過程可以執(zhí)行一個無需改變位置或定位工件操作。要為產(chǎn)生每種裝備一個夾具夾具計(jì)劃單元設(shè)計(jì)，和運(yùn)行確認(rèn)階段。在夾具規(guī)劃，包含設(shè)置生成滿足要求的夾具和生成的布局規(guī)劃，它代表了對這些要求解決方案的第一步。這種布局計(jì)劃的細(xì)節(jié)將建立與夾具的定位和夾緊裝置的工件表面接觸，加上表面的定位和夾緊點(diǎn)位置。定位點(diǎn)的數(shù)量和位置，必須使工件加工過程中的 6 度自由有足夠的的約束。
有各種各樣的方便概念定位點(diǎn)布局，產(chǎn)生合適的元件設(shè)計(jì)（即定位和夾緊裝置）和夾具隨后在驗(yàn)證階段測試，以確保它滿足夾具的設(shè)計(jì)過程中要求。因?yàn)樗鼈儺a(chǎn)生和元件設(shè)計(jì)前，采取設(shè)置和夾具計(jì)劃的核查，這是值得注意的地方。通常設(shè)計(jì)夾具階段可以劃分為六類。 “公差”的要求與確保有足夠“支撐”是最基本的要求同時和保證工件夾具可以物理支持；的定位誤差的工件定位準(zhǔn)確；同樣的“夾緊”的要求集中維護(hù)這個精度夾具中工件與受加工的力量；“購買力”的要求與保障夾具代表的值例如在從材料、操作和裝配、拆卸成本。 “可用性”的 “碰撞檢測”要求專注于確保夾具與加工路徑、工件、甚至本身不碰撞。要求與夾具相關(guān)工程學(xué)有關(guān)，包括例如需要確保一個固定以防止不正確特征嵌入一個工件和芯片脫落的誤差分析那里的夾具協(xié)助去除工件加工的誤差。 有很多設(shè)計(jì)的情況下這些要求是有沖突的。舉個例子：一個重夾具在安定方面可能是有利的但是成本由于材料成本的增加和可用性因?yàn)轶w重增加可能會阻礙手工處理效果不好。目前 CAFD 的方法 這部分描述了當(dāng)前的 CAFD 的研究成果重點(diǎn)介紹了在他們支持的四階段夾具設(shè)計(jì)的方法。
設(shè)置規(guī)劃涉及識別加工方法，一種個別的裝備定義能在沒有必須用手改變工件的位置或定方位的工件上被以機(jī)器制造的特征。其后，設(shè)計(jì)程序的剩余階段把重心集中在為保護(hù)工件的每種裝備發(fā)展夾具。從夾具的觀點(diǎn)關(guān)鍵輸出安裝規(guī)劃階段是識別各類要求設(shè)置、定位基準(zhǔn)例如主要的表面將用于工件在夾具定位。 在關(guān)鍵任務(wù)設(shè)置規(guī)劃或分組加工的功能可以在一個單一工件設(shè)置。加工特征量可以定義為被切削工具典型的例子包括孔、槽、表面和內(nèi)表面。這些特征聚類成獨(dú)立的設(shè)置是依賴于許多因素包括公差之間的依賴關(guān)系的能力特點(diǎn)機(jī)床將被用來創(chuàng)造特點(diǎn)、方向刀具的加工方法和特征優(yōu)先順序和一批技術(shù)已經(jīng)開發(fā)支持設(shè)置規(guī)劃。雖然基于矩陣的技術(shù)和神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)也被使用，但是圖論和啟發(fā)式推理是最普遍的技術(shù)用于支持設(shè)置規(guī)劃。
優(yōu)化指標(biāo)如機(jī)床成本隨時間變化等等。通過混合遺傳退火算法考慮機(jī)床的動態(tài)變化的能力。通過應(yīng)用演算法初始特征矩陣生成一個基于組合機(jī)床為每個特征識別方法可考慮面孔和特征定位公差。
夾具設(shè)計(jì)涉及到綜合的定義從夾具要求支撐、精度、夾緊承受能力相適應(yīng)、碰撞預(yù)防和可用性的要求列于表創(chuàng)造一個夾具布局方案。布局方案的第一部分是夾具解決工件在指定位置的定位和夾緊。許多布局規(guī)劃的方法特征進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證特別是關(guān)于夾緊的要求。通常這個驗(yàn)證包括反饋回路的組成部分旨在優(yōu)化布局方案就這些要求?，F(xiàn)在技術(shù)用于支持夾具規(guī)劃討論對夾具的要求方面的定義、布局規(guī)劃、布局優(yōu)化。達(dá)成定義夾具需求的方式 綜合夾具定義的要求已經(jīng)受到了有限的關(guān)注主要專注于個性化需求的定義在支撐、夾緊、及精度的要求。對形位公差定義的特征進(jìn)行了分析來源，確定工件公差允許公差在每一個精度要求的分解。定位精度是允許點(diǎn)組成的多種因素諸如定位元件精度、機(jī)床精度、工件變形的定位等等。公差要求這些分解的精度可以繼續(xù)滿足夾具設(shè)計(jì):例如定位元件的公差在開發(fā)元件設(shè)計(jì)階段不能超過規(guī)定定位元件精度。
完成工件變形分析如果太大變形則采用啟發(fā)式規(guī)則重新定位和夾緊位置和考驗(yàn)。達(dá)成規(guī)劃優(yōu)化的方式，在布局方案優(yōu)選是常見的 CAFD 和發(fā)生對工件的穩(wěn)定性和變形都是約束的要求。基于典型穩(wěn)定性優(yōu)化布局方案確保一個側(cè)重于滿足運(yùn)動學(xué)形封閉約束一套接觸無窮小的部分完全約束運(yùn)動、加強(qiáng)這與優(yōu)化對某種形式的穩(wěn)定性基礎(chǔ)條件例如最小化的力量在定位或夾緊點(diǎn)。
改進(jìn)方案直到達(dá)到最佳狀態(tài)。工件表面通常使用有限元變形測試分析在這一過程打造了一系列潛在的節(jié)點(diǎn)定位和夾緊。套接觸點(diǎn)編碼和測試以及開發(fā)新的的遺傳算法用于工件變形加工、夾緊力引起的接觸點(diǎn)集直到達(dá)到最佳而不是使用節(jié)點(diǎn)。一些 CAFD 方法使用幾何數(shù)據(jù)如空間坐標(biāo)的遺傳算法它能提供改進(jìn)的準(zhǔn)確性就像他們占了物理距離節(jié)點(diǎn)之間存在。
定義一個來確認(rèn)夾具的工作空間供一個部分基于個人配置的夾具定位布局為每個部分的方法。該方法利用普羅斯分析確定初步工作空間布局受到的夾具優(yōu)化配置然而一個給定的零件疊加在確定最佳定位點(diǎn)，為一個裝配的部分可組裝在一個可重構(gòu)裝配工裝夾具。這個建立在早期工作通過簡化計(jì)算的要求嘗試的優(yōu)化算法。元件設(shè)計(jì)包括定義的概念和詳細(xì)的定位和夾緊單元之間的夾具連同他們底座相連圖。這些元件由一種定位和夾接觸工件和本身是綁在一個結(jié)構(gòu)性支撐依次連接底座上。這些結(jié)構(gòu)支持服務(wù)等多種功能例如提供定位和夾緊單元具有足夠的硬度能承受和應(yīng)用加工夾具夾緊力從而導(dǎo)致部分特征設(shè)計(jì)獲得了公差并允許夾具和定位器與工件在合適的位置。單元件設(shè)計(jì)一般都很少受到前所未有的關(guān)注夾具規(guī)劃與驗(yàn)證但大量的技術(shù)已經(jīng)被用于支持兩個概念和詳細(xì)的單元的設(shè)計(jì)。達(dá)成概念上的元件設(shè)計(jì)的方式 概念化設(shè)計(jì)已聚焦的類型及數(shù)量的元素應(yīng)該包含一個元件以及他們的總體布局。有各種不同的定位器夾子結(jié)構(gòu)性支撐要素每個可以更適合于一些夾具的問題比其他的要大。隨著兩個設(shè)置規(guī)劃和夾具布局規(guī)劃、基于規(guī)則的方法也支持采用概念設(shè)計(jì)元件其中啟發(fā)式規(guī)則是用來選擇元素的首選單位必須建立在回應(yīng)因素例如工件接觸特征表面類型、表面紋理等和加工操作在安裝。除了使用啟發(fā)式規(guī)則作為一種手段產(chǎn)生概念設(shè)計(jì)、使用歸納推理技術(shù)建立決策樹規(guī)則從這種夾具可通過的檢查每一個決策樹的道路。
一般情況下基于規(guī)則和幾何方法并不能明確地考慮所需的強(qiáng)度設(shè)計(jì)單位。然而實(shí)現(xiàn)其功能因此必須能承受加工、夾緊力 滿足強(qiáng)加于這樣的零件設(shè)計(jì)公差能。為了解決這一問題很多行為單元設(shè)計(jì)驅(qū)動方法已有聚焦于確保有足夠的強(qiáng)度。塞西爾提出了一些初步的工作來防止失效尺寸皮帶夾由應(yīng)力性骨折但不考慮公差結(jié)構(gòu)單元。開發(fā)一個模型的合成夾具結(jié)構(gòu)簡單式柔性加工夾具及尺寸均能達(dá)到確定剛度和穩(wěn)定性為目標(biāo)通過考慮工件夾具、工件剛度矩陣并且擴(kuò)大為模塊化夾具。