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【五層】5000平米左右框架結(jié)構(gòu)大學(xué)教學(xué)樓（開(kāi)題報(bào)告、任務(wù)書(shū)、計(jì)算書(shū)、設(shè)計(jì)圖）,【溫馨提示】壓縮包內(nèi)含CAD圖有預(yù)覽點(diǎn)開(kāi)可看。打包內(nèi)容里dwg后綴的文件為CAD圖,可編輯,無(wú)水印,高清圖,壓縮包內(nèi)文檔可直接點(diǎn)開(kāi)預(yù)覽,需要原稿請(qǐng)自助充值下載,所見(jiàn)才能所得,請(qǐng)細(xì)心查看有疑問(wèn)可以咨詢QQ：11970985或197216396 xx科技學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（文獻(xiàn)翻譯） 單位代碼 02 學(xué)　　號(hào) 分 類(lèi) 號(hào) TU 密 級(jí) 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 文獻(xiàn)翻譯 院（系）名稱(chēng) 工學(xué)院建筑建筑系 專(zhuān)業(yè)名稱(chēng) 土木工程 學(xué)生姓名 指導(dǎo)教師 2013年3月15日 Civil engineering introduction papers Abstract: the civil engineering is a huge discipline, but the main one is building, building whether in China or abroad, has a long history, long-term development process. The world is changing every day, but the building also along with the progress of science and development. Mechanics findings, material of update, ever more scientific technology into the building. But before a room with a tile to cover the top of the house, now for comfort, different ideas, different scientific, promoted the development of civil engineering, making it more perfect. [key words] : civil engineering; Architecture; Mechanics, Materials. Civil engineering is build various projects collectively. It was meant to be and "military project" corresponding. In English the history of Civil Engineering, mechanical Engineering, electrical Engineering, chemical Engineering belong to to Engineering, because they all have MinYongXing. Later, as the project development of science and technology, mechanical, electrical, chemical has gradually formed independent scientific, to Engineering became Civil Engineering of specialized nouns. So far, in English, to Engineering include water conservancy project, port Engineering, While in our country, water conservancy projects and port projects also become very close and civil engineering relatively independent branch. Civil engineering construction of object, both refers to that built on the ground, underground water engineering facilities, also refers to applied materials equipment and conduct of the investigation, design and construction, maintenance, repair and other professional technology. Civil engineering is a kind of with people's food, clothing, shelter and transportation has close relation of the project. Among them with "live" relationship is directly. Because, to solve the "live" problem must build various types of buildings. To solve the "line, food and clothes" problem both direct side, but also a indirect side. "Line", must build railways, roads, Bridges, "Feed", must be well drilling water, water conservancy, farm irrigation, drainage water supply for the city, that is direct relation. Indirectly relationship is no matter what you do, manufacturing cars, ships, or spinning and weaving, clothing, or even production steel, launch satellites, conducting scientific research activities are inseparable from build various buildings, structures and build all kinds of project facilities. Civil engineering with the progress of human society and development, yet has evolved into large-scale comprehensive discipline, it has out many branch, such as: architectural engineering, the railway engineering, road engineering, bridge engineering, special engineering structure, water and wastewater engineering, port engineering, hydraulic engineering, environment engineering disciplines. Civil engineering as an important basic disciplines, and has its important attributes of: integrated, sociality, practicality, unity. Civil engineering for the development of national economy and the improvement of people's life provides an important material and technical basis, for many industrial invigoration played a role in promoting, engineering construction is the formation of a fixed asset basic production process, therefore, construction and real estate become in many countries and regions, economic powerhouses. Construction project is housing planning, survey, design, construction of the floorboard. Purpose is for human life and production provide places. Houses will be like a man, it's like a man's life planning environment is responsible by the planners, Its layout and artistic processing, corresponding to the body shape looks and temperament, is responsible by the architect, Its structure is like a person's bones and life expectancy, the structural engineer is responsible, Its water, heating ventilation and electrical facilities such as the human organ and the nerve, is by the equipment engineer is responsible for. Also like nature intact shaped like people, in the city I district planning based on build houses, and is the construction unit, reconnaissance unit, design unit of various design engineers and construction units comprehensive coordination and cooperation process. After all, but is structural stress body reaction force and the internal stress and how external force balance. Building to tackle, also must solve the problem is mechanical problems. We have to solve the problem of discipline called architectural mechanics. Architectural mechanics have can be divided into: statics, material mechanics and structural mechanics three mechanical system. Architectural mechanics is discussion and research building structure and component in load and other factors affecting the working condition of, also is the building of intensity, stiffness and stability. In load, bear load and load of structure and component can cause the surrounding objects in their function, and the object itself by the load effect and deformation, and there is the possibility of damage, but the structure itself has certain resistance to deformation and destruction of competence, and the bearing capacity of the structure size is and component of materials, cross section, and the structural properties of geometry size, working conditions and structure circumstance relevant. While these relationships can be improved by mechanics formula solved through calculation. Because earthmoving methods and costs change more quickly than those in any other branch of civil engineering, this is a field where there are real opportunities for the enthusiast. In 1935 most of the methods now in use for carrying and excavating earth with rubber-tyred equipment did not exist. Most earth was moved by narrow rail track, now relatively rare, and the main methods of excavation, with face shovel, backacter, or dragline or grab, though they are still widely used are only a few of the many current methods. To keep his knowledge of earthmoving equipment up to date an engineer must therefore spend tine studying modern machines. Generally the only reliable up-to-date information on excavators, loaders and transport is obtainable from the makers. Earthworks or earthmoving means cutting into ground where its surface is too high ( cuts ), and dumping the earth in other places where the surface is too low ( fills). Toreduce earthwork costs, the volume of the fills should be equal to the volume of the cuts and wherever possible the cuts should be placednear to fills of equal volume so as to reduce transport and double handlingof the fill. This work of earthwork design falls on the engineer who lays out the road since it is the layout of the earthwork more than anything else which decides its cheapness. From the available maps ahd levels, the engineering must try to reach as many decisions as possible in the drawing office by drawing cross sections of the earthwork. On the site when further information becomes available he can make changes in jis sections and layout,but the drawing lffice work will not have been lost. It will have helped him to reach the best solution in the shortest time. The cheapest way of moving earth is to take it directly out of the cut and drop it as fill with the same machine. This is not always possible, but when it canbe done it is ideal, being both quick and cheap. Draglines, bulldozers and face shovels an do this. The largest radius is obtained with the dragline,and the largest tonnage of earth is moved by the bulldozer, though only over short distances.The disadvantages of the dragline are that it must dig below itself, it cannot dig with force into compacted material, it cannot dig on steep slopws, and its dumping and digging are not accurate. Face shovels are between bulldozers and draglines, having a larger radius of action than bulldozers but less than draglines. They are anle to dig into a vertical cliff face in a way which would be dangerous tor a bulldozer operator and impossible for a dragline. Each piece of equipment should be level of their tracks and for deep digs in compact material a backacter is most useful, but its dumping radius is considerably less than that of the same escavator fitted with a face shovel. Rubber-tyred bowl scrapers are indispensable for fairly level digging where the distance of transport is too much tor a dragline or face shovel. They can dig the material deeply ( but only below themselves ) to a fairly flat surface, carry it hundreds of meters if need be, then drop it and level it roughly during the dumping. For hard digging it is often found economical to keep a pusher tractor ( wheeled or tracked ) on the digging site, to push each scraper as it returns to dig. As soon as the scraper is full,the pusher tractor returns to the beginning of the dig to heop to help the nest scraper. Bowl scrapers are often extremely powerful machines;many makers build scrapers of 8 cubic meters struck capacity, which carry 10 m 3 heaped. The largest self-propelled scrapers are of 19 m 3 struck capacity ( 25 m 3 heaped )and they are driven by a tractor engine of 430 horse-powers. Dumpers are probably the commonest rubber-tyred transport since they can also conveniently be used for carrying concrete or other building materials. Dumpers have the earth container over the front axle on large rubber-tyred wheels, and the container tips forwards on most types, though in articulated dumpers the direction of tip can be widely varied. The smallestve a capacity of about 0.5 m 3, and the largest standard types are of about 4.5 m 3. Special types include the self-loading dumper of up to 4 m 3 and the articulated type of about 0.5 m 3. The distinction between dumpers and dump trucks must be remembered .dumpers tip forwards and the driver sits behind the load. Dump trucks are heavy, strengthened tipping lorries, the driver travels in front lf the load and the load is dumped behind him, so they are sometimes called rear-dump trucks Building materials in building and has a pivotal role. Building material is with human society productivity and science and technology improves gradually developed. In ancient times, the human lives, the line USES is the rocks and Trees. The 4th century BC, 12 ~ has created a tile and brick, humans are only useful synthetic materials made of housing. The 17th century had cast iron and ShouTie later, until the eighteenth century had Portland cement, just make later reinforced concrete engineering get vigorous development. Now all sorts of high-strength structural materials, new decoration materials and waterproof material development, criterion and 20th century since mid organic polymer materials in civil engineering are closely related to the widely application. In all materials, the most main and most popular is steel, concrete, lumber, masonry. In recent years, by using two kinds of material advantage, will make them together, the combination of structure was developed. Now, architecture, engineering quality fit and unfit quality usually adopted materials quality, performance and using reasonable or not have direct connection, in meet the same technical indicators and quality requirements, under the precondition of choice of different material is different, use method of engineering cost has direct impact. In construction process, building construction is and architectural mechanics, building materials also important links. Construction is to the mind of the designer, intention and idea into realistic process, from the ancient hole JuChao place to now skyscrapers, from rural to urban country road elevated road all need through "construction" means. A construction project, including many jobs such as dredging engineering, deep foundation pit bracing engineering, foundation engineering, reinforced concrete structure engineering, structural lifting project, waterproofing, decorate projects, each type of project has its own rules, all need according to different construction object and construction environment conditions using relevant construction technology, in work-site.whenever while, need and the relevant hydropower and other equipment composition of a whole, each project between reasonable organizing and coordination, better play investment benefit. Civil engineering construction in the benefit, while also issued by the state in strict accordance with the relevant construction technology standard, thus further enhance China's construction level to ensure construction quality, reduce the cost for the project. Any building built on the surface of the earth all strata, building weight eventually to stratum, have to bear. Formation Support building the rocks were referred to as foundation, and the buildings on the ground and under the upper structure of self-respect and liable to load transfer to the foundation of components or component called foundation. Foundation, and the foundation and the superstructure is a building of three inseparable part. According to the function is different, but in load, under the action of them are related to each other, is the interaction of the whole. Foundation can be divided into natural foundation and artificial foundation, basic according to the buried depth is divided into deep foundation and shallow foundation. , foundation and foundation is the guarantee of the quality of the buildings and normal use close button, where buildings foundation in building under loads of both must maintain overall stability and if the settlement of foundation produce in building scope permitted inside, and foundation itself should have sufficient strength, stiffness and durability, also consider repair methods and the necessary foundation soil retaining retaining water and relevant measures. [3] As people living standard rise ceaselessly, the people to their place of building space has become not only from the number, and put forward higher requirement from quality are put car higher demands that the environment is beautiful, have certain comfort. This needs to decorate a building to be necessary. If architecture major engineering constitutes the skeleton of the building, then after adornment building has become the flesh-and-blood organism, final with rich, perfect appearance in people's in front, the best architecture should fully embody all sorts of adornment material related properties, with existing construction technology, the most effective gimmick, to achieve conception must express effect. Building outfit fix to consider the architectural space use requirement, protect the subject institutions from damage, give a person with beautifulenjoying, satisfy the requirements of fire evacuation, decorative materials and scheme of rationality, construction technology and economic feasibility, etc. Housing construction development and at the same time, like housing construction as affecting people life of roads, Bridges, tunnels has made great progress. In general civil engineering is one of the oldest subjects, it has made great achievements, the future of the civil engineering will occupy in people's life more important position. The environment worsening population increase, people to fight for survival, to strive for a more comfortable living environment, and will pay more attention to civil engineering. In the near future, some major projects extimated to build, insert roller skyscrapers, across the ocean Bridges, more convenient traffic would not dream. The development of science and technology, and the earth is deteriorating environment will be prompted civil engineering to aerospace and Marine development, provide mankind broader space of living. In recent years, engineering materials mainly is reinforced concrete, lumber and brick materials, in the future, the traditional materials will be improved, more suitable for some new building materials market, especially the chemistry materials will promote the construction of towards a higher point. Meanwhile, design method of precision, design work of automation, information and intelligent technology of introducing, will be people have a more comfortable living environment. The word, and the development of the theory and new materials, the emergence of the application of computer, high-tech introduction to wait to will make civil engineering have a new leap. This is a door needs calm and a great deal of patience and attentive professional. Because hundreds of thousands, even hundreds of thousands of lines to building each place structure clearly reflected. Without a gentle state of mind, do what thing just floating on the surface, to any a building structure, to be engaged in business and could not have had a clear, accurate and profound understanding of, the nature is no good. In this business, probably not burn the midnight oil of courage, not to reach the goal of spirit not to give up, will only be companies eliminated. This is a responsible and caring industry. Should have a single responsible heart - I one's life in my hand, thousands of life in my hand. Since the civil, should choose dependably shoulder the responsibility. Finally, this is a constant pursuit of perfect industry. Pyramid, spectacular now: The Great Wall, the majestic... But if no generations of the pursuit of today, we may also use the sort of the oldest way to build this same architecture. Design a building structure is numerous, but this is all experienced centuries of clarification, through continuous accumulation, keep improving, innovation obtained. And such pursuit, not confined in the past. Just think, if the design of a building can be like calculation one plus one equals two as simple and easy to grasp, that was not for what? Therefore, a civil engineer is in constant of in formation. One of the most simple structure, the least cost, the biggest function. Choose civil, choosing a steadfast diligence, innovation, pursuit of perfect path. Reference: [1] LuoFuWu editor. Civil engineering (professional). Introduction to wuhan. Wuhan university of technology press. 2007 [2] WangFuChuan, palace rice expensive editor. Construction engineering materials. Beijing. Science and technology literature press. 2002 [3] jiang see whales, zhiming editor. Civil engineering introduction of higher education press. Beijing.. 1992 土木工程概論 摘要：土木工程是個(gè)龐大的學(xué)科，但最主要的是建筑，建筑無(wú)論是在中國(guó)還是在國(guó)外，都有著悠久的歷史，長(zhǎng)期的發(fā)展歷程。整個(gè)世界每天都在改變，而建筑也隨科學(xué)的進(jìn)步而發(fā)展。力學(xué)的發(fā)現(xiàn)，材料的更新，不斷有更多的科學(xué)技術(shù)引入建筑中。以前只求一間有瓦蓋頂?shù)姆课?，現(xiàn)在追求舒適，不同的思想，不同的科學(xué)，推動(dòng)了土木工程的發(fā)展，使其更加完美。 [關(guān)鍵詞]：土木工程；建筑；力學(xué)；材料。 土木工程是建造各種工程的統(tǒng)稱(chēng)。它的原意是與“軍事工程”相對(duì)應(yīng)的。在英語(yǔ)中，歷史上土木工程、機(jī)械工程、電氣工程、化工工程都屬于Civil Engineering，因?yàn)樗鼈兌季哂忻裼眯浴：髞?lái)，隨著工程科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，機(jī)械、電氣、化工都已逐漸形成獨(dú)立的科學(xué)，Civil Engineering就成為土木工程的專(zhuān)門(mén)名詞。至今，在英語(yǔ)中，Civil Engineering還包括水利工程、港口工程；而在我國(guó)，水利工程和港口工程也成為與土木工程十分密切的相對(duì)獨(dú)立分支。土木工程既指建設(shè)的對(duì)象，即建造在地上，地下，水中的工程設(shè)施，也指應(yīng)用的材料設(shè)備和進(jìn)行的勘測(cè)，設(shè)計(jì)施工，保養(yǎng)，維修等專(zhuān)業(yè)技術(shù)。??? 土木工程是一種與人們的衣、食、住、行有著密切關(guān)系的工程。其中與“住”的關(guān)系是直接的。因?yàn)?，要解決“住”的問(wèn)題必須建造各種類(lèi)型的建筑物。而解決“行、食衣”的問(wèn)題既有直接的一面，也有間接的一面。要“行”，必須建造鐵路、道路、橋梁；要“食”，必須打井取水、興修水利、進(jìn)行農(nóng)田灌溉、城市供水排水等，這是直接關(guān)系。而間接關(guān)系則不論做什么，制造汽車(chē)、輪船也好，紡紗、織布、制衣也好，乃至生產(chǎn)鋼鐵、發(fā)射衛(wèi)星、開(kāi)展科學(xué)研究活動(dòng)都離不開(kāi)建造各種建筑物、構(gòu)筑物和修建各種工程設(shè)施。 　 土木工程隨著人類(lèi)社會(huì)的進(jìn)步而發(fā)展，至今已經(jīng)演變成為大型綜合性的學(xué)科，它已經(jīng)出許多分支，如：建筑工程，鐵路工程，道路工程，橋梁工程，特種工程結(jié)構(gòu)，給水排水工程，港口工程，水利工程，環(huán)境工程等學(xué)科。 　　土木工程作為一個(gè)重要的基礎(chǔ)學(xué)科，有其重要的屬性：綜合性，社會(huì)性，實(shí)踐性，統(tǒng)一性。土木工程為國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展和人民生活的改善提供了重要 的物質(zhì)技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)，對(duì)眾多產(chǎn)業(yè)的振興發(fā)揮了促進(jìn)作用，工程建設(shè)是形成固定資產(chǎn)的基本生產(chǎn)過(guò)程，因此，建筑業(yè)和房地產(chǎn)成為許多國(guó)家和地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)支柱之一。 　　建筑工程就是興建房屋規(guī)劃，勘測(cè)，設(shè)計(jì)，施工的總稱(chēng)。目的是為人類(lèi)的生產(chǎn)和生活提供場(chǎng)所。 房屋好比一個(gè)人，它的規(guī)劃就像人生活的環(huán)境，是由規(guī)劃師負(fù)責(zé)的；它的布局和藝術(shù)處理相應(yīng)于人的體形、容貌、氣質(zhì)，是由建筑師負(fù)責(zé)的；它的結(jié)構(gòu)好比人的骨骼和壽命，是由結(jié)構(gòu)工程師負(fù)責(zé)的；它的給排水、供熱通風(fēng)和電氣等設(shè)施就如人的器官、神經(jīng)，是由設(shè)備工程師負(fù)責(zé)的。也像自然界完好地塑造人一樣，在城市我地區(qū)規(guī)劃基礎(chǔ)上建造房屋，是建設(shè)單位，勘察單位、設(shè)計(jì)單位的各種設(shè)計(jì)工程師和施工單位全面協(xié)調(diào)合作的過(guò)程。 　　結(jié)構(gòu)說(shuō)穿了，不過(guò)就是受力體的反力與內(nèi)部應(yīng)力如何與外力達(dá)到平衡。建筑首先要解決，也是必須要解決的問(wèn)題就是受力的問(wèn)題。我們把解決 這個(gè)問(wèn)題的學(xué)科稱(chēng)為建筑力學(xué)。建筑力學(xué)有可以分為：靜力學(xué)，材料力學(xué)和結(jié)構(gòu)力學(xué)三大力學(xué)體系。建筑力學(xué)是討論和研究建筑結(jié)構(gòu)及構(gòu)件在荷載和其他因素影響的 工作狀況，也就是建筑的強(qiáng)度，剛度，穩(wěn)定性。在載荷作用下，承受載荷和傳遞載荷的建筑結(jié)構(gòu)和構(gòu)件會(huì)引起周?chē)奈矬w對(duì)它們的作用，同時(shí)物件本身受載荷作用而 產(chǎn)生變形，并且存在著被