2019-2020年高三英語第一輪復(fù)習(xí) 語法四 非謂語動詞教案 牛津版.doc

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2019-2020年高三英語第一輪復(fù)習(xí) 語法四 非謂語動詞教案 牛津版 【基本概念】 1. 對英語動詞的基本認(rèn)識 英語中動詞的語法作用同漢語區(qū)別很大。動詞除了在句子中充當(dāng)謂語之外，還常以非謂語的形式充當(dāng)其他的句子成分。按照動詞是否充當(dāng)謂語，我們可以把動詞分為謂語動詞和非謂語動詞兩類。每一類動詞所包含的主要語法知識如 下。 時(shí)態(tài) （按高考要求共九個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)） 謂語動詞 語態(tài) （主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)） 語氣 （陳述語氣和虛擬語氣） 主謂一致 動詞 動詞不定式 非謂語動詞 分詞 （現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞） 動名詞 非謂語動詞是指不充當(dāng)謂語而做其他句子成分的動詞，凡是用作非謂語的動詞在形式上都要有所變化，以區(qū)別于謂語動詞。 2.分詞的語法作用 分詞分現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞兩類，具有形容詞和副詞的語法功能，在句子中可以充當(dāng)表語、定語、狀語和賓語補(bǔ)足語。 例1： The news that the Chinese team won the gold medal was very encouraging. (P.51, Senior Book 2B) 句中的現(xiàn)在分詞encouraging充當(dāng)句子的表語。 例2： The people performing all play different instrument. (P.49, Senior Book2B) Polluted rivers and lakes have also been a cause of death. (P.52, Senior Book2A) 現(xiàn)在分詞performing作后置定語，修飾the people; 過去分詞polluted作定語修飾rivers and lakes。 例3： So he left France, preferring to give up the fortune that would one day e to him, and went to live in English. (P.57, Senior Book2B) 現(xiàn)在分詞短語 preferring to give up the fortune that would one day e to him 作狀語，表示he left France and went to live in England 的原因。 Well known for his expert advice, he was able to help a great number of people with their personal affairs. (P.14 Senior Book2B) 過去分詞短語well known for his expert advice 也充當(dāng)狀語，表示原因。 分詞短語充當(dāng)狀語時(shí)，其作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語從句，因此都可以用狀語從句替代。Well known for his expert advice = Because he was known for his expert advice,顯然，按照修辭的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)衡量，分詞短語較狀語從句更為精練。 例4： They broke into the uncle’s bedroom and found the man lying on the floor, dead. (P.16, Senior Book2B) I can see it fastened to a nail next to the hole in the wall, but it is not fastened to that wire. (P.16 Senior Book2B) The gate must be kept shut so that the animals do not escape. (P.53,Senior Book2A) 以上三句劃線的部分都是賓語補(bǔ)足語,其中第三句的shut在主動語態(tài)中是過去分詞做賓補(bǔ),改為被動語態(tài)后,主動語態(tài)的賓語gate變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語,因此語法上稱之為 “主補(bǔ)”。賓語補(bǔ)足語是漢語所沒有的句子成分，然而卻類似于漢語中的兼語。在英語中，賓語同賓語補(bǔ)足語之間具有邏輯上的主謂或主表關(guān)系，這是理解賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)必須搞清的最基本的概念。第一句中的man是賓語，和賓語補(bǔ)足語lying on the floor之間具有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，man發(fā)出lying on the floor 的動作。第二句中it 是賓語，同賓語補(bǔ)足語fastened to a nail next to the hole in the wall具有邏輯上的被動的主謂關(guān)系。 【關(guān)鍵知識】 學(xué)習(xí)分詞的知識只要抓住現(xiàn)在分詞同過去分詞的區(qū)別這一關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)，其他問題便可迎刃而解。區(qū)別現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的方法主要有兩點(diǎn)： 2. 掌握主謂關(guān)系用現(xiàn)在分詞，動賓關(guān)系用過去分詞的基本原則。 ①分詞做定語時(shí)，看分詞同它所修飾的名詞或代詞的關(guān)系。分詞所修飾的名詞或代詞同分 為主謂關(guān)系時(shí)，用現(xiàn)在分詞；分詞所修飾的名詞或代詞同分詞為動賓關(guān)系時(shí)，用過去分詞。 There are lots of good English language programmes broadcast on TV or the radio in China. (P.46, Senior Book1A) 過去分詞短語broadcast on TV or the radio in China 作定語修飾programmes, broadcast 同它所修飾的名詞programmes 具有動賓關(guān)系，即broadcast programmes on TV or the radio…，因此必須用過去分詞。 Two days later I received a letter offering me the job. (P.34-35, Senior Book2B) 現(xiàn)在分詞短語offering me the job是名詞letter的定語，offering同它所修飾的名詞letter具有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，如果將現(xiàn)在分詞短語轉(zhuǎn)換成定語從句，這種“主謂關(guān)系”則更為明確：Two days later I received a letter which offered me the job。 ②分詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，看分詞同賓語補(bǔ)足語的關(guān)系。主謂關(guān)系用現(xiàn)在分詞；動賓關(guān)系用過去分詞。 You often see musicians performing in the streets. (P.54, Senior Book2B) 賓語musicians和賓語補(bǔ)足語performing 具有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，musicians發(fā)出perform 的動作，賓語補(bǔ)足語必須用現(xiàn)在分詞。 Although we may not realize it, when we talk with others we make ourselves understood not just by words. (P.14, Senior Book2A) 作賓語補(bǔ)足語的過去分詞understood同賓語ourselves 為動賓關(guān)系，即understand ourselves，此處的意思是“使我們自己被別人所理解”。 ③分詞作狀語時(shí)，分詞的邏輯主語同句子的主語一致。據(jù)此，辨別現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的區(qū)別要看分詞同句子主語的邏輯關(guān)系，主謂關(guān)系用現(xiàn)在分詞；動賓關(guān)系用過去分詞。 In Arab countries, you eat using the fingers of your right hand; the left hand is not used at all. (P.14, Senior Book2A) 現(xiàn)在分詞短語 using the fingers of your right hand 作方式狀語修飾謂語動詞eat。之所以用現(xiàn)在分詞，是因?yàn)閡sing 同句子的主語you 有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。換言之，句子的主語 you既發(fā)出謂語動作eat，又發(fā)出非謂語動詞using 所表示的動作。 Dr. Watson and I will spend the night locked in your room. ( P.15 Senior Book2B) 過去分詞短語locked in your room充當(dāng)spend the night的方式狀語。lock 同句子的主語Dr. Watson and I的邏輯關(guān)系為動賓關(guān)系——“l(fā)ock Dr. Watson and I in your room”。 分詞作狀語時(shí)同句子主語之間的邏輯關(guān)系較難理解，再看以下例句，注意分詞短語同句子主語之間的邏輯關(guān)系。 The poor of the cities and the peasants in the country, having lived such a hard life for so long, took up their guns and knives and began to kill the rich nobles. (P.58, Senior Book2B) Considering that Charles would be sentenced to death, he went to a chemist’s shop and bought some special medicine. (P. 58 , Senior Book2B) Given advice by the famous detective, the young lady was no longer afraid. (P.17, Senior Book2B) The lady returned home, followed by Mr. Holmes and Dr. Watson. (P.17, Senior Book2B) 3. 分詞作表語時(shí)，區(qū)別現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的兩種方法。 ①分詞作表語時(shí)，現(xiàn)在分詞表示主語的特征；過去分詞表示主語所處的狀態(tài)。 The temperature is –15C. It is freezing outside. ( P.51, Senior Book2B) 現(xiàn)在分詞freezing作表語，表示主語“天氣”的特征。 Children are afraid of the stone figures in the temple which look so frightening. ( P.51, Senior Book2B ) which代表先行詞the stone figures 的含義，在定語從句中作主語。frightening是系動詞look的表語，表示主語the stone figures的形象特征。 One quarter of the shores of the Mediterranean are polluted. (P.52, Senior Book2A ) 過去分詞polluted作表語，表示地中海沿岸的四分之一受污染的狀況。 ②surprise, excite, interest, frighten, worry, please, 等動詞具有共同的特點(diǎn)，他們的意思都是“使……（人）…怎么樣”。這類動詞充當(dāng)表語時(shí)區(qū)別現(xiàn)在分詞或過去分詞的方法比較簡單：如果主語是表示“人”的詞語，表語用過去分詞；主語是表示“事”或“物”的詞語，表語用現(xiàn)在分詞。 We were getting very worried. (P.61, Senior Book2A ) “The lion! It must be the lion from the zoo!” Mrs. Cousins was frightened. (P.69, Senior Book2A) 以上兩句的主語分別是 “we”和 “Mrs. Cousins”，表語用過去分詞worried 和frightened。 The news that the Chinese team won the gold medal was very encouraging. (P.51, Senior Book2B) 主語是表示“事物”的詞語the news，表語用現(xiàn)在分詞encouraging。 【相關(guān)知識及其運(yùn)用】 在語言實(shí)踐中，我們還會遇到許多關(guān)于分詞使用的具體疑難問題。以下選用高考試題或各地模擬試題為例，集中討論一些常見的語言現(xiàn)象。 1.現(xiàn)在分詞被動式同過去分詞的區(qū)別 現(xiàn)在分詞同過去分詞的基本區(qū)別可見下表。 時(shí)間概念 語態(tài)概念 現(xiàn)在分詞 進(jìn)行或與謂語動作同時(shí) 主動概念 過去分詞 完成 被動概念 但現(xiàn)在分詞被動式being done也表示被動，在語態(tài)概念上與過去分詞相同，因此區(qū)別就只在于時(shí)間概念了。 Most of the people ______ to the party were famous scientists. (1987年高考試題) A. invited B. to invited C. being invited D. inviting 試題分析：試題意圖是考察分詞作定語的知識，句子主語的漢語意思為“受到邀請出席晚會的大多數(shù)人”。選項(xiàng) A、C均表示被動，區(qū)別在于invited表示“已經(jīng)受到邀請出席晚會”；being invited表示“正在受到邀請出席晚會”。句子是一般過去時(shí)，因此答案為A。 2.分詞作定語同不定式作定語的區(qū)別 不定式作定語在時(shí)間概念上表示“將要”，這是他們之間最根本的區(qū)別。 The first textbooks ______ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. ( 1994年高考試題) A. having written B. to be written C. being written D. written 試題分析：選項(xiàng)A為現(xiàn)在分詞完成式，同其所修飾的主語textbooks具有邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系，沒有被動形式，不可能考慮；選項(xiàng)B為不定式的被動式，在時(shí)間概念上表示將來，與句子的時(shí)態(tài)不符，必須排除；選項(xiàng)C為現(xiàn)在分詞被動式，在時(shí)間概念上表示“進(jìn)行“，不能滿足試題要求；選項(xiàng)D written既表示被動又表示完成，切合試題要求，是正確答案。 3.介詞with后的賓語補(bǔ)足語 介詞with具有一般介詞都不具備的語法功能，with后面可以帶“賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語”的結(jié)構(gòu)。 In parts of Asia you must not sit with your feet pointing at another person. (P.14, Senior Book2A) 介詞后的賓語補(bǔ)足語同動詞后的賓語補(bǔ)足語沒有區(qū)別，在試題中只要善于識別便不難理解， The murderer was brought in, with his hands ______ behind his back. (1991年高考試題) A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied 答案為D。 下面一道試題具有一定難度。 With his son ______, the old man felt unhappy. (北京西城區(qū)試題一) A. to disappoint B. to be disappointed C. disappointing D. being disappointed 試題分析：賓語補(bǔ)足語如果選用被動式，意思為“他的兒子自己感到失望”；如果選擇現(xiàn)在分詞，意思為“他的兒子令別人感到失望”。正確答案為C。 4.分詞作狀語時(shí)的邏輯主語問題 分詞作狀語時(shí)，其邏輯主語必須同句子的主語一致；如果不一致，需在分詞前加一個(gè)邏輯主語，分詞和它的邏輯主語合稱獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。關(guān)于分詞作狀語時(shí)的邏輯主語問題，在試題中可以看到各種不同的命題技巧。 The key______，she went through her handbag carefully.（xx年長沙模擬試題） A. hadn’t been found B. having not been found C. not having been found D. wasn’t found 試題分析：選項(xiàng)A、D均為謂語形式，選擇其中的任何一項(xiàng)前半部分便成為一個(gè)分句，與后面的分句必須使用連詞。以表示前后分句的邏輯關(guān)系，因此全部排除。選項(xiàng)B是現(xiàn)在分詞的完成被動式，凡非謂語動詞的否定形式，not必須加在最前面，因此也應(yīng)排除。not having been found同其邏輯主語the key構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，作原因狀語。本試題中句子的主語 she不能充當(dāng)分詞的邏輯主語。 ______ you should have no trouble with the difficult work. (北京崇文區(qū)統(tǒng)一練習(xí)一) A. Knowing this B. If you are knowing this C. From knowing this D. If you have knowing this 試題分析：分詞作狀語時(shí)一般都可以轉(zhuǎn)換為狀語從句。本試題的選項(xiàng)B、D作為條件狀語從句，時(shí)態(tài)不正確，應(yīng)該排除。選項(xiàng)A 的knowing this 的邏輯主語同句子的主語一致，符合要求，為正確答案。 Written in a hurry, ______ . How can it be satisfactory? (xx年廣州市綜合測試一) A. they found many mistakes in the report B. Sam made lots of mistakes in the report C. There are plenty of mistakes in the report D. The report is full of mistakes 試題分析：這時(shí)一道非常典型的試題。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)均為完整的句子，初看起來似乎不容易領(lǐng)悟試題的意圖。其實(shí)，本題的意圖仍然是考察分詞作狀語的知識。抓住試題意圖就容易產(chǎn)生正確的思路——哪個(gè)句子的主語能夠同過去分詞written的邏輯主語一致。沿著這個(gè)思路向前走，不難想到the report was written in a hurry, 試題的答案不言自明。 5.現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)同不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語的區(qū)別 動詞see, hear, feel, watch, notice, observe等可以用不帶to 的不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語，也可以用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語，但意思有區(qū)別。不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語表示動作的全過程已經(jīng)完成；現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語表示動作在謂語動作發(fā)生的瞬間正在進(jìn)行。 The missing boys were last seen ______ near the river. (1994年高考試題) A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play 試題分析：本試題意在考查分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語的知識，試題使用被動語態(tài)使我們不容易意識到試題的意圖?！斑@些丟失的孩子們最后被看到的瞬間正在河邊玩”，句子的意思決定了只能選擇playing作賓語補(bǔ)足語。如果選擇play，則表示動作業(yè)已完成，與試題的意思不符。 非謂語動詞（二）——動名詞 【基本概念】 1.現(xiàn)行高中教材中將動名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞統(tǒng)稱為-ing形式。這樣處理英語傳統(tǒng)語法項(xiàng)目的初衷是簡化語法術(shù)語、淡化語法概念，讓學(xué)生更多地通過語感掌握其用法。然而，在教學(xué)實(shí)踐中卻遇到了另外一些不好解決的問題。其一，取消了“現(xiàn)在分詞”的概念之后，增加了“現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的區(qū)別”這一關(guān)鍵知識的教學(xué)難度：其二，混淆動名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞的概念使得屬于動名詞范圍的一些細(xì)節(jié)問題的教學(xué)不容易開展，如動名詞做賓語的問題、分詞和動名詞的邏輯主語問題等。 現(xiàn)在分詞和動名詞都可以做定語和表語，概念卻有所不同。遇到這些問題完全可以采取淡化或者回避的辦法，就如同我們很少強(qiáng)調(diào)形容詞做定語、表語同名詞做定語、表語的區(qū)別一樣。學(xué)生能夠領(lǐng)悟其中的區(qū)別更好，不能理解也無關(guān)緊要。 2.動名詞在書寫形式上同現(xiàn)在分詞相同，但語法概念和語法功能各異。動名詞具有名詞的語法作用，在句子中主要充當(dāng)主語和賓語。 例1：動名詞做主語 Using body language in a correct way will help municate with people and make the stay in a foreign country easy and fortable. (P.16, Senior Book2A) Checking information is very important. (P.20, Senior Book2A) Doing this can save a lot of time and money. (P.20, Senior Book2A) Learning new words and useful expressions is very important for me. (P.22, Senior Book2A) 例2：動名詞做賓語 After a short while he started directing films himself. (P.26, Senior Book2A) Disney stopped drawing and watched the mouse. (P.2, Senior Book2A) 例3：動名詞做介詞的賓語 Scores of people went there in the first few days after its opening. (P.3, Senior Book 1B ) after在句中為介詞，動名詞opening 做介詞的賓語，形容詞性物主代詞its是動名詞的邏輯主語。 The money spent on educating a black child was just one fourth of that spent on each white child. (P.38, Senior Book2) I was pleased that the manager had decided not to be angry with me for having been so rude. (P.35, Senior Book2B) having been 是動名詞being的完成式，做介詞for 的賓語。 【關(guān)鍵知識】 動名詞一章的關(guān)鍵知識是動名詞做賓語同不定式做賓語的區(qū)別。這種區(qū)別根據(jù)“約定俗成”的原則成為語法規(guī)則，因此沒有過多的道理可講。牢牢記住這些規(guī)則，在語言實(shí)踐中能夠熟練地運(yùn)用，便是最好的學(xué)習(xí)方法。 1.下列動詞只能用動名詞做賓語， 不能用不定式：suggest, finish, enjoy, practise, miss, avoid, require, delay, excuse, pardon, consider, deny, escape, can’t help, risk 等。 Besides, I enjoy learning about new things from politics to sports and music. (P.22, Senior Book2A) Then for a period of several weeks we practise doing the play. (P.25, Senior Book2A) 2.一些動詞后用動名詞做賓語和用不定式做賓語意思不同。 ①remember, forget, regret后用動名詞做賓語表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生過了的動作；用不定式做賓語表示將要發(fā)生或尚未發(fā)生的動作。 remember to do 表示記住要去做某事；remember doing表示記得曾經(jīng)做過某事。regret doing表示后悔做了某事；regret to say (tell)表示遺憾地說（告訴）。 ---- The light in the office is still on. ---- Oh, I forgot ______. (1991年全國高考試題) A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off 答案為 C。句子的意思是“我剛才忘記了關(guān)燈”，“關(guān)燈”的動作沒有發(fā)生。 ---- You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. ---- Well, now I regret ______ that. （1995年全國高考試題） A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done 答案為D。having done是動名詞doing的完成式，表示該動作先于謂語動作，句子的意思是“后悔在會議上提出反對意見”。 ②try to do 表示“設(shè)法做”（克服困難、障礙努力做）；try doing表示“試著做”（對結(jié)果沒有把握，嘗試去做，看看是否可以）。 The little time we have together we try ______ wisely. (上海市1995年高考試題) A. spending it B. to spend it C. to spend D. spending that the little time we have together是spend的賓語，前置以示強(qiáng)調(diào)。正確的答案為C。 ③like (love) to do 表示具體的一次性動作；like (love) doing表示傾向性的動作。 Little Tom should love ______ to the theatre this evening. （1992年全國高考試題） A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taken 答案為A。時(shí)間狀語暗示了應(yīng)該考慮“一次性動作”。本試題中l(wèi)ittle Tom和謂語動詞take(帶領(lǐng))為動賓關(guān)系，必須注意被動概念的使用。 ④動詞need的用法同動名詞做賓語有密切的關(guān)系。 a)當(dāng)主語是表示“人”的詞語時(shí)，need 的賓語用動詞不定式的一般式，這時(shí)不定式同句子的主語也是主謂關(guān)系。 Right now you need to stay still until help es. ( P.43, Senior Book2B) 但是，也有少數(shù)句子need的賓語同句子的主語構(gòu)成動賓關(guān)系，這時(shí)need的賓語可以用動名詞或不定式的被動式： The patient will need looking after. b)當(dāng)主語是表示“事”或“物”的詞語時(shí)，主語同need往往為動賓關(guān)系。這時(shí)，用need to be done或need doing 均可，但要注意need doing 是用動名詞的主動式表示被動的概念。 These shoes need repairing. These shoes need to be repaired. You have e just in time to help us.” “Fine. What needs ______?” (1985年廣東高考試題) A. I do B. done C. to be done D. to do 答案為C。what是句子的主語，表示事物。 ⑤stop to do 和stop doing 的語法結(jié)構(gòu)不同，因此意思也就不同。stop doing中的doing 是動名詞做賓語，表示stop動作的對象，意思為“停止做某事”。Stop to do 中的不定式to do 是目的狀語，表示“停止正在做的事的目的是要做某事”。 "Lets have a break." "Not now. I dont want to stop ______ yet." （1985年廣東高考試題） A. study B. to study C. for studying D. studying 答案為 D。 ⑥mean doing 的意思是“意謂著”、“就是”。 I meant to tell you yesterday, but you were not in the office.(P.13, Senior Book2B) Missing the train means waiting for an hour. mean to do 的意思是“意欲做……”或“打算做……”。 What do you mean to do? 【相關(guān)知識及其運(yùn)用】 1.動名詞的邏輯主語 動名詞的邏輯主語表示動名詞所代表的動作是誰做的。動名詞邏輯主語規(guī)范的表達(dá)形式是：①無生命的內(nèi)容用名詞的一般形式。②有生命的內(nèi)容如果是名詞，用該名詞的所有格；如果是代詞，則用形容詞性物主代詞。 He has always insisted on his being called Dr. Turner instead of Mr. Turner. 譯文：他總是堅(jiān)持讓別人稱呼他特納博士而不是特納先生。 his 是動名詞being called的邏輯主語，但同call 構(gòu)成被動關(guān)系。如果是主動關(guān)系應(yīng)為call him Dr. Turner。 再看下列兩道試題： They insisted on ______ a thorough rest before going back to work. A. him to take B. he took C. his taking D. his taken 答案為C。 ______ made her mother very angry. A. Helen’s married Jack B. Helen has married Jack C. Helen marrying Jack D. Helen’s marrying Jack 答案為 D。 2.動名詞的完成式 所有非謂語動詞的完成式都表示非謂語動作先于謂語動作，動名詞的完成式也不例外。 Tony was very unhappy for ______ to the party. （xx年上海市高考試題） A. having not been invited B. not having invited C. having not invited D. not having been invited 答案為 D。having been invited是動名詞的完成被動式，表示否定的not必須放在動名詞結(jié)構(gòu)的最前面。 3.動名詞的被動式 動名詞的被動式同現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式相同----being done。 動名詞被動式的使用主要看動名詞和句子主語的邏輯關(guān)系：主謂關(guān)系用主動式，動賓關(guān)系用被動式。 While shopping, people sometimes can’t help ______ into buying something they don’t really need. （1996年上海市高考試題） A. to persuade B. persuading C. being persuaded D. be persuaded can’t help 后必須用動名詞做賓語，persuade 同句子主語people具有邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系，因此答案C正確。 He dare not go home for fear of ______ . A. punishing B. punished C. being punished D. to be punished 正確答案為C。 4.動名詞做介詞賓語時(shí)應(yīng)注意的問題 動名詞做介詞的賓語一般情況同做動詞的賓語沒有區(qū)別。應(yīng)注意的是，下列短語中的to不是動詞不定式的符號，而是介詞，因此如果需要使用動詞的非謂語形式，必須使用動名詞。 look forward to 盼望、預(yù)期 be (get) used to 習(xí)慣于 object to 反對 devote…to 獻(xiàn)身于、專心于 get down to 認(rèn)真著手進(jìn)行、認(rèn)真處理 They have just e here to get down to repairing the road. We are looking forward to hearing from you. Do you object to my closing the window? 非謂語動詞（三）——不定式 【基本概念】 不定式是動詞的非謂語形式之一，具有名詞、形容詞、副詞的性質(zhì)，在句子中可以充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語和賓語補(bǔ)足語。 使用不定式時(shí)，大多數(shù)情況下要帶有不定式的符號“to”，少數(shù)情況不用“to”。 1.不定式做主語。 不定式做主語時(shí)，通常使用形式主語。而將做主語的不定式放在句子的后面。 I think it would be a good idea to have ments from secretaries and typists who are already using it. (P.25, Senior Book3) How long will it take you to plete the trip? (P.9, Senior Book2B) 2.不定式做賓語。 I have decided to take a lot of cabbage in vinegar. (P.7, Senior Book3) Agriculture first started about 10,000years ago, when people began to grow crops in the river valleys of the Nile in Egypt, in the Middle East and in India. （P.20, Senior Book3） 不定式做賓語時(shí)也有使用形式賓語的問題，但必須同時(shí)具備兩個(gè)條件：①有賓語補(bǔ)足語。②賓語是動詞不定式短語或賓語從句。 The dusty air makes it difficult to get a clear picture of space. (P.10, Senior Book2B) 以上句子中，it為形式賓語；difficult為賓語補(bǔ)足語；不定式短語to get a clear picture of space是真賓語。 3.不定式做表語 It has been proved that the way to produce the most food is to let farmers grow crops either to feed their family or to sell. (P. 22, Senior Book3) A better method is to take waste far out to sea in ships where the wind and waves break it down. (P.32. Senior Book3) 4.不定式做定語 …but it is thought that 500 million people in the world do not have enough to eat, which is about one in ten. (P.20, Senior Book3) Farmers have the right to sell their crops to the EU. (P.22, Senior Book3) 5.不定式做狀語 Third, a lot of irrigated land has bee too salty to grow plants. (P. 20, Senior Book3) 本句中的to grow plants是has bee too salty的結(jié)果狀語。 Various things can be done to increase the food supply in the world. )P.20, Senior Boo9k3) to increase the food supply in the world是目的狀語。 不定式表示目的極為常見。有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)目的,可以用in order to或so as to ；有時(shí)將不定式短語置于句首也是表示目的常見用法。 Cook went up and down the river in order to chart all the dangerous rock. (P.8, Senior Book3) The lion looked at her as she swung the pork in her hand so as to attract the lion’s attention. (P.69, Senior Book2A) To bee a top gymnast, it is important to start when very young. (P.50, Senior Book3) To do that, it must find a place where it can keep fairly warm; and it must be a place where its enemy cannot find it. (P.68, Senior Book3) only to do 是不定式做結(jié)果狀語的典型用法，這種“結(jié)果”往往是預(yù)想不到的。 Yesterday I went to see him only to find he had been away on business. He got to the station only to be told the train had gone. 6.不定式做賓語補(bǔ)足語 不定式做賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)有兩種情況：絕大多數(shù)做賓語補(bǔ)足語的不定式用帶to的動詞不定式；動詞see, hear, watch, feel, notice, observe, have, make, let后做賓語補(bǔ)足語的不定式主動語態(tài)時(shí)必須用不帶to的不定式；改為被動語態(tài)又必須用to 。 What stores do you want me to order? (P.7, Senior Book3) But Cook ordered the crews to throw over the side of the ship guns, iron balls, pots and chains and even stores to raise the boat in the water. (P.10, Senior Book3) And I advise you not to eat fruit that isn’t ripe in future. (P.1, Senior Book1B) I read about you in the newspaper and decided to e and hear you play. (P.68, Senior Book2B) 下面的例子是1991年的高考試題，試題的意圖便是考查不帶to的不定式變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時(shí)的用法。 John was made ______ the truck for a week as a punishment. A. to wash B. washing C. wash D. to be washing 答案為A。 【相關(guān)知識及其運(yùn)用】 1.不定式的進(jìn)行式 當(dāng)謂語所表示的動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生時(shí)，不定式所表示的動作正在進(jìn)行，這時(shí)要用不定式的進(jìn)行式。 They are said to be building another bridge across the Changjiang River. He pretended to be doing his homework carefully when his mother came in. 2.不定式的完成式 同其他非謂語形式一樣，不定式的完成式表示不定式的動作先于謂語動作。 I’m sorry to have done that, I didn’t mean to be so rude. (P.43, Senior Book3) Between 1850and 1910 the bison population is thought to have fallen from 60 million to just a few hundred. (P.75, Senior Book3) 3.不定式的被動式 當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語同不定式具有邏輯動賓關(guān)系時(shí)，不定式要用被動式。 But some people don’t want good farmland to be built on. (P.25, Senior Book2B) good farmland是句子的賓語，to be built on是賓語補(bǔ)足語，賓語和賓語補(bǔ)足語之間總是具有邏輯上的主謂或主表關(guān)系。因此，good farmland是不定式to be built on 的邏輯主語，同時(shí)它們又具有邏輯動賓關(guān)系，不定式必須同被動式。 He has asked to be introduced to the pianist. (P.68, Senior Book2B) 不定式短語to be introduced to the pianist的邏輯主語是句子的主語he，同時(shí)he同introduce又有邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系，因此用被動式。 不定式的被動式是個(gè)比較復(fù)雜的問題。尤其是當(dāng)不定式同形容詞配合使用時(shí)很容易造成理解上的困難。下列句子中的不定式通常不用被動式。 ①The question is difficult to answer. ②The shirt is too small to wear. ③I find English easy to learn . ①、②兩句中的不定式短語都可以加入邏輯主語，如for me一類，③句中不定式的邏輯主語就是句子的主語。 4.不定式與疑問詞連用 不定式與疑問詞連用，其作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞性從句，可充當(dāng)句子的主語、賓語和表語。 I’m not sure whether to go to the one about accidents. (P.1, Senior Book3) How to get rid of waste is a great problem for the world today. (P.32, Senior Book3) The problem is how to feed a growing world population of over 6 billion. (P.20, Senior Book3) As soon as the reporters know what to write about, they get down to work. (P.20, Senior Book2A) 5.不定式做定語時(shí)的有關(guān)問題 不定式做定語時(shí)可以分為兩類： ①不定式所修飾的名詞是不定式的邏輯主語。 China is the first countries in the world to study the science of farming. (P.38, Senior Book 1B) 不定式短語修飾the first countries，同時(shí)the first countries又是to study the sciences of farming的邏輯主語。 ②不定式同他所修飾的名詞具有邏輯動賓關(guān)系，如果不能確立動賓關(guān)系或不定式為不及物動詞，必須使用介詞。 Years of hard work, very little food, only a small room to live in and never a moment’s rest. (P.13, Senior Book1B) She had little money to live on. (P.3, Senior Book3) I really don’t know what topic to write about. (to write about what topic) Would you please give me a pen to write with? (to write with a pen) 不定式做定語時(shí)，被動的