2019-2020年高考英語 語法非謂語動詞教案10.doc
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2019-2020年高考英語 語法非謂語動詞教案10 動詞不定式、分詞(現(xiàn)在分詞,過去分詞)和動名詞統(tǒng)稱為非謂語動詞。動詞不定式、過去分詞及v-ing形式在句中均不能作謂語,所以叫做非謂語動詞。 現(xiàn)在分詞和動名詞合為一大類叫作v + ing形式。這些動詞的形式不能在句中單獨作謂語用,因而沒有語法主語。但可以有邏輯主語。由于沒有語法主語,也就不受人稱和數(shù)的限定,因為不是謂語,也就沒有時態(tài)和語態(tài),但這些詞仍能表示動作和狀態(tài),所以仍有表示與其他動詞相對時間關(guān)系的形式。由于與其它詞有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,因此也有表示主、被動的形式,同時也有自己的賓語和狀語,一起構(gòu)成非謂語動詞的短語(動詞不定式短語,分詞短語,動名詞短語)。非謂語動詞在英語語法中占有特殊且重要的位置。非謂語動詞形式多樣,應(yīng)用廣泛,且在句中起著很活躍的作用,也是語法項目中的重點和難點,學好非謂語動詞,才能正確進行口語和書面的交流。 (一)動詞不定式: 動詞不定式由“to+ 動詞原形”構(gòu)成,如:to study, to play,動詞不定式雖然不能作謂語動詞用,但仍留著動詞的特征,它可以帶有所需要的賓語或狀語而構(gòu)成動詞不定式短語,如:to study hard, to play table tennis。 1. 動詞不定式的形式變化:動詞不定式有下列時態(tài)和語態(tài)的形式變化。 語態(tài)式 一般式 完成式 進行式 完成進行式 主 動 to build to have built to be building to have been building 被 動 to be build to have been build 2. 動詞不定式的基本用法:動詞不定式能起名詞、形容詞和副詞的作用,可在句中作主語、表語、賓語補足語、定語和狀語用,如: (1)作主語:To help each other is good.(動詞不定式作主語時,一般可用it作形式主語,而將作主語的動詞不定式置于句末,如:It is good to help each other. (2)作表語:My job is to drive them to the power station every day. 動詞不定式在系動詞be之后作表語,與表示將來時的be + 動詞不定式結(jié)構(gòu)有所區(qū)別,如:Our plan is to set up another middle school for the peasants’ children.我們的計劃是給農(nóng)民子弟再成立一所中學。(句中的謂語動詞為is,動詞不定式to set up… 為表語,主語為plan,但plan并不是動詞不定式的邏輯主語,即動詞不定式 to set up所表示的動作不是主語plan產(chǎn)生的。)We are to set up another middle school for the peasants’ children.我們將為農(nóng)民的子弟再成立一所中學。(句中的are to set up整個結(jié)構(gòu)為句中謂語,主語為we,同時也是動詞不定式to set up所表示的動作的邏輯主語,即動詞不定式to set up所表示的動作是由we產(chǎn)生的)。 (3)作賓語:① 作及物動詞的賓語,如:She wishes to be a musician.;② 作某些形容詞的賓語:可以有動詞不定式為賓語的形容詞一般有g(shù)lad, sorry, afraid, pleased, determined, willing, eager, anxious, ready, sure等,如:I am determined to give up smoking.;③ 動詞不定式一般不作介詞的賓語,但動詞不定式之前如有疑問詞時,就可作介詞的賓語,如:Can you give us some advice on what to do next? (4)作賓語補足語,如:Tell the children not to play on the street. 如果句中的謂語動詞為see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let等,作賓語補足語的動詞不定式須將to省去,如:I saw a little girl run across the street. (5)動詞不定式在句中作賓語,如帶有賓語補足語時,須先用it作形式賓語,而將該動詞不定式后置,如:I don’t think it right to do it that way. (6)作定語:動詞不定式作定語時,須位于被其修飾的名詞或代詞之后,如:Is this the best way to help him? 和定語用的動詞不定式如果是不及物動詞,不定式后面就要用必要的介詞,如:He is the man to depend on. 如果被不定式修飾的名詞為place, time, way,不定式后面的介詞,習慣上可以省去,如:The old man is looking for a quiet place to live. (7)作狀語:動詞不定式可以作下列的狀語:① 目的狀語: Every morning he gets up very early to read English. 為了強調(diào)不定式表示目的的作用,可在不定式前加in order to或so as to(以便或為了),但應(yīng)注意in order to位于句首或句中均可,而so as to不能位于句首,如:She reads China Daily every day in order to (so as to) improve her English. 將表示目的的不定式置于句首,也可強調(diào)目的的作用,如:To master a foreign language, one must work hard at it. ② 結(jié)果狀語:They lived to see the liberation of their home town.他們活到親眼見到了他們家鄉(xiāng)的解放。③ too + 形容詞或副詞 + 動詞不定式,表示“足能…”的結(jié)果,如:You are old enough to take care of yourself now. 3. 復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)不定式:由for + 名詞(或代詞賓格)+ 動詞不定式即構(gòu)成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的動詞不定式。其中for本身無意義。for后面的名詞或代詞是不定式的邏輯主語,這種不定式在句中可作主語、表語、賓語、定語或狀語,如:It is very important for us to get everything ready for the harvest. 當作表語用的形容詞表示不定式的邏輯主語的性質(zhì)或特征時,就用介詞of而不用for引出不定式的邏輯主語,這些形容詞一般有g(shù)ood, nice, kind, wise, silly, stupid, foolish, right, wrong, careless, impolite等,如:It is very kind of you to help him every day. 4. 疑問詞 + 動詞不定式:疑問代詞和疑問副詞后可加動詞不定式構(gòu)成不定式短語,在句中可作主語、表語或賓語,如:How to prevent them from swimming in this river is a problem. 5. 動詞不定式的否定式:動詞不定式的否定式是由not + 動詞不定式構(gòu)成,如:It’s wrong of you not to attend the meeting. 6. 動詞不定式的時態(tài)形式所表示的時間關(guān)系:(1)一般式:動詞不定式一般式所表示的動作是和謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生,但在多數(shù)情況下,是在謂語動詞所表示的動作之后發(fā)生,如:We decided to plant more trees this spring.(其后),They often watch us play table tennis.(同時);(2)完成式:動詞不定式完成式所表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前,如:I am sorryto have kept you waiting.(3)進行式:動詞不定式進行式所表示的動作正在進行中,而且與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生,如:She happened to be writing a letter in the room when I came in. 7. 動詞不定式的被動語態(tài)用法:如果動詞不定式的邏輯主語為這個不定式所表示的動作的承受者時,不定式一般就用被動語態(tài)形式,如:What is to be done next hasn’t been decided yet. (二)動詞-ing形式:動詞的-ing形式也是一種非謂語動詞。-ing形式仍保留有動詞的特征,可以帶有其所需要的賓語或狀語而構(gòu)成-ing短語。 1. -ing的形式:-ing有一般式和完成式。及物動詞的-ing還有主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài),而不及物動詞的-ing則沒有被動語態(tài)?,F(xiàn)在以及物動詞make 和不及物動詞go為例,將其-ing各種形式列表如下: 動詞 語態(tài) 形式 及物動詞make 不及物動詞go 主動語態(tài) 被動語態(tài) 主動語態(tài) 一般式 making being made going 完成式 having made having been made having gone 2. -ing形式的基本用法。 (1)作主語:Seeing is believing.百聞不如一見。Talking is easier than doing. –ing作主語時,如果其結(jié)構(gòu)較長,可用it作形式主語,而將作主語的-ing后置。如:It isn’t much good writing to them again. It’s no use waiting here. (2)作表語:Her job is washing and cooking. My hobby is collecting stamps. (3)作賓語:① 作及物動詞的賓語。She likes drawing very much;② 作某些短語動詞的賓語。 Mary is thinking of going back to New York;③ do+限定詞(my, some, any, the等)+ -ing,表示“做…事”之意,如:We often do our cleaning on Saturday afternoon. Will you do any shopping on Saturday this afternoon? ④ 作介詞的賓語:Her sister is good at learning physics;⑤ 作形容詞worth, busy等的賓語:This book is well worth reading. –ing作賓語帶有賓語補足語時,要用it作為形式賓語,而將作賓語的-ing后置,如:We found it no good talking like that. Do you think it necessary trying again? (4)作定語:The sleeping child is only five years old. Do you know the man standing at the gate? 注:-ing形式作定語用時,如果-ing只是一個單詞,就位于其修飾的名詞之前,如果是-ing短語,就位于其修飾的名詞之后,-ing作定語時,被-ing所修飾的名詞就是該-ing的邏輯主語。另外,-ing作定語用時,其動作和句子謂語動詞所表示的動作是同時進行的,如果不是同時進行的,就不能用-ing作定語,要使用定語從句,如:The girl who wrote a letter there yesterday can speak English very well. (5)作賓語補足語:We can see steam rising from the wet clothes. 注:當-ing在復(fù)合賓語中作賓語補足語用時,句中賓語就是這個-ing的邏輯主語,可以帶有這種復(fù)合賓語的動詞有see, watch, hear, observe, feel, find, have, keep等。 (6)作狀語:① 時間狀語:Seeing Tom, I couldn’t help thinking of his brother. 分詞在句中作時間狀語時,其前一般可加when或while,如:When crossing street, you must be careful. ② 原因狀語:Being ill, he didn’t go to school yesterday. ③ 方式或伴隨狀語:Mary stood at the school gate waiting for Betty. 3. 主動語態(tài)-ing完成式的基本用法。主動語態(tài)-ing完成式所表示的動作發(fā)生在句中謂語動詞所表示的動作之前,一般在句中作時間或原因狀語用。句中的主語是它的邏輯主語,并且是它所表示的動作的執(zhí)行者,如:Having answered the letter, she went on to read an English novel. 4. 被動語態(tài)-ing一般式的基本用法。被動語態(tài)-ing一般式所表示的動作是一個正在進行中的被動動作,而且這個被動動作也是和句中謂語所表示的動作同時發(fā)生的。它一般在句中作定語或狀語用。如:The truck being repaired there is ours. 5. 被動語態(tài)-ing完成式的基本用法。被動語態(tài)-ing完成式所表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前,在句中一般作狀語用。如:Having been shown the lab, we were taken to see the library. 6. -ing形式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。在-ing前加物主代詞或名詞所有格即構(gòu)成-ing的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。其中的物主代詞或名詞所有格為-ing的邏輯主語。這種結(jié)構(gòu)在句中可作主語、賓語或表語,如:Your smoking and drinking too much will do harm to your health. 但在口語中,這種結(jié)構(gòu)如作賓語用,其中的物主代詞常用人稱代詞的賓格,名詞的所有格常用名詞的普通格代替,如:She insisted on Peter’s (or Peter)going there first. 7. -ing形式與動詞不定式在句中作主語、表語、賓語時的區(qū)別。一般說來,表示一個比較抽象或泛指的動作時多用-ing形式。表示一個具體某一次的動作時,多用動詞不定式,如:Our job is making steel. She likes playing the piano, but she doesn’t want to play it today. 8. -ing形式與動詞不定式在句中作定語的區(qū)別。-ing形式作定語用時,其動作一般與句中謂語動詞所表示的動詞同時發(fā)生,而動詞不定式作定語時,其動作一般發(fā)生在句中謂語動詞所表示的動作之后。如:The girl writing a letter there can speak English very well./I have three letters to write. 9. -ing形式與動詞不定式在作賓語補足語時的區(qū)別。(1)不定式作賓補時,其動作一般發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之后,如:I have told them to e again tomorrow.(2)在see, watch, hear, feel等之后,如果用-ing形式作賓補,表示其動作正在進行中,而用不帶to的不定式作賓補時,不定式所表示的動作是一個動作的過程,如:I hear her singing in the room.我聽見她正在屋里唱歌。 I hear her sing in the room.我聽見她在屋里唱過歌。 10. -ing形式與動詞不定式在句中作狀語的區(qū)別。-ing形式在句作狀語表示時間、原因、方式或伴隨情況,而動詞不定式一般式在句中作狀語時,一般是作目的或結(jié)果狀語,如:Not receiving his letter, I wrote to him again./ I looked into the window to see what was going on inside. (三)過去分詞: 1. 過去分詞的基本用法:過去分詞只有一種形式,也沒有主動語態(tài),它所表示的動作是一個被動的或是已完成的動作。過去分詞在句中也可用作定語、表語、賓語或狀語等成分。過去分詞在句中作某種成分時,其邏輯主語一般為該分詞所表示的動作的承受者,如: (1)作定語:過去分詞作定語時,如果這個分詞是一個單詞,就位于其修飾的名詞之前,如果是分詞短語,就位于其修飾的名詞之后。被過去分詞所修飾的名詞,就是該分詞的邏輯主語,如:The stolen car was found by the police last week. (2)作表語:過去分詞作表語時,表示其邏輯主語所處的狀態(tài),其邏輯主語就是句中的主語,如:The glass is broken.這個玻璃杯是破的。 注:過去分詞作表語時,和動詞的被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)相似,但兩者表達的意義不同,如:The glass was broken by my little brother.這個玻璃杯是被我小弟弟打破的。作表語用的過去分詞在許多詞典中已列為形容詞,如:crowded, devoted, discouraged, done, dressed, drunk, experienced, frightened, gone, hurt, interested, killed, known, learned, lost, pleased, satisfied, shut, surprised, tired, undressed, worried, astonished, broken, pleted, covered等。 (3)作賓語補足語:過去分詞作賓語補足語時,句中的賓語就是其邏輯主語,如:When I opened the door, I found the ground covered by fallen leaves. 注:動詞have后的復(fù)合賓語中,賓語補足語如為過去分詞,常表示該分詞所表示的動作是由別人來執(zhí)行的而不是句中主語自己來執(zhí)行的,如:I had my bike repaired yesterday. 昨天我(找別人)把我的自行車給修了。 (4)作狀語:過去分詞作狀語時,相當于一個狀語從句,該結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語一般都是主句的主語,是過去分詞所表示意義的邏輯賓語。為了使作狀語的過去分詞意義更加明確,常在分詞前加when, if, while, though, as等連詞,如:Seen from the hill/ When seen from the hill, our town looks beautiful.; Given more time/ If given more time, we could have done it better.(we是該結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語,是give的邏輯賓語。) 獨立主格:上述-ing和過去分詞的用法中,-ing和過去分詞在句中均有邏輯主語,但有時它們也能有自己的獨立的主語,這種獨立的主語,一般為名詞或代詞,位于其前之前,和-ing或過去分詞構(gòu)成獨立主格。獨立主格在句中一般只作狀語用,而-ing和過去分詞作用的形式,則要根據(jù)它們所表示的動作和句中謂語動詞所表示的時間關(guān)系而定。至于獨立主格中是使用-ing或是過去分詞,則要根據(jù)它們的主語和其所表示的動作的主動被動關(guān)系而定,如:The bell ringing, we all stopped talking. 注:The work having been finished, she sat down to have a rest. ① 獨立結(jié)構(gòu)中的being或having been??墒∪?,如:The meeting (being) over, all left the room. ② 作伴隨狀語的獨立結(jié)構(gòu)??捎脀ith短語來代替,如:She read the letter, tears rolling down her cheeks./ She read the letter with tears rolling down her cheeks. 2. -ing形式與過去分詞的區(qū)別: (1)語態(tài)不同:-ing形式表示主動概念,及物動詞的過去分詞表示被動概念。an inspiring speech鼓舞人心的演說;the inspired audience受鼓舞的聽眾。 (2)時間關(guān)系不同:現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動作一般是正在進行中的動作,而過去分詞所表示的動作,往往是已經(jīng)完成的動作,如:The changing world正在發(fā)生的世界;the changed world已經(jīng)起了變化的世界。 重難點剖析: 1. Everyone in our class was working hard and doing what we could _______ a good college. A. enterB. to enter C. enteringD. entered 陷阱:容易誤選A。有的同學一看到空格前的情態(tài)動詞 could 就斷定此處應(yīng)填動詞原形 enter。 分析:其實正確答案應(yīng)是B。此句為省略句,即在 could 后省略了動詞 do,若把句子補完整應(yīng)為Everyone in our class was working hard and doing what we could do to enter a good college。即句中的不定式短語(to enter a good college)是用作目的狀語的,而不是與情態(tài)動詞(could)一起構(gòu)成謂語。請再看類似例句: (1) They did what they could to fort her. 他們盡量安慰她。 (2) They did everything they could to save her life. 他們盡一切力量拯救她的性命。 (3) He studies as hard as he could to catch up with his classmates. 他拼命學習以便趕上他的同學。 值得指出的是,這也并不是說今后只要遇到類似結(jié)構(gòu)的題就一定選帶to不定式。請看以下試題: (4) He ran as fast as he could _____ to catch the early bus. A. to hope B. hope C. hopingD. hoped 此題的答案是 C不是A,其中的現(xiàn)在分詞短語 hoping to catch the early bus 用作伴隨狀語。 (5) He spent every minute he could _____ spoken English. A. practiseB. to practice C. practising D. practised 此題答案選 C,這與前面動詞 spent 的搭配有關(guān),即 spend … (in) doing sth。若將此句補充完整,即為 He spent every minute he could spend in practising spoken English. (6) Before going abroad he devoted all he could ____D____ his oral English. A. improve B. to improve C. improvingD. to improving 此題答案選D,注意兩點:一是 devote … to … 是固定搭配,意為“把……貢獻給……”;二是其中的 to 是介詞,不是不定式符號,后接動詞時要用動名詞。 2. He knows nothing about it, so he can’t help _______ any of your work. A. doing B. to do C. being doingD. to be done 陷阱:容易誤選B,根據(jù) can’t help doing sth 這一結(jié)構(gòu)推出。 分析:其實答案應(yīng)選A。比較以下結(jié)構(gòu): can’t help to do sth = 不能幫助做某事 can’t help doing sth = 禁不住做某事,情不自禁地做某事 又如下面一題,答案也是 B: She can’t help ____ the house because she’s busy making a cake. A cleaning B. to clean C. cleanedD. being cleaned 再請看以下試題: While shopping, people sometimes can’t help _____ into buying something they don’t really need. A. to persuadeB. persuading C. being persuaded D. be persuaded 此題應(yīng)選C,句中的 can’t help 意為“禁不住”(注意根據(jù)句意用被動形式)。 3. All her time _______ experiments, she has no time for films. A. devoted to do B. devoted to doing C. devoting to doing D. is devoted to doing 陷阱:幾個干擾項均有可能誤選。 分析:此題最佳答案為B?,F(xiàn)分析如下: (1) devote 意為“致力于,獻身于”,主要用 devote…to…或be devoted to,其中的to 是介詞,不是不定式符號,故后接動詞時要用動名詞,不用不定式。 (2) 選A錯誤:若將 do 改為 doing 則可以。 (3) 選B正確:all her time devoted to doing experiments為獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu),用作狀語。 (4) 選C錯誤:因為all her time 與 devote 為被動關(guān)系,故應(yīng)將devoting改為devoted。 (5) 選D錯誤:若單獨看 All her time is devoted to doing experiments,此句并沒有錯,但問題是逗號前后兩個簡單句沒有必要的連接方式,所以從整體上看仍不對,假若在后一句的句首加上and或so,則可選D,或?qū)將中的is 改為 being也可選它。 請做以下類似題(答案均選A): (1) All the preparations for the project ______, we’re ready to start. A. pletedB. have been pleted C. had been pletedD. been pleted (2) Such _______ the case, I couldn’t help but______ him. A. being, support B. was, support C. has been, supportingD. is, to support 比較以下各題,答案選B,因為句中使用了并列連詞and: (1) All the preparations for the project ______, and we’re ready to start. A. pletedB. have been pleted C. had been pletedD. been pleted (2) Such _______ the case, I couldn’t help but______ him. A. being, support B. was, support C. has been, supportingD. is, to support 4. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, ______ it more difficult. A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make 陷阱:容易誤選C,受題干中的逗號的影響,認為是現(xiàn)在分詞表結(jié)果的用法。 分析:其實答案應(yīng)選B,句中的逗號相當于連詞 and 或 but,not to make it more difficult 是對逗號前的不定式 to make life easier 的補充說明。此句的意思是“新技術(shù)的目的是為了使生活變得更容易,而不是使生活變得更困難”。兩個不定式同時用以說明句子主語 purpose 的內(nèi)容。請做以下類似試題(答案選B): The purpose of the scheme is not to help the employers but _____ work for young people. A. provide B. to provide C. providingD. provided 5. The murderer was brought in, with his hands ______ behind his back. A. to be tied B. being tied C. tied D. having tied 陷阱:容易誤選B。 分析:最佳答案為C。從意義上看,hands 與 tie 的關(guān)系應(yīng)屬被動關(guān)系,故排除D。在A、B、C三個選項中,選項A比較容易排除,因為不定式表示將來意義,在此與語境不符。現(xiàn)將B和C作一比較:B為現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式,它表示兩層意義,一是表被動,二是表進行,也就是說 his hands being tied 的實際意思是“他的手正在被捆住”,這顯然與語境不符。而C為過去分詞,它也表示兩層意義,一是表被動,二是表示動詞的完成或完成后的狀態(tài),此句中的 with his hands tied behind his back 可視為手被捆在背后的一種狀態(tài)。由此可知最佳答案為C。請看下面一題: Anyone ______ trying to take knives on heard flights would be caught by the police. A. finds B. found C. being found D. will find 答案選B而不選C,其中的過去分詞表示被動和完成。 比較下面兩題,最佳答案是D不是A,現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式表示被動和進行: (1) The court hears about 120 cases a year; visitors are wele to see a case ______. A. argued B. to be argued C. to be arguingD. being argued (2)The silence of the library was sometimes broken by an occasional cough or by the sound of pages _______. A. turnedB. having turned C. to be turned D. being turned 6. Remind me _______ the medicine tomorrow. A. of taking B. taking C. to take D. take 陷阱:容易誤選A。受 remind sb of (doing) sth 這一常用結(jié)構(gòu)的影響。 分析:最佳答案為C。比較以下三個結(jié)構(gòu): remind sb of [about] sth = 使某人想起某事 remind sb of doing sth = 提醒某人做過某事(暗示動作已發(fā)生) remind sb to do sth = 提醒某人去做某事(暗示動作尚未發(fā)生) 請看兩個例句: I reminded him of his promise. 我提醒他做過的諾言。 My wife reminded me of seeing that film. 我妻子提醒我曾經(jīng)看過那部電影。 Can you remind me to phone her tomorrow? 你明天能否提醒我給她打電話? 7. Once your business bees international, _____ constantly will be part of your life. A. you flyB. your flight C. flightD. flying 陷阱:幾個干擾項均有可能誤選。 分析: 最佳答案為D。由于空格后出現(xiàn)了constantly這一副詞,這就說明不能選B或C,因為B、C均為名詞,不能受副詞 constantly 的修飾。A和D均是可能的,因為其中有動詞 fly。但若選A,you fly 是一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu),與其后的謂語 will be 相沖突,所以只能選D,即動名詞flying在此用作主語。 8. Not only should you get used ______ under difficult conditions but you also you pay more attention ______ your work well. A. to work, to do B. to working, to doing C. to work, to doing D. to working, to do 陷阱:容易誤選A,認為兩個空白處均應(yīng)填不定式。 分析: 正確答案為B,因為 get used to與pay attention to 這兩個結(jié)構(gòu)中的to均為介詞,不是不定式符號,故后接動詞時要用動名詞,不能動詞原形。類似地,以下各結(jié)構(gòu)中的 to 也是介詞,不是不定式符號,后接動詞時也應(yīng)用動名詞,而不是動詞原形: look forward to doing sth 盼望做某事 be opposed to doing sth 反對做某事 object to doing sth反對做某事 stick to doing sth 堅持做某事 get down to doing sth 開始做某事 take to doing sth 喜歡上做某事 admit to doing 承認做了某事 pay attention to doing sth 注意做某事 devote one’s time to doing sth 把某人的時間用于(奉獻于)做某事 be equal to doing sth 等于做某事,能勝任做某事 What do you say to doing sth 你認為做某事怎么樣 9. Both of my parents insisted _______ a puter for me, but I don’t think it is necessary. A. to buy B. buying C. on buying D. in buying 陷阱:容易誤選B,誤認為insist后不能接不定式,但可以接動名詞。 分析:答案應(yīng)選C。其實,動詞 insist 后既不能接不定式也不能接動名詞,因為insist 通常用作不及物動詞;若語義上需接賓語,要借助介詞 on或upon,即用于 insist on [upon] (doing) sth;但它有時的確也可用作及物動詞,不過其賓語通常只能是 that 從句,而不能是普通的名詞、代詞或動名詞。如: He insisted on seeing her home. 他堅持送她回家。 I insisted that he (should) stay. 我堅持要他留下。 10. “Do you have anything more ______, sir?” “No. You can have a rest or do something else.” A. typingB. to be typed C. typed D. to type 陷阱:容易誤選D,根據(jù) have sth to do 這一常用結(jié)構(gòu)推出。 分析:最佳答案是B。確實,在“have+賓語+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中,用作定語的不定式通常用主動式表示被動含義,如 I have some clothes to wash等,即盡管其中的 some clothes 與其后的不定式 to wash 具有被動關(guān)系,但卻習慣上用主動式表示被動意義。但值得指出的是,這類句型的主語與其后的不定式具有主動關(guān)系,如 I have some clothes to wash 中的 to wash 就是由該句主語 I 來完成的。而上面一題的情形有所不同,即其中的 to type 這一動作不是由句子主語 you來完成的,而是由說話者“我”來完成的。比較: Are you going to Shanghai? Do you have anything to take to your son? 你要去上海嗎?你有什么東西要帶給你兒子嗎? I’m going to Shanghai next week. I have a lot of things to take with me. 下個星期我要去上海,我隨身要帶很多東西去。 11. She took her son, ran out of the house, _____ him in the car and drove quickly to the nearest doctor’s office. A. putB. to put C. puttingD. having put 陷阱:容易誤選B或C,誤認為這考查非謂語動詞的用法。 分析:正確答案選A。句中的took, ran, put, drove 為四并列的謂語動詞,其時態(tài)應(yīng)一致。類似地如(答案選A): I got out of the taxi, _____ the fare and dashed into the station. A. paid B. paying C. to pay D. having paid 但是,下面一題稍有不同: Hearing the news, he rushed out, ______ the book ______ on the table and disappeared into the distance. A. left; lain openB. leaving; lying open C. leaving; lie opened D. left; lay opened 此題答案選B,leaving 在此表結(jié)果,lying open 與其前的動詞leave有關(guān),leave 后接現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語,表示使某人或某物處于做某事的狀態(tài)中。 12. The boss insisted that every minute ______ made full use of ______ the work well. A. be, to do B. was, doing C. be, doing D. was, to do 陷阱:容易誤選B。 分析:其實正確答案是A。分析如下: (1) 第一空填 be,是因為insisted 后接that從句,從句謂語要用“should+動詞原形”這樣的虛擬語氣,其中的should也可省略。 (2) 第二空要填to do,是因為此句謂語為被動語態(tài),假若將此句轉(zhuǎn)換成主動語態(tài),則是 …should make full use of every minute to do the work well, 句中涉及 make use of … to do sth (利用……做某事)這一結(jié)構(gòu)。另外,還有 make the most of (盡量利用),make the best of (盡量利用)等短語也可能用于此類試題。請看以下類似例子: (1) The old professor told us every part of the materials should be made use of ______ the power station. A. to build B. building C. build D. built 此題答案選 A,不是 B。為便于理解,可先考慮以下結(jié)構(gòu): …make use of every part of the materials to build the power station 由此可見,make use of 的賓語是 every part of the materials,其后的不定式 to build the power station 為目的狀語。 (2) Does the way you thought of _______ the water clean make any sense? A. making B. to make C. how to make D. having made 13. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see ______ the next year. A. carried out B. carrying out C. carry outD. to carry out 陷阱:幾個干擾項均有可能誤選。 分析:答案選A。此句結(jié)構(gòu)較復(fù)雜,現(xiàn)分析如下: (1) that they would like to see _____ the next year 是修飾名詞 the plan 的定語從句。 (2) 由于 the plan 與空格處的 carry out 有被動關(guān)系,故填過去分詞 carried out。 請做以下類似試題: (1) Who do you think you’d like _____ with you, a boy or a girl? A. to have goB. to have to go C. to have goneD. having to go 在確定答案之前,我們先來看看下面這個句子: I think I’d like to have a boy go with me. 句中的 go 要用原形,這是因為其前有表示使役的動詞have。在此句中,假若對名詞a boy 提問,便可得出: Who do you think you’d like to have go with you? 對照上面一題,答案很顯然是A。 (2) Who did the boss _____ his car this time? A. make washB. make to wash C. make washingD. making to wash 在做此題之前,也請先看看下面這個句子: The boss made Jack wash his car this time. 假若對句中的名詞Jack 提問,便可得出: Who did the boss make wash his car this time? 由此可知上面題答案為A。 (3) You can never imagine what great difficulty I had ______ your house all by myself. A. foundB. finding C. to findD. for finding 此題答案選B??疾榈幕窘Y(jié)構(gòu)是 have great difficulty (in) doing sth。 14. How happy we are! The holiday we have been looking forward _______ at last. A. to has e B. to have e C. to having e D. has e 陷阱:幾個干擾項均有可能誤選。 分析:其實正確答案是A。大家知道,短語 look forward to意為“盼望”,其中的 to 是介詞,而不是不定式符號,所以后接動詞要用動名詞,許多同學據(jù)此便選擇了C。但問題是,句中介詞 to 的賓語不是have e,而是the holiday。正解的句子分析是:the holiday為句子主語,we have been looking forward to 是修飾主語的定語從句(介詞- 1.請仔細閱讀文檔,確保文檔完整性,對于不預(yù)覽、不比對內(nèi)容而直接下載帶來的問題本站不予受理。
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