2019-2020年高考英語 基礎知識練習 構詞法的講解與訓練.doc
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2019-2020年高考英語 基礎知識練習 構詞法的講解與訓練 構詞法 知識要點 英語構詞方法主要有三種:即合成法(pounding)、派生法(derivation )和轉化法(conversion)。 1. 合成法:將兩個或兩個以上的單詞合成在一起而構成的新詞,叫做合成詞。如:snow-white 雪白的;day-long 整天的;overe 克服;downstairs 在樓下 2. 派生法:所謂派生,即在詞根上加前綴或后綴構成另一個與原意略有變化或截然相反的詞。例:discover 發(fā)現;disagree 不同意的;nation→national 民族的,國家的;nature→natural 自然的;treatment 治療;development 開發(fā)展 3. 轉化法:英語單詞的詞性非?;钴S,名詞用作動詞,動詞轉化為名詞,形容詞用作動詞等現象非常普遍,這種把一種詞性用作另一種詞性的方式就叫做詞性的轉化。如: (1) 有大量動詞可以轉化為名詞,有時意思沒變化。 Let me have a try. 讓我試一試。 (2)名詞轉化為動詞。 Have you booked your ticket? 你的票訂好了嗎? (3)一些表示某類人的名詞也可做動詞。 If so,we shall be badly fooled. 如果這樣我們就會上大當。 (4)形容詞轉化為動詞。 The train slowed down to half its speed. 火車速度減慢了一半。 疑難突破 1、合成法 (1)合成形容詞 ①名詞+現在分詞 例:English-speaking 講英語的,south-facing 朝南的 ②名詞+過去分詞 例:man-made 人造的,water-covered 被水覆蓋的 ③名詞+形容詞 例:snow-white 雪白的,day-long 整天的 ④形容詞+名詞+-ed 例:warm-hearted 熱情的,kind-hearted 好心腸的 ⑤形容詞/副詞+現在分詞 例:good-looking 好看的,funny-looking 滑稽的 ⑥副詞+過去分詞 例:well-known 出名的, deep-set(眼睛)深陷的 ⑦副詞/形容詞+名詞例:right-hand 右手的,full-time 專職的 ⑧數詞+名詞例:100-meter 100米的,million-pound 百萬英鎊的 ⑨數詞+名詞+形容詞 例:180-foot-high 180英寸高的,10-year-old 10歲的 ⑩數詞+名詞+-ed例:four-footed/legged 四腳的,one-eyed 獨眼龍的 (2)合成名詞 ①名詞+名詞 例:weekend 周末,classroom 教室,bookshop 書店 ②形容詞/介詞+名詞 例:gentleman 紳士,loudspeaker 揚聲器 ③動詞+名詞例:typewriter 打字機,cookbook 烹調書 ④名詞+動詞 例:daybreak 破曉,toothpick 牙簽 ⑤動詞-ing形式+名詞 例:reading-room 閱覽室,sleeping-car 臥車車廂 ⑥副詞+動詞例:outbreak 爆發(fā),downpour 傾盆大雨 ⑦名詞+動名詞 例:handwriting 筆跡,sun-bathing 日光浴 ⑧名詞+in/to+名詞例:mother-in-law 岳母,brother-in-law 姐夫 (3)合成動詞 ①副詞+動詞 例:overthrow 推翻,understand 理解 ②形容詞+動詞例:broadcast 廣播,whitewash 粉刷 ③名詞+動詞 例:typewrite 打字,sleepwalk 夢游 (4)合成副詞 ①介詞+名詞 例:underfoot 腳下,beforehand 事先 ②形容詞+名詞 例:hotfoot 匆忙地,someday 有朝一日 ③形容詞+副詞例:anywhere 任何地方,outwards 向外、 (5)合成介詞:within在……之內,without沒有,inside在……里邊,into進入 (6)合成代詞:myself我自己,ourselves我們自己,anyone任何人,nobody沒有人nothing沒東西,somebody有人。 2. 派生法 (1)前綴: 前綴通常只改變詞義,不改變詞性。 1)表示否定的前綴 ①un- 構成反義詞,表示“不” 例:unfit 不合適的,unhappy 不高興的 ②dis-構成反義詞,表示“不”例:discover 發(fā)現,disagree 不同意的 ③in-/im-構成反義詞,表示“不”,用于以c,b,m,p等開頭的詞。 例:impossible不可能的,imcorrect 不正確的 ④ir-構成反義詞,表示“不”,用于以r開頭的單詞 例:irregular 不規(guī)則的 ⑤il- 構成反義詞,表示“不”,用于以l開頭的單詞例:illegal 不合法的 ⑥mis-構成反義詞,表示“錯誤” 例:mistake 錯誤,misuse 錯用 ⑦non- 構成反義詞,表示“不” 例:non-stop 不停的,non-smoker 非吸煙者 2)常用英語前綴 a-使,離,向;awake搖醒,apart使分離, ac-,ad-,af-,ag-,al-向,加強:accord依照,affect影響 anti-反,防止:antitank反坦克,antiJapanese 抗日,anticlockwise逆時針 auto-自,自動:automation自動化,autobiograph 自傳 kilo- 千:kilometres,kilowatt,kilograms, micro- 微:microbe 微生物 mini- 微?。簃inibus 小巴,miskirt超短裙,minister 大臣部長 non- 不,非:non-party 無黨派的,non-stop 不間斷, over- 超出,反轉:overweight 超重,overthrow 推翻 per- 貫通,遍及:perform完成,perfect 完美 post- 在后:postwar 戰(zhàn)后,postern 后門 pre- 在前:preface 前言, pro- 向前,擁護:prologue 序言,pro-American 親美的 re- 重復,相反:recall 回憶,react 反應 se- 分離:separate 使分離,select 選出 sur- 超,外加:surface 表面,surtax 附加稅, tele- 遠:television 電視 un- 否定:unfair 不公平的 up- 向上:upset推翻,upstairs 在樓上 uni- 單一:united聯合的,unit 單位 3)其他意義的前綴: ①re- 表示“再;又;重”,re-多重讀,構成雙重讀詞。 例:rewrite 重寫 ②a- 表示“的”,多構成表語形容詞。 例:alone 單獨的,alike 相像的 ③tele- 表示“遠程的”。 例:telephone 電話,television 電視 ④en- 表示“使”,構成動詞。 例:enlarge 擴大,enable 使能夠 ⑤inter- 表示“關系”。 例:Internet 因特網 international 國際的 (2)常用英語后綴 后綴通常改變詞性,構成意思相近的其它詞性的詞;少數后綴同時會改變詞義。 1)形容詞性后綴: -al 例:nation→national 民族的,國家的;nature→natural 自然的 -able 表示“有能力的” 例:eat→eatable 能吃的 -an/ian 表示“國家的,國家人的”。例:America→American 美國(人)的 -ern 表示“方向的”。例:east→eastern東方的,south→southern南方的 -ful 例:beauty→beautiful 美麗的,care→careful 小心的 -less 表示否定 例:care→careless粗心的,use→useless 無用的 -ic/ical 例:electricity→electric/electrical 電的 -ese 表示“人的”。 例:China→Chinese 中國(人)的 -ly 例:friend→friendly 友好的,year→yearly 每年的 -y 表示“天氣”等。 例:cloud→cloudy 多云的,dust→dusty 多塵的 -ous 例:famous 著名的,continuous 連續(xù)不斷的 -ish例:childish 孩子氣的,selfish 自私的 -en 例:golden 金色的,wooden 木制的,woolen 羊毛的 -ive 例:active 積極的,collective 集體的 2)動詞后綴: -fy 例:beauty→beautify 美化 -en 例:wide→widen 加寬,sharp→sharpen削,loose→loosen 使松散 3)副詞后綴 -ly 例:bad→badly 壞地,easy→easily 容易地 -ward 表示“方向”。 例:backward 向后,eastward 向東 4)名詞后綴: -ment 例:agree→agreement協(xié)議,move→movement 運動 -ness 例:happy→happiness 幸福,busy→business 事務 -tion 例:explain→explanation 解釋,dictate→dictation 聽寫 -er 表示“人”。 例:work→worker 工人,buy→buyer 買主 -or 表示“人”。 例:act→actor 演員,sail→sailor 海員 -ist表示“人”。例:piano→pianist 鋼琴家,science→scientist 科學家 -ess 表示“人或動物”,指陰性。 例:actress 女演員,lioness 母獅子 -ful 表示“量”。 例:mouthful 一口,handful 一把 -th 例:true→truth 真理,long→length 長度 5)數詞后綴 -teen 構成“十幾”。 例:five→fifteen 十五 -ty 構成“幾十”。 例:nine→ninty 九十,five→fifty 五十 -th 構成序數詞。 例:five→fifth 第五,six→sixth 第六 3. 轉化法 (1)動詞轉化為名詞 例: try vt→try n. Swim游泳 vi→.swim游泳 n. (2)名詞轉化為動詞 例: book書 n. →book 訂購vt. seat座位 n. →seat使就做 vt. (3)形容詞轉化為動詞 例: 有少數形容詞也可以用作動詞。 slow 慢的 a.→ slow使減慢vt. warm溫暖的a.→ warm 使溫暖 vt. 即學即練 1. That man was ________enough not to tell the manager that he would not do the job. A. care B. careful C. careless D. carelessness 2. The soldier died for saving the child,so his________ is heavier than Mount Tai. A. die B. dead C. died D. death 3. He is an expert at chemistry. We all call him a ________. A. chemistry B. Chemical C. chemist D. physician 4.The three- ________chair isn’t suitable for a young child. He may fall off. A. legging B. legged C. legs D. leged 5.Stephenson became the________railway engineer in the world. A. lead B. leader C. leading D. leadership 6.When the teacher praised him for working out the maths problem,Jack looked________about at his classmates. A. proud B. proudly C. pride D. pridely 7.To everyone’s ________,the girl finished the job quite well. A. satisfied B. Satisfactory C. satisfying D. satisfaction 8.(xx廣西賀州) 綜合填空。 閱讀下面短文,根據上下文及所給的首字母,填入一個合適的詞,使短文意思完整。并將完整的單詞寫在答題卷上。 Bill lives in a very far village. He knows l _86 about the outside world because he hardly ever gets our of his village. One day, he got a radio f _87 his uncle who lives in the city. He was very excited and s _88 the radio to all his friends. “Great!” Sheela, one of his friends, said. “Could you please get one for me, too?” another friend Mashi asked. Of course Bill felt very proud o _89 the radio. However, the radio stopped w _90 only a few days later. Bill was very sad but didn’t know w _91 to do. A friend of his told h_92 to go to the repair shop in town. So he did. The man in the shop f _93_ two dead cockroach(蟑螂) in the radio. Bill started crying. The man, of course, was surprised, “W_94 are you crying, my boy?” Bill cried said, “Because the two singer died in my radio. How am I going to listen to nice s_95_ ?” 直擊高考 1.(xx廣東卷) 閱讀下面短文,按照句子結構的語法性和上下文連貫的要求,在空格處填入一個適當的詞或者用括號中詞語的正確形式填空,并將答案填寫在答題卡標號為16~25的相應位置上。 One day, Nick invited his friends to supper. He was cooking some delicious food in the kitchen. Suddenly, he ____16____(find) that he has run out of salt. So Nick called to his son, “Go to the village and buy some salt, but pay a fair price for it: neither too much ____17____too little.” His son looked surprised. “I can understand why I shouldn’t pay too much, Father, but if I can pay less, ____18____not save a bit of money?” “That would be a very ____19____(reason) thing to do in a big city, but it could destroy a small village like ours,” Nick said. Nick’s guests, ____20____had heard their conversation, asked why they should not buy salt more cheaply if they could. Nick replied, “The only reason a man would sell salt ____21____a lower price would be because he was desperate for money. And anyone who took advantage of that situation would be showing a lack of respect ____22____the sweat and struggle of the man who worked very hard to produce it.” “But such a small thing couldn’t ____23____(possible) destroy a village.” “In the beginning, there was only ____24____very small amount of unfairness in the world, but everyone added a little, always ____25____(think) that it was only small and not very important, and look where we have ended up today.” 2.(xx上海卷)Section B Directions: plete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. restore B. recall C. processing D. previously E. necessary F. locating G. instead H. fascinating I. elsewhere J. position As infants, we can recognize our mothers within hours of birth. In fact, we can recognize the 41 of our mother’s face well before we can recognize her body shape. It’s 42 how the brain can carry out such a function at such a young age, especially since we don’t learn to walk and talk until we are over a year old. By the time we are adults, we have the ability to distinguish around 100,000 faces. How can we remember so many faces when many of us find it difficult to 43 such a simple thing as a phone number? The exact process is not yet fully understood, but research around the world has begun to define the specific areas of the brain and processes 44 for facial recognition. Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology believe that they have succeeded in 45 a specific area of the brain called the fusiform face area (FFA), which is used only for facial recognition. This means that recognition of familiar objects such as our clothes or cars, is from 46 in the brain. Researchers also have found that the brain needs to see the whole face for recognition to take place. It had been 47 thought that we only needed to see certain facial features. Meanwhile, research at University College London has found that facial recognition is not a single process, but 48 involves three steps. The first step appears to be an analysis of the physical features of a person’s face, which is similar to how we scan the bar codes of our groceries. In the next step, the brain decides whether the face we are looking at is already known or unknown to us. And finally, the brain furnishes the information we have collected about the person whose face we are looking at. This plex 49 is done in a split second so that we can behave quickly when reacting to certain situations. 3.(xx福建卷)短文填詞(共10小題;每小題1分,滿分10分) Every individual is a member of a group called the munity, and it is the duty of every citizen _____ ask what he can do for his munity. 76. _____ A good citizen _____(相信) that he should serve the munity 77. _____ and not the munity serve h_____. As students, there are many ways 78. _____ in _____ you can serve the munity. Above all, however, you have to 79. _____ acquire a certain amount of skill and experience b_____ you can be of 80. _____ service to others. Your school has lots of_____(活動) which prepare 81. _____ you ____ good citizenship. Many school societies train students to 82. _____ bee good citizens who later p____ in volunteer work and serve the 83. _____ public in t____ of need. If you serve your munity, you will grow 84. _____ ____ to be a good citizen with a strong sense of responsibility. 85. _____ 構詞法 即學即練 1. B??疾闃嬙~法和詞義。句意:那個男子非常謹慎,沒有告訴經理他將不會做那項工作。應用形容詞詞性B或C;只有B合句意。 2. D??疾闃嬙~法。句意:那位戰(zhàn)士為營救小孩兒死,因此,他的死比泰山還重。這里做主語應該用名詞性的death。 3. C??疾闃嬙~法。句意:他是化學方面的專家,因此,我們稱他為化學家。Chemist合題意。 4. B??疾闃嬙~法。句意:三條腿的椅子不適合一個小孩子;他會跌倒的。three-legged“三條腿的”是固定搭配。 5. C。考查構詞法。句意:史蒂芬森成為了世界上杰出的鐵路工程師。據意義要用形容詞性的詞。 6. A。考查構詞法。句意:當老師在贊揚杰克時,杰克顯得很驕傲。據句意要用形容詞,故選A。 7. D??疾闃嬙~法和習慣用法。句意:令大家滿意的是,這女孩把工作完成的很好。To one’s satisfaction“令人滿意的是”合題意。 8.短文大意:本文是一篇記敘文。主要介紹了農村孩子Bill的有趣故事。 86.little。know little about sth., 對某物知之甚少,表示否定意思。根據下文...he hardly ever gets out of his village, 他幾乎不曾出村,可判斷他對外面的世界了解很少,故填little。 87. from。get sth. from sb.從某人那兒得到某物;句意:一天,他從住在大城市的叔叔那兒得到了一個收音機。 88.showed。句意:他很激動,然后把收音機給他所有的朋友看。根據后面的to和句意及首字母提示可定位show, 另外,前句用了was, 時態(tài)要與前面的一致,故填showed。show sth.to sb.把某物給某人看。 89.of 。從上文比爾把收音機給朋友看,可得知他對這個感到很自豪,feel proud of sth.對某物感到自豪/驕傲,故填of。 90.working。句意:然而,只有幾天的時間后,那臺收音機就停止_______了。根據下文他去修理,可推知收音機壞了:stop working,故填working。stop doing sth.停止做某事, 表示停止正在做的事情。此處表達收音機壞了。 91. What。句意:比爾很難過,不知道該做些________。此處是know后跟動詞不定式的用法,do后沒有賓語,可知空格處即它的賓語,根據語境可推知“他不知道該做什么”,故填what。 92.him。句意:他的一個朋友告訴_______ 去鎮(zhèn)上的修理鋪。Bill是男生,此處缺少賓語,故填賓格him。 93.found。句意:在收音機里,那個人_____ 了兩只死蟑螂。根據語境和首字母提示,可推測意為“找到,發(fā)現”,根據上文的時態(tài)可判斷用過去時,故填found。 94. Why。根據下文的回答B(yǎng)ecause...可知這是why引導的疑問句。故填Why。 95.songs。根據上文Because the two singers died in my radio.可推知他很傷心“我怎樣才能聽到美妙的歌曲呢?”故填songs,前面沒有表示單數的限定詞,故用復數形式。 直擊高考 1.本文通過Nick叫兒子去買鹽要給合理價格的故事說明,一定要公平對待他人,尊重努力工作的人的汗水和努力。 16. found 在主格人稱代詞he后應為謂語動詞,由語境可知用一般過去時。 17. nor 構成并列連詞neither…nor。 18. why 因why not do sth (何不做某事)?是固定句式。 19. reasonable 在名詞前作定語要用形容詞。 20. who 引導非限制性定語從句,并在從句中作主語,先行詞是人,故填who。 21. at 因名詞a low price在句中不作主語、動詞的賓語,應為介詞的賓語;根據習慣搭配,用介詞at。 22. for 固定搭配show respect for表示“尊重”。 23. possibly 修飾謂語動詞作狀語,用副詞。 24. a 因a small amount of(少量的)是固定搭配。 25. thinking 因everyone與think是主動關系,故用現在分詞短語作added的伴隨狀語。 2. 該說明文由話題“人類幾乎天生就能夠辨認人臉”展開去,詳細闡述了人類大腦是如何一步步進行人臉識別的。 41.【J】position。名詞,意為“結構,組成”,這里表示“認出母親的臉部構成”。 42.【H】fascinating。形容詞,意為“有趣的,迷人的”,此處為句型 “It’s fascinating/interesting/exciting that/how…”,表示……是如此的有趣。 43.【B】recall。動詞,意為“回憶,回想”,此處根據常用搭配find it difficult to do sth得出應選擇動詞,recall such a simple thing as a phone number表示“回想出簡單的電話號碼”。 44.【E】necessary形容詞,“必要的”,此處necessary for facial recognition作后置定語修飾the specific areas,表示“識別人臉必要的區(qū)域”。 45.【F】locate。動詞,“定位”。此處有搭配succeed in sth/doing sth,故要選擇動名詞形式。這里意為“成功定位到一個腦部具體區(qū)域FFA”。 46.【I】elsewhere。副詞,“其他地方”。由上文推斷出既然人臉識別是一個專門的區(qū)域進行處理,那么此處“對其它物體的識別”自然是大腦中“其它地方”了。 47.【D】previously。副詞,“先前的”。根據上文推斷得出人臉識別需要看到整張臉,因此此處的想法“我們只需要看一些臉部特征”是“先前的”。 48.【G】instead。副詞,“代替,而不是”。此處根據兩句話的意思推斷出是轉折替代關系,因此選instead。 49.【C】processing。名詞,“處理,進程”。根據語法推斷出此處填名詞,由上下文意思得出用processing,表示“這一復雜的處理過程在瞬間完成”。 3.文章講述了關于自愿行動、報答社會的話題。 76.to??疾榫湫虸t is …to do sth,it為形式主語,不定式為真正的主語,故填to。 77.believes??疾橹髦^一致:主語為a good citizen謂語為單數,故填believes。 78.him。句意:他應該服務社區(qū),不是社區(qū)服務于他。用he的人稱代詞賓格him。 79.which。考查定語從句。先行詞為ways,定語從句關系詞可用in which。 80.before??疾檫B詞。在你服務他人之前要學會一些技能和經驗。 81.activities。考查名詞復數。 82.for。考查詞組:prepare sb for sth 83.participate??疾槎陶Z:participate in 84.time??疾槎陶Z:in time of need在需要的時候 85.up??疾槎陶Z:grow up- 配套講稿:
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