英語(yǔ)平行結(jié)構(gòu)和比較結(jié)構(gòu).ppt
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英語(yǔ)平行結(jié)構(gòu)和比較結(jié)構(gòu)Parallelism________,theyshouldalsotrytolearntofulfilltheirknowledge.Someonemustbecoming,______thedogisbarking.Thatwasourfirstlesson,_______shedidn’tknowallournames.,while,but,yet,for,so,OnedayJohnwaslate,______hismissedthefirstclass.Notonlydidhespeakmorecorrectly,_____hespokemoreeasily.Thechildrencangowithus,____theycanstayathome.Youmusttellthetruth,_________youwillbepunished.Eitheryoucandoitbyyourself,______youcanasksomeoneelsetohelpyou.Doyouhaveatablefortwo?----I’msorry,_____therearen’tanyseatsnow.,and,butalso,or,or,or,but,PairedconjunctionsDirections:Addisoraretoeachsentence,1.Boththeteacherandthestudent____here.2.Neithertheteachernorthestudent___here.3.Notonlytheteacherbutalsothestudents_____here.,are,is,are,ErrorAnalysis:PairedConjunctions,1.EitherJohnwillcallMaryorBob.1.JohnwillcalleitherMaryorBob.2.NotonlySuesawthemousebutalsothecat.2.Suesawnotonlythemousebutalsothecat.3.Ienjoynotonlyreadingnovelsbutalsomagazines.3.Ienjoyreadingnotonlynovelsbutalsomagazines.4.Oxygenisplentiful.Bothaircontainsoxygenandwater.4.Oxygenisplentiful.Bothairandwatercontainoxygen.,并列結(jié)構(gòu)的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào),由兩個(gè)以上項(xiàng)目構(gòu)成的并列結(jié)構(gòu)通常只在最后一個(gè)項(xiàng)目之前用并列連詞,其他項(xiàng)目之間用逗號(hào)連接。Therearefivetypesofdischargefrommilitaryservice:honorable,general,undesirable,badconduct,anddishonorable.兩個(gè)以上項(xiàng)目全用連詞連接起來(lái)的并列結(jié)構(gòu),在修辭色彩上給人以悠閑緩慢、延續(xù)持久的感覺(jué)。Raisingvegetablespresentsendlessopportunitiesforweedingandthinningandhoeingandwatering.,有時(shí)也可全用逗號(hào),在修辭色彩上給人以緊張、急促、明快、利落的感覺(jué)。除了逗號(hào),分號(hào)和冒號(hào)也能起并列連詞的作用。分號(hào)連接兩個(gè)并列分句,通常表示對(duì)比關(guān)系。Golfdemandsthebestoftimeandspace;tennis,thebestofpersonalenergy.用冒號(hào)連接兩個(gè)并列分句,通常表示下文是對(duì)上文的解釋和發(fā)揮。Hijackersandkidnappersoffertwoequallyimpossiblealternatives:arefusaltomeettheirtermsmaymeandeathfortheirvictims;meetingtheirtermsmaymeanmorevictimsinthefuture.,在某些連接性副詞如accordingly,furthermore,hence,however,nevertheless,therefore等之前通常要用分號(hào),而不用逗號(hào)。Hehadworkedintheforeignservicefortwoyearswithoutleave;hencehewastiredalmostbeyondendurance.FromarunningstartPedrolaunchedhisbodyintoavigorousracingdrive;however,hewasaboutthirtyfeetfromthepoolatthetime.,二、對(duì)連接詞連接的成分要求:形式對(duì)稱(chēng);功能相同(充當(dāng)同樣的句子成分),時(shí)態(tài)平衡。,并列平行結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)該是名詞和名詞,副詞和副詞,分詞和分詞,不定式和不定式,動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞,句子和句子等的并列,而不能其中一個(gè)概念用分詞結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá),而另一個(gè)概念用不定式或從句來(lái)表達(dá)。比如下面句子就違反了平行結(jié)構(gòu)的準(zhǔn)則:Dosomenicethingsforyourparentsthattheydontexpectlikecooking,doingthedishes,washingclothes,orcleanthefloors.“做飯”、“刷碗”、“洗衣服”、“拖地”在本句中應(yīng)為并列結(jié)構(gòu)作為介詞like“像”的賓語(yǔ),故應(yīng)用相同的形式,都用動(dòng)名詞,所以應(yīng)將clean改為cleaning。,三、平行結(jié)構(gòu)主要類(lèi)型,1.名詞和名詞平行結(jié)構(gòu)Thepatientssymptomswerefever,dizziness,andheadache.病人的癥狀是發(fā)燒、頭暈和頭痛。2.形容詞和形容詞平行結(jié)構(gòu)Earlytobedandearlytorisemakesamanhealthy,wealthyandwise.早睡早起使人健康、富有、聰明。,三、平行結(jié)構(gòu)主要類(lèi)型,3.副詞和副詞平行結(jié)構(gòu)Theworkishandsomelyandskillfullydone.這項(xiàng)工作做得漂亮,有水平。4.分詞平行結(jié)構(gòu)(現(xiàn)在分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞/過(guò)去分詞與過(guò)去分詞)Theboyswererunning,shoutingandlaughing.男孩子們邊跑,邊喊叫著、笑著。(伴隨狀語(yǔ))Theoldmanreturnedhome,disappointedandexhausted.,5.動(dòng)名詞doing平行結(jié)構(gòu)Henrysworkisreadingbooksandwritingbookreviews.亨利的工作是讀讀書(shū),寫(xiě)寫(xiě)書(shū)評(píng)。6.動(dòng)詞不定式平行結(jié)構(gòu)Ontheotherhand,40%thinkthatfeesshouldbechargedbecauseyouneedmoneytopaygardenersandotherworkers,and(to)buyplantsandyoungtrees.另一方面,40%的同學(xué)認(rèn)為應(yīng)收門(mén)票,他們認(rèn)為門(mén)票費(fèi)可以作為支付園林工人及其他工作人員的工資和購(gòu)買(mǎi)新花木的費(fèi)用。and連接并列不定式第二個(gè)不定式往往省略to。,7.介詞短語(yǔ)平行結(jié)構(gòu)1)Yoursemestergradeisbasednotonlyonhowwellyoudooneachtest,butalsoonhowyouparticipateinclass.2)Weoftengotothecountrysideaswellastofactories.8.謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞平行結(jié)構(gòu)謂語(yǔ)形式時(shí)態(tài)要一致Hewentdowntown,boughtsomebooksandvisitedhisdaughter.9.句子的并列(并列句)Iwastired,butIfelthappy.,ErrorAnalysis:ParallelStructure,1.Byobeyingthespeedlimit,wecansaveenergy,lives,anditcostsusless.1.Byobeyingthespeedlimit,wecansaveenergy,livesandmoney.2.Myhomeoffersmeafeelingofsecurity,warm,andlove.2.Myhomeoffersmeafeelingofsecurity,warmth,andlove.,,3.Thepioneerslaboredtoclearawaytheforestandplantingcrops.3.Thepioneerslaboredtoclearawaytheforestandplantcrops.4.WhenIrefusedtohelpher,shebecameveryangryandshoutatme.4.WhenIrefusedtohelpher,shebecameveryangryandshoutedatme.,,5.Inmysparetime,Ienjoytakingcareofmyaquariumandtoworkonmystampcollection.5.Inmysparetime,Ienjoytakingcareofmyaquariumandworkingonmystampcollection.6.Withtheirkeensight,finehearing,andtheyhavearefinedsenseofsmell,wolveshuntelk,deer,moose,andcaribou.6.Withtheirkeensight,finehearing,andrefinedsenseofsmell,wolveshuntelk,deer,moose,andcaribou.,,7.Allplantsneedlight,tohaveasuitableclimate,andanamplesupplyofwaterandmineralsfromthesoil.7.Allplantsneedlight,asuitableclimate,andanamplesupplyofwaterandmineralsfromthesoil.,英語(yǔ)比較句型,,原級(jí)的句型,①“as+原級(jí)形容詞/副詞+as”的結(jié)構(gòu),表示前后兩者的情況一樣1)“A+系動(dòng)詞+as+形容詞原級(jí)+as+Beg.Billisasfunnyashisfather.Myhandwritingisasbeautifulasyours.我的書(shū)法和你的一樣好。2)“A+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞+as+副詞原級(jí)+as+B”eg.LucyspeaksChineseaswellasLily.,②在否定句中,用“notas/so+原級(jí)形容詞as”結(jié)構(gòu),表示前者不如后者。“A+系動(dòng)詞+notas/so+形容詞原級(jí)+as+B”eg.Thesebooksaren’tasinterestingasthose.Iamnotas/sobusyasIusedtobe.我沒(méi)有過(guò)去那么忙了。區(qū)別:TomisnotastallasMike.TomisnotsotallasMike.“A+助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+not+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞+as/so+副詞原級(jí)+as+B”eg.Shedidn’tsingsowellthatnightassheusuallydoes.,thesame(…)as與……相同/同樣You’vemadethesamemistakeasTom.有時(shí)thesame可以單獨(dú)使用:Mymotherismuchyoungerthanyours.Sheisn’t!They’reaboutthesameage.Thosetwodressarethesame.differentfrom與……不同(different前面可加very,much,alittle等修飾語(yǔ))IsFrenchfoodverydifferentfromItalianfood?We’replanningsomethingdifferentthisyearfromwhatwedidlastyear.,常用詞組,asgoodas幾乎已經(jīng),實(shí)際上等于,和……幾乎一樣Heisasgoodasdead.他跟死了一樣。Thesecondhandgeographybookisasgoodasnew.這本二手地理書(shū)幾乎還是新的。2.assoonas一……就……PleaseletusknowassoonasyouarriveinBeijing.一到北京,請(qǐng)通知我們一聲。Assoonasshegothome,shebegancooking.她一到家就開(kāi)始做飯。,3.asmuch/manyas多達(dá)……,達(dá)到……之多,實(shí)際上等于,差不多Someofthestonesevenweighasmuchasfifteentons.有些石塊甚至重達(dá)15噸。Thenumberofpeoplewholosthomesreachesasmanyas250,000.失去家園的人數(shù)多達(dá)25萬(wàn)。That’sasmuchastosayhewasathief.那無(wú)異于說(shuō)他曾是個(gè)小偷。4.asfaras就……而言,盡……AsfarasIknow,he’llbeawayforthreemonths.就我所知,他將離開(kāi)三個(gè)月。Wewillhelpyouasfaraswecan.我們會(huì)盡力幫助你。,5.aslongas只要Youcangowhereyoulikeaslongasyougetbackbeforedark.你去哪兒都可以,只要你在天黑前返回。YouwillbehappyaslongasIamliving.只要我活著,你就會(huì)幸福。6.asoftenas每當(dāng),每次Asoftenashecame,hewouldstaywithusforatime.每次他來(lái),總要和我們呆上一陣子。TheboyalwayssayshellotomeasoftenasImeethim.每次我遇見(jiàn)那個(gè)小男孩,他總是向我問(wèn)好。,7.aswellas和,同,既……又……,不僅……而且……Myparentsaswellasmyelderbrotherenjoymusic.我父母親和我哥哥都喜歡音樂(lè)。Heiscleveraswellashardworking.他不僅努力工作而且聰明。8.as…aspossible/onecan盡可能,盡(某人)所能Pleasesweepthefloorascleanaspossible.請(qǐng)把地打掃得盡可能干凈。I’llgetbackassoonasIcan.,比較級(jí)+than…(……比……更……),形容詞比較級(jí)的常用句型,Thisbridgeislongerthanthatone.,Ourschoolislargerthantheirs.,比較級(jí)+and+比較級(jí)(……越來(lái)越……),Inspring,thedaysaregettinglongerandlonger,Theflowersaremoreandmorebeautiful.,The+比較級(jí)…,the+比較級(jí)…(越……就越……),1)Thesooner,thebetter.,2)Themoreyoueat,thefatteryouwillbe.,Whichis+比較級(jí),AorB?(A和B,哪一個(gè)比較…?),Whichislonger,thisoneorthat?,the+最高級(jí)+(名詞)+in/of/among…在…(范圍內(nèi))最…,形容詞最高級(jí)的常用句型,1)Tomisthetallestinhisclass.,2)Thisappleisthebiggestofthefive.,oneofthe+形容詞最高級(jí)+復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示“……是……中最……之一”。,BeijingisoneofthelargestcitiesinChina.,Whichis+the+最高級(jí)+……?在…(范圍內(nèi))哪一個(gè)最…?,Whichisthebiggestofthefiveballs,運(yùn)用比較級(jí)表達(dá)最高級(jí)的概念,“比較級(jí)+thananyother+名詞單數(shù)”,“比較級(jí)+thantheother+名詞復(fù)數(shù)”或“比較級(jí)+thantherestof+the+名詞復(fù)數(shù)”都可表示最高級(jí)意義。Juliaistallerthananyothergirlinherclass.Juliaistallerthantheothergirlsinherclass.Juliaistallerthantherestofthegirlsinherclass.以上三句表達(dá)的意思等同于最高級(jí)的含義:Juliaisthetallestofthegirlsinherclass.朱麗葉是她們班上最高的女生。,比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的修飾語(yǔ),比較級(jí)的修飾語(yǔ)Much(…得多),far(…得多),even(甚至,更),still(更),abit(有點(diǎn)),alittle(有點(diǎn)),alot(很),agreatdeal(大大地),twice(兩倍),fivetimes(五倍),two-fifths(五分之二),ahalf(一半)等修飾比較級(jí)表示程度,但決不可用very修飾。eg.TomisalittletallerthanMike.Tom比Mike稍高一點(diǎn);Itisevencoldertodaythanyesterday.今天甚至比昨天更冷,比較結(jié)構(gòu)的同義轉(zhuǎn)換,有時(shí),不同的比較結(jié)構(gòu)可以表示相同的意思,因此,它們可以相互轉(zhuǎn)換。1.notas/so…as與less…than的轉(zhuǎn)換Theplacewasnotas/socrowdedasitusuallyisyesterday.Theplacewaslesscrowdedthanitusuallyisyesterday.昨天,這個(gè)地方不像平常那樣擠滿了人。2.more…than與less…than,notas/so…as的轉(zhuǎn)換Yourpictureismorebeautifulthanhis.Hispictureislessbeautifulthanyours.Hispictureisn’tas/sobeautifulasyours.你的畫(huà)比他的好看。3.最高級(jí)與more…than,no…morethan的轉(zhuǎn)換Mathisthemostdifficultsubjectofall.Mathismoredifficultthananyothersubject.Nosubjectismoredifficultthanmath.數(shù)學(xué)是所有學(xué)科中最難的。,Exercises,用括號(hào)中形容詞或副詞的適當(dāng)形式填空1)Thisparkismuch﹍﹍thanthatone.(beautiful)2)I’ma﹍﹍boyinthesun.(happy)3)Whichbookis﹍﹍,yoursormine?(thick)4)Mymotherdrivesas﹍﹍asmyfather.(good)5)Whois﹍﹍thanI,heorshe?(old)6)Hebecomes﹍﹍and﹍﹍.(越來(lái)越胖)7)The﹍﹍heis,the﹍﹍hefeels.他越忙就越高興。8)Thisgardenis﹍﹍as﹍﹍asthatone.(三倍大),morebeautiful,happy,thicker,well,oldest,fatterfatter,busierhappier,threetimesbig,用所給的詞組翻譯句子1.一旦關(guān)系有所改善,他們就可以獲準(zhǔn)離開(kāi)。(assoonas)Assoonasrelationsimprovetheywillbeallowedtogo.2.據(jù)我所知,它僅僅維持了兩三年。(asfaras)Itonlylastedacoupleofyears,asfarasIknow.3.只要你離他們遠(yuǎn)一點(diǎn),你就會(huì)安全.(aslongas)Aslongasyoucankeepawayfromthem,youresafe.4.選花不僅要觀其形還要聞其香。(aswellas)Flowersarechosenfortheirscentaswellastheirlook.,不改變意思,改寫(xiě)下列句型1)LinTaoisthetallestboyinhisclass.LinTaois﹍﹍anyother﹍﹍inhisclass.2)Scienceisnotsointerestingasmusic.Scienceis﹍﹍thanmusic.Musicis﹍﹍thanscience.3)Thisboxis12kg.Thatboxis14kg.Thetwoboxesare__________weight.4)Maryis6yearsold.Lilyis12yearsold.Lily’sageis_________Mary’s.(as…as)Maryis_________thanLily.,tallerthanboy,lessinteresting,moreinteresting,thesame,thesame,twiceasoldas,younger,選擇填空()1.Thisbookis﹍﹍thatone.A.notsointerestingB.moreinterestingthanC.asmoreinterestingasD.interestingthan()2.Ithinkmathsisnot﹍﹍English.A.easierB.lesseasyC.easyD.soeasyas()3.Heisoneof﹍﹍inourcountry.A.themostpopularsingerB.themostpopularsingersC.themorepopularsingersD.mostpopularsingers()4.-Whichdoyouprefer,vegetablesorfruit?-Ipreferfruit﹍﹍vegetables.A.toB.thanC.ofD.and()5.TheweatherinBeijingisas﹍﹍inShanghaitoday.A.wetterthantheweatherB.wetastheweatherC.wetthanthatD.wetasthat,B,D,B,A,D,6.NoonerunsasfastasJohninhisclass.Thesentencemeans_____.A.Johnrunsfastestinhisclass.B.Johnrunsfasterthananyotherboyinhisclass.C.Johnrunsmoreslowlythananyotherstudentinhisclass.D.Johnrunsasfastasothersinhisclass.7.NewYorkis_____intheUnitedStates.A.largerthananycityB.largerthananyothercityC.biggerthananycitiesD.biggestofallthecities8.Ofthetwopencil-boxes,theboychose______expensiveone.A.lessB.theleastC.thelessD.themost9.–Howwastheweatheryesterday?-Itwasterrible.Itrained_____.Peoplecould_____goout.A.hardly;hardlyB.hardly;hardC.hard;hardD.hard;hardly10.Thischairisnot_____forhimto______.A.strongenough;sitB.enoughstrong;sitC.enoughstrong;sitinD.strongenough;siton,A,B,C,D,D,Translatethefollowingsentences.,你工作越努力,你就會(huì)得到越好結(jié)果。你英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)得越多,英語(yǔ)就會(huì)越容易。你越爬得高,就看得越遠(yuǎn)。你越吃得多,就會(huì)越胖。,Theharderyouwork,thebetterresultyouwillget.,ThemoreyoulistentoEnglish,theeasieritbecomes.,Thehigheryouclimb,thefartheryouwillsee.,Themoreyoueat,thefatteryouwillbe.,- 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