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八年級(jí)(下)　Units 3—4 中考基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)梳理 類別 課標(biāo)考點(diǎn)要求 詞 匯 攻 關(guān) 1.lend(v.)→__lent__(過(guò)去式/過(guò)去分詞)借給；借出 →__borrow__(反義詞)借；借用★ 2．independent(adj.)→__independence__(n.)獨(dú)立 3．develop(v.)→__development__(n.)發(fā)展；發(fā)育；成長(zhǎng)★ →__developing__(adj.)發(fā)展中的 →__developed__(adj.)發(fā)達(dá)的；成熟的；先進(jìn)的 4．fair(adj.)→__fairness__(n.)公平性；合理性 →__unfair__(反義詞)不合理的；不公正的★ 5．ill(adj.)→__illness__(n.)疾??；病★ 6．municate(v.)→__munication__(n.)交流；溝通★ 7．proper(adj.)→__properly__(adv.)正確地；恰當(dāng)?shù)? 8.usual(adj.)→__unusual__(反義詞)特別的；不尋常的★ →__usually__(adv.)通常地；尋常地★ 9．fold(v.)→__unfold__(反義詞)展開(kāi)；打開(kāi) 10．throw(v.)→__threw__(過(guò)去式) →__thrown__(過(guò)去分詞)扔；擲 11．sweep(v.)→__swept__(過(guò)去式/過(guò)去分詞)掃；打掃 12．cloud(n.)→__cloudy__(adj.)多云的★ 13．a(chǎn)rgue(v.)→__argument__(n.)辯論；爭(zhēng)論 14．press(v.)→__pressure__(n.)壓力 15．push(v.)→__pull__(反義詞)拉；拽 16．typical(adj.)→__typically__(adv.)典型地 17．quick(adj.)→__quickly__(adv.)快地；迅速地★ 短 語(yǔ) 歸 納 1.倒垃圾__take__out__the__rubbish__ 2．頻繁；反復(fù)__all__the__time__ 3．一……就……__as__soon__as__ 4．目的是；為了__in__order__to__ 5．依靠；信賴__depend__on__ 6．照顧；處理__take__care__of__ 7．快速查看；瀏覽__look__through__ 8．重要的事__big__deal__ 9．成功地發(fā)展；解決__work__out__ 10.和睦相處；關(guān)系良好__get__on__with__ 11．刪除；刪去__cut__out__ 12．比較；對(duì)比__pare…with__ 13．依……看__in__ones__opinion__ 14．過(guò)來(lái)；順便拜訪__e__over__ 15．浪費(fèi)時(shí)間 __a__waste__of__time__ 16．生某人的氣 __be__angry__with__sb.__ 17．和某人打架 __have__a__fight__with__sb.__ 句 型 再 現(xiàn) ( 含 情 景 交 際 ) 1.(請(qǐng)求幫助)“你能掃一下地嗎？”“好的，當(dāng)然可以?！? —__Could__you__please__ sweep the floor? —Yes，__sure__. 2．(請(qǐng)求他人的允許)“我可以用你的電腦嗎？”“對(duì)不起，我現(xiàn)在要用?！? —__Could__I__use__your puter? —__Sorry__．Im going to work on it now. 3．他們應(yīng)該將時(shí)間花在學(xué)業(yè)上，為的是取得好成績(jī)并考上好大學(xué)。 They should spend their time on schoolwork __in__order__to__get__good__grades__ and __get__into__ a good university. 4．同時(shí)，當(dāng)他們長(zhǎng)大后，他們將不得不做家務(wù)，所以他們現(xiàn)在沒(méi)必要做家務(wù)。 Also，when they get older，they will have to do housework so __there__is__no__need__for__them__to__do__it__ now. 5．反正我認(rèn)為做家務(wù)不是很難。我并不介意做家務(wù)。 And anyway，I think __doing__chores__ is not so difficult.I __do__not__mind__doing__ them. 6.昨天我發(fā)現(xiàn)我的妹妹在翻閱我的東西。 I found my sister __looking__through__ my things yesterday. 7．相反，他想看什么就看什么，一直看到深夜。 Instead he watches __whatever__he__wants__ until late at night. 8．孩子們?cè)皆鐚W(xué)會(huì)獨(dú)立，對(duì)他們的未來(lái)就越好。 __The__earlier__ kids learn to be independent，__the__better__ it is for their future. 9．人們不該把自己的孩子逼得太緊。 People __shouldnt__push__ their kids so hard. 10．并且他們總是把他們和其他孩子作比較。 And they __are__always__paring__ them with other children. 11．他們中有很多人在學(xué)習(xí)應(yīng)試的技巧以便能考入一所好高中，隨后進(jìn)入一所好大學(xué)。 Many of them are learning exam skills __so__that__they can get into a good high school and later a good university. 12.我的問(wèn)題就是我不能很好地和家人相處。 My problem is __that__I__cant__get__on__with__my__family__. 13.雖然她做得不對(duì)，但也沒(méi)什么了不起的。 __Although__shes wrong，its not a __big__deal__. 14.你最好的朋友不再信任你了。 Your best friend does __not__trust you __anymore__. 語(yǔ)法 1.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞could用于表示請(qǐng)求與允許(詳見(jiàn)第二編P120) 2.連詞until，so that，although(詳見(jiàn)第二編P110～111) 話題 Unit 3 Chores and permission(家務(wù)和許可) Unit 4 Interpersonal munication(人際溝通) 素 材 包 如何與他人相處： 1.No one can live without keeping in touch with others.So its important to learn how to get on well with others. 2.We should be kind and friendly to others，and then we can make more friends. 3.If we are free，we can do some volunteer work to help our neighbors. 對(duì)人際溝通中存在的問(wèn)題給出建議： 1.Dont be afraid of making mistakes because no one is perfect. 2.Youd better talk with your parents or teachers so that they can help you. 3.Try to listen more carefully and think of better ways to understand your parents. 貴陽(yáng)中考重難點(diǎn)突破 　neither的用法 (教材八下P19) 【滿分點(diǎn)撥】 詞性 含義 用法 例句 代 詞 兩者都不(表示全部否定) 作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù) Neither is right.兩個(gè)都不對(duì)。 常與of連用，neither of＋名詞復(fù)數(shù)/代詞復(fù)數(shù)(此結(jié)構(gòu)用作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)都可以) Neither of them was/were in good health，but both of them worked very hard.他們兩個(gè)人身體都不好，但工作都非常努力。 限 定 詞 兩者 都不 用在單數(shù)名詞之前(用作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)) Neither book is my favorite.兩本書(shū)都不是我最喜歡的。 副 詞 ……也不 表達(dá)前面所說(shuō)的(否定)情況也適用于另外一個(gè)人， 常構(gòu)成倒裝句：Neither＋系動(dòng)詞/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋主語(yǔ)(此句型時(shí)態(tài)與前一句時(shí)態(tài)要保持一致) Jeff wasnt at school and neither was Ben.杰夫不在學(xué)校，本也不在。 —He doesnt go to school by bike.他不騎自行車上學(xué)。 —Neither do I．我也不騎。 【歸納拓展】 neither…nor…用作連詞，意為“既不……也不……”，連接兩個(gè)并列成分表示否定；反義短語(yǔ)為both…and…，意為“兩者都……”。連接主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般遵循“就近原則”。如： Their house is neither big nor small.他們的房子不大也不小。 Neither you nor I am right.你和我都不對(duì)。 ( B )1.(新信息題)—I dont like the movie Hello，Mrs. Money(《李茶的姑媽》)． —______ do I. A．So　　　　B．Neither　　　　C．Also ( C )2.Neither you nor he ______ Hawaii before. A．has gone to B．have been to C．has been to ( C )3.(xx達(dá)州中考改編)—Why dont you get used to the life in Beijing? —______ the crowded traffic ______ the high living cost.The only reason is the badly polluted air. A．Either；or B．Both；and C．Neither；nor 　辨析borrow，lend與keep (教材八下P20) 【滿分點(diǎn)撥】 詞匯 含義 用法 例句 borrow 借進(jìn) 說(shuō)話人向別人借東西供自己用，常用于borrow sth.from sb.結(jié)構(gòu)中，為終止性動(dòng)詞 —Can I borrow this book？我可以借這本書(shū)嗎？ —Yes，but you mustnt lend it to others.可以，但你不許借給別人。 lend 借出 說(shuō)話人把自己的東西借給別人用，常用于lend sth.to sb.或lend sb.sth.結(jié)構(gòu)中，為終止性動(dòng)詞 keep 保存；保留 用于表示借用的時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度，可以和表示時(shí)間段的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)及how long等連用，為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，可用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) —How long may I keep this book？這本書(shū)我可以借多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間？ —Two weeks.兩周。 borrow，lend，keep 1．—Can I __borrow__ your dictionary? —Of course，but please remember that you cant __lend__ it to others. 2．I borrowed Toms car 2 days ago，and he told me I could __keep__ it for a week. 3．(xx黔東南中考)I borrowed an English book from my classmate.(改為同義句) My classmate__lent__ an English book __to__ me. 　辨析provide，give與offer (教材八下P22，P27) 【滿分點(diǎn)撥】 單詞 含義 用法 provide 指有遠(yuǎn)見(jiàn)，為應(yīng)付意外、緊急情況等做好充分準(zhǔn)備而“供給、提供” provide sth.for sb.＝provide sb.with sth. give 多指一般性的“給；給予” give sth.to sb.＝give sb.sth. offer 側(cè)重表示“愿意給予”，強(qiáng)調(diào)主動(dòng)提供 offer sth.to sb.＝offer sb.sth. 　　He offered me a job.他提供給我一份工作。 They provided us with a car.他們給我們提供了一輛車。 I gave a nice present to my mother on Mothers Day.在母親節(jié)那天，我送給媽媽了一份精美的禮物。 【溫馨提示】 若offer所接的直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)都為代詞時(shí)，只能用offer sth.(代詞) to sb.(代詞)。 ( B )1.(2019預(yù)測(cè))The new supermarket______ local people with more chances to work. A．gives　　 　B．provides　　 　C．offers ( A )2.(xx深圳中考)—Jack ______ to help at the underground station on Saturdays. —Cool！Lets join him next Saturday. A．offers B．refuses C．forgets ( B )3.I ______ a football to my brother as his birthday present. A．bought B．gave C．provided 　allow的用法 (教材八下P25) 【滿分點(diǎn)撥】 His parents wont allow him to stay out late.他的父母不會(huì)允許他在外待到很晚。 He is not allowed to watch TV too late.他不可以看電視到很晚。 We dont allow smoking in the hall.我們不允許在大廳內(nèi)吸煙。 ( C )(xx重慶中考B卷改編)Their parents dont allow them ______ in the river because its really dangerous. A．swim B．swam C．to swim 　as soon as的用法 (教材八下P19) 【滿分點(diǎn)撥】 (1)as soon as意為“一……就……”，引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，如果主句是一般將來(lái)時(shí)，從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)。有同樣用法的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句連詞還有the minute/the moment等。如： Ill tell you as soon as/the minute/the moment he gets there.他一到那里，我就告訴你。 (2)as soon as possible＝as soon as one can/could，意為“盡可能快地”。 ( A )1.—When shall we begin our trip? —Well set out ______ our headteacher arrives. A．a(chǎn)s soon as B．ever since C．so that ( A )2.(xx北部灣中考改編)As soon as she ______ in Nanning，she will call you. A．a(chǎn)rrives B．a(chǎn)rrive C．a(chǎn)rrived 　Peter，could you please take out the rubbish？彼得，請(qǐng)你把垃圾倒掉好嗎？(教材八下P17) 【滿分點(diǎn)撥】 句式 常見(jiàn)答語(yǔ) Could(Can/Would/Will)you please do sth.？表示請(qǐng)求或征求意見(jiàn)(相當(dāng)于Please do sth.) 肯定：Yes，sure./Certainly./Of course./With pleasure./No problem. 否定：Sorry，I cant.I have to…/Im afraid not. Could you please not do sth.？常表示委婉批評(píng)或建議(相當(dāng)于Dont do sth.) Sorry，I wont do that again. Could I do…？表示請(qǐng)求許可(相當(dāng)于May I…？) 肯定：Sure./Yes，you can. 否定：Sorry，but you cant/youd better not./No，you cant. ( A )—I have to go now.Could you please order a taxi for me? —______！ A．My pleasure 　　B．You are kidding C．Good idea 　The earlier kids learn to be independent，the better it is for their future.孩子們?cè)皆鐚W(xué)會(huì)獨(dú)立，對(duì)他們的未來(lái)就越好。(教材八下P22) 【滿分點(diǎn)撥】 這個(gè)句子是比較級(jí)的一個(gè)重點(diǎn)句型： the＋比較級(jí)……，the＋比較級(jí)……，意為“越……，越……”。如： The more you pay，the more you will gain.付出越多，收獲越多。 ( C )1.The harder you work，______ youll be. A．luck B．luckier C．the luckier ( A )2.(xx齊齊哈爾中考)Miss Brown tells us to remember that______ careful we are，______ mistakes we will make. A．the more；the fewer B．the fewer；the more C．the more；the less 　Why dont you go to sleep earlier this evening？你今天晚上為什么不早點(diǎn)睡呢？(教材八下P25) 【滿分點(diǎn)撥】 (1)如何提出建議： 　What/How about doing sth.？做某事怎么樣？ Shall we do sth.? 我們做某事好嗎？ Youd better (not) do sth.你最好(不)做某事。提出 建議Why not do sth.? 為什么不做某事呢？ Lets do…！讓我們做……吧！ Would you mind doing sth.？你介意做某事嗎？ (2)回答建議的常用句型： ①肯定答語(yǔ)： Good idea./OK./All right./Sure./Certainly. ②否定答語(yǔ)： No，thanks./Sorry，I cant./Im afraid not. ( A )1.(xx畢節(jié)中考改編)Why not ______ reading right now? A．start　　　　B．to start　　　C．starting ( B )2.(新信息題)The new movie Last Letter(《你好，之華》) is on.What about ______ the cinema to watch it? A．go to B．going to C．went to ( B )3.(xx達(dá)州中考改編)—I have a bad cold，mom. —Oh，dear！Youd better ______ a doctor with me in a minute. A．will see B．see C．seeing 4．(xx重慶中考B卷)Why dont you watch a talk show？(改為同義句) __Why__ __not__ watch a talk show？ 隨堂知識(shí)鞏固 單項(xiàng)選擇。 ( A )1.(xx宜賓中考)She stopped talking ______ her mother came into the room.【考點(diǎn)?】 A．a(chǎn)s soon as B．unless C．though ( B )2.(xx桂平三模改編)—I dont understand the story in the new unit.What about you，Bill？【考點(diǎn)?】 —______. A．Neither I do 　　　　B．Neither do I C．So do I ( C )3.(xx宜昌中考改編)—A research suggests that walking helps people live longer. —I quite agree，but it ______ on when and how they walk. A．remains B．returns C．depends ( A )4.(xx天水中考改編)In order ______ for the petition，my sister forced herself to get up early this morning. A．not to be late 　　　　B．not being late C．to be late ( A )5.(xx唐山路北期末改編)If you want to know more about space，please______ the book A Brief History of Time. A．look through 　　　　B．look around C．look after ( C )6.Weve got no coffee.Lets have tea______． A．either B．yet C．instead ( B )7.(2019預(yù)測(cè))Our pany provides all the people around the world______ the best service.【考點(diǎn)?】 A．to B．with C．for ( C )8.(xx荊州中考改編)—I do feel a little______ about making a speech. —Take it easy.The more you prepare，the better you will feel. A．a(chǎn)ngry B．bored C．nervous ( C )9.(易錯(cuò)題)—Could you ______ me your book，Tom？【考點(diǎn)?】 —OK.And you can______ it for two weeks. A．lend；borrow 　　　　B．borrow；lend C．lend；keep ( B )10.(xx揚(yáng)州中考改編)The Queqiao satellite(衛(wèi)星) will form a ______ bridge between controllers on Earth and the far side of the Moon. A．contribution 　　　　B．munication C．celebration 高頻話題寫(xiě)作指導(dǎo) 煩惱與建議 ◆話題解讀 “煩惱與建議”屬于《中學(xué)英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》中第八個(gè)話題——人際關(guān)系?！敖ㄗh是在乎你的人給予你的最真誠(chéng)的關(guān)愛(ài)，建議是愛(ài)護(hù)你的人給予你的最溫暖的期待”，可見(jiàn)這種類型的文章是具有人文關(guān)懷類型的文章，是學(xué)生在人際交往過(guò)程中特別需要的一種語(yǔ)言表達(dá)能力。 從命題角度上來(lái)看：以“人際交往”為主題的書(shū)面表達(dá)是中考?？荚掝}。學(xué)生在校園生活和家庭生活中難免會(huì)遇到很多的煩惱和困惑。此類型的文章就是鍛煉學(xué)生使用語(yǔ)言清楚地描述自己的困惑和煩惱，向他人求助的能力。學(xué)生若能結(jié)合自己的實(shí)際情況，就會(huì)有很多的寫(xiě)作素材。 從作文類型上來(lái)看：此類型文章屬于應(yīng)用文范疇，兼具交際性、記敘性和議論性。所以通常采用敘述與建議結(jié)合的方法進(jìn)行寫(xiě)作。敘述，即敘述困惑、煩惱或問(wèn)題；建議，即陳述自己對(duì)此問(wèn)題的看法，同時(shí)給出建議。 從作文內(nèi)容上來(lái)看：此類型話題可能涉及到的內(nèi)容有： 1．描述同學(xué)們?cè)谏钪谢驅(qū)W習(xí)中遇到的各種困擾，并提出解決的方法和建議； 2．描述成長(zhǎng)中的一些煩惱，如同學(xué)之間的人際交往、父母與子女的溝通(如xx黔東南中考、xx畢節(jié)中考)等，并給出建議和解決方法。 ◆核心詞匯和句型 1．詞匯 problem 問(wèn)題 pressure 壓力 stressful 有壓力的；緊張的 argue with 與某人爭(zhēng)論 overe difficulties 克服困難 face difficulties 面對(duì)困難 be in trouble 在困境中 be friendly to 對(duì)……友好 get into a fight with sb.和某人吵架 get on/along well with 與……相處得好 2.句型 There are many things you can do.你有很多事情可以做。 I hope the advice is helpful to you.我希望這個(gè)建議對(duì)你有幫助。 Why not help your parents with some housework？為什么不幫助你的父母做些家務(wù)呢？ You should have some time to relax yourself.你應(yīng)該讓自己有放松的時(shí)間。 I would like to share my experience with you.我想和你分享我的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。 In a word，if we deal with our problems and stress in proper ways，we can have a happier life.總之，如果我們用正確的方式處理問(wèn)題和壓力，我們就能有一個(gè)更快樂(lè)的生活。 ◆典例剖析 (安徽中考)假如你是李華，你的美國(guó)朋友Jack來(lái)信說(shuō)他暑假期間會(huì)來(lái)中國(guó)交流學(xué)習(xí)。他學(xué)了兩年中文，但是仍然擔(dān)心用中文交流時(shí)會(huì)遇到困難。請(qǐng)你用英語(yǔ)給Jack 寫(xiě)封回信，提幾點(diǎn)建議，要點(diǎn)如下： 1.大膽自信； 2.放慢語(yǔ)速； 3.借助圖畫(huà)或肢體語(yǔ)言等表達(dá)方式。 注意： 1．詞數(shù)80—100； 2.可適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫； 3.信中不得出現(xiàn)與本人相關(guān)的信息； 4．開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾已寫(xiě)好，不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)。 參考詞匯：自信的confident；肢體語(yǔ)言body language Dear Jack， How is everything going？I am very glad to learn that you are ing to China this summer.________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Best wishes! Yours， Li Hua 【審題指導(dǎo)】細(xì)讀所給的文字提示，可以提取以下信息： 1．本篇作文為應(yīng)用文，敘述你的美國(guó)朋友可能遇到的問(wèn)題，并給出你覺(jué)得能解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題的幾個(gè)方法； 2．此類型作文的主體時(shí)態(tài)為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，主要使用第二人稱，也可根據(jù)表達(dá)需要靈活運(yùn)用其他人稱。 【寫(xiě)作導(dǎo)圖】 LetterGreeting→How is everything going? SuggestionsFirst，be brave… Second，speak slowly and clearly. Whats more，draw pictures and… Ending→Best wishes! 【參考范文】 Dear__Jack， How__is__everything__going？I__am__very__glad__to__learn__that__you__are__ing__to__China__this__summer.Its not necessary to worry about your Chinese.Id like to share my ideas，which I think might help. First，be brave enough to speak Chinese when you municate with others.Its of great importance to be confident about yourself.We Chinese are very friendly so you neednt be afraid of making mistakes.Second，its better to speak slowly and clearly.In this way, you can make yourself understood more easily.Whats more，sometimes you can use drawings or pictures.And as you know，body language is also widely used across cultures.Sometimes it really works. Best__wishes! Yours， Li__Hua 【名師點(diǎn)評(píng)】本文的亮點(diǎn)之處有：1.時(shí)態(tài)使用正確，提出建議時(shí)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)；2.Its not necessary to do sth.，be brave enough to do sth.，be of great importance，be afraid of，make yourself understood等句式及短語(yǔ)的靈活運(yùn)用，體現(xiàn)了作者豐富的語(yǔ)言積累；3.first，second，whats more等詞匯的運(yùn)用使文章層次分明。 ◆自我測(cè)評(píng) (xx廣州中考改編)假如你是英語(yǔ)校報(bào)編輯李華，校報(bào)收到初一新生Ben的來(lái)信，他提出了所面臨的兩個(gè)問(wèn)題。請(qǐng)你根據(jù)以下提示寫(xiě)一封80詞左右的回信，說(shuō)明Ben的問(wèn)題，提出你的建議并陳述理由。 Bens problems Your advice and reasons 朋友少，感覺(jué)孤單 參加學(xué)校社團(tuán)(club)——結(jié)識(shí)更多朋友 ……(請(qǐng)你補(bǔ)充) 英語(yǔ)單詞難記 多閱讀英語(yǔ)故事、新聞——在運(yùn)用中學(xué)單詞 ……(請(qǐng)你補(bǔ)充) Dear Ben，　 I am sorry to hear that you are having trouble getting used to life in middle school.In your letter，you said that you always felt lonely because of having few friends.I think its a good choice to join some clubs in your school.In this way，you can make more friends.Besides，youd better be friendly to others.On the other hand，you found it difficult to remember English words.Reading more English stories and news can help you learn English words.In addition，if you can develop a habit of keeping an English diary，it will be easier for you to remember more words.I hope you will find these suggestions useful. Good luck with everything! Yours， Li Hua