裝載機(jī)裝載機(jī)是一種廣泛用于公路、鐵路、建筑、水電、港口、礦山等建設(shè)工程的土石方施工機(jī)械,它主要用于鏟裝土壤、砂石、石灰、煤炭等散狀物料,也可對(duì)礦石、硬土等作輕度鏟挖作業(yè)。換裝不同的輔助工作裝配還可進(jìn)行推土、起重和其他物料如木材的裝卸作業(yè)。在道路、特別是在高等級(jí)公路施工中,裝載機(jī)用于路基工程的填挖、瀝青混合料和水泥混凝土料場的集料與裝料等作業(yè)。此外還可進(jìn)行推運(yùn)土壤、刮平地面和牽引其他機(jī)械等作業(yè)。由于裝載機(jī)具有作業(yè)速度快、效率高、機(jī)動(dòng)性好、操作輕便等優(yōu)點(diǎn),因此它成為工程建設(shè)中土石方施工的主要機(jī)種之一。 中 國 裝 載 機(jī) 行 業(yè) 的 發(fā) 展中國現(xiàn)代輪式裝載機(jī)起始于 20 世紀(jì) 60 年代中期的 Z435 型。 柳 工 Z435該機(jī)為整體機(jī)架、后橋轉(zhuǎn)向。經(jīng)過幾年的努力,在吸收當(dāng)時(shí)世界最先進(jìn)的輪式裝載機(jī)技術(shù)的基礎(chǔ)上,開發(fā)成功了功 率 為 162KW 的鏟接式輪式裝載機(jī),定型為 Z450(即后來的 ZL50),并于 1971 年 12月 18 日正式通過專家鑒定。就這樣誕生了中國第一臺(tái)鉸接式輪式裝載機(jī),從而開創(chuàng)了中國裝載機(jī)行業(yè)形成與發(fā)展的歷史。Z450 型裝載機(jī)具有液力機(jī)械傳動(dòng)、動(dòng) 力 換擋、雙橋驅(qū)動(dòng)、液壓操縱、鉸接式動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向、氣推油加力制動(dòng)等現(xiàn)代輪式裝載機(jī)的基本結(jié)構(gòu),為當(dāng)時(shí)世界先進(jìn)水平。也基本上代表了中國第一代輪式裝載的基本結(jié)構(gòu)。該機(jī)在總體性能方面具有動(dòng)力性好,插入力有掘起力大、機(jī)動(dòng)靈活、操縱輕便、作業(yè)效率高等一系列優(yōu)點(diǎn)。1978 年,天工所根據(jù)機(jī)械部的要求,制訂出以柳 工 Z450 為基型的中國輪式裝載機(jī)系列標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。制訂標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時(shí),保留用 Z 代表裝載機(jī),用 L 取代“4”代表輪式,改Z450 為 ZL50,就這樣制訂出了以柳工 ZL50 型為基型的中國 ZL 輪式裝載機(jī)系列標(biāo)準(zhǔn),這是中國裝載機(jī)發(fā)展史上的重大轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)。該標(biāo)準(zhǔn)制訂出來后按當(dāng)時(shí)的行業(yè)分工,柳工、廈工制造 ZL40 以上的大中型輪式裝載機(jī),成工、宜工制造 ZL30 以下的中小型輪式裝載機(jī),逐步形成了柳工、廈工、成工和宜工當(dāng)時(shí)的裝載機(jī)四大骨干企業(yè)。到 70 年代末、80 年代初中國裝載機(jī)制造企業(yè)已增加至 20 多家,初步形成了中國裝載機(jī)行業(yè)。到目前為止,中國輪式裝載機(jī)已經(jīng)發(fā)展到了第三代,但最基本的結(jié)構(gòu)仍然是由 Z450(ZL50)演變而來。第二代變化不很大,第三代變化稍大一些。2001 年中國裝載機(jī)全行業(yè)總銷售量已突破 3 萬臺(tái),居世界裝載機(jī)市場的前列。因此,目前中國已經(jīng)成了世界上裝載機(jī)產(chǎn)銷大國。2006 年中國裝載機(jī)行業(yè)全行業(yè)總銷售量為 129,793 臺(tái),比 2005 年的 112,527 臺(tái),增長了 15.3%,凈增了 17266 臺(tái),其凈增量超過了中國裝載機(jī)行業(yè)“八五” 以前任何一年的總銷售量,可以說 2006 年中國裝載機(jī)行業(yè)又是一個(gè)紅紅火火的豐收年。2007 年 1-11 月,裝載機(jī) 26 家主要企業(yè)累計(jì)銷量為143794 臺(tái),同比( 109397 臺(tái))增加 34397 臺(tái),增幅為 31.4%;累計(jì)出口為 8606 臺(tái),占累計(jì)銷量的 6.0%,同比( 3234 臺(tái))增加5372 臺(tái),增幅達(dá) 166.1%。2008 年,中國裝載機(jī)行業(yè)增速不減,1-7月,全國裝載機(jī)累計(jì)銷量為 12.0449 萬臺(tái),同比增幅達(dá) 30.5%。中國裝載機(jī)工業(yè)在發(fā)展的同時(shí),一些問題也日益顯露出來。特別是行業(yè)進(jìn)入門檻極低,價(jià)格惡性競爭導(dǎo)致企業(yè)盈利能力低下,營銷理念缺失,市場難以拓展,產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量及可靠性差,此外,產(chǎn)品及組織結(jié)構(gòu)老化以及服務(wù)升級(jí)增加的成本難以消化等因素嚴(yán)重等制約了行業(yè)的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展和品質(zhì)的提高。因此,中國裝載機(jī)企業(yè)必須抓住新的發(fā)展形勢,在產(chǎn)品研發(fā)上體現(xiàn)差異化戰(zhàn)略和成 本 領(lǐng) 先 戰(zhàn) 略 ,繼續(xù)加強(qiáng)行業(yè)以企業(yè)國家級(jí)技術(shù)中心和高校及科研院所為主體的科研開發(fā)體系建設(shè),打造價(jià)值鏈營銷,加強(qiáng)品牌建設(shè),提升品牌價(jià)值,只有這樣才能在新形勢下立 于 不 敗 之 地 。中國最大輪式裝載機(jī)是徐工LW1200K。 2010 年 11 月 23 日,在 baumachina2010 展會(huì)隆重舉辦之際,徐工科技震撼推出國內(nèi)最大噸位裝載機(jī)——LW1200K,并當(dāng)場銷售,在二十一世紀(jì)第二個(gè)十年到來之際,引領(lǐng)中國裝載機(jī)產(chǎn)品技術(shù)發(fā)展進(jìn)入新時(shí)代。LW1200K 的問世,使徐工和歐、美企業(yè)并列,成為全球有能力開發(fā)該級(jí)別產(chǎn)品的四大巨頭之一。LW1200K 裝載機(jī)是徐工立足市場需求,瞄準(zhǔn)國際高端技術(shù)主流,自主研制開發(fā)的新產(chǎn)品,是中國目前最大噸位的輪式裝載機(jī),擁有國際先進(jìn)技術(shù),裝備國際一流部件,體現(xiàn)質(zhì)量、安全和環(huán)保的價(jià)值觀念。并順利通過了由吉林 大 學(xué) 、北 京 理 工 大 學(xué) 、東 南 大 學(xué) 、中 國 礦 業(yè) 大 學(xué) 等多名行業(yè)專家的鑒定。鑒定委員會(huì)給予了高度評(píng)價(jià),并一致認(rèn)為“是國內(nèi)裝載機(jī)行業(yè)的一次重大技術(shù)提升和突破,對(duì)打破國外大型裝載機(jī)的絕對(duì)壟斷局面,推動(dòng)中國裝載機(jī)行業(yè)的技術(shù)進(jìn)步,引領(lǐng)裝載機(jī)行業(yè)朝著高可靠性、高技術(shù)含量、高性能、大噸位的方向發(fā)展具有劃時(shí)代的意義” 。 用 途裝載機(jī)主要用來鏟、裝、卸、運(yùn)土和石料一類散狀物料,也可以對(duì)巖石、硬土進(jìn)行輕度鏟掘作業(yè)。如果換不同的工作裝置,還可以完成推土、起重、裝卸其他物料的工作。在公路施工中主要用于路基工程的填挖,瀝青和水泥混凝土料場的集料、裝料等作業(yè)。由于它具有作業(yè)速度快,機(jī)動(dòng)性好,操作輕便等優(yōu)點(diǎn),因而發(fā)展很快,成為土石方施工中的主要機(jī)械。 分 類常用的單斗裝載機(jī),按發(fā) 動(dòng) 機(jī) 功 率 ,傳動(dòng)形式,行走系結(jié)構(gòu),裝載方式的不同進(jìn)行分類。1、發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)功率:①功率小于 74kw 為小型裝載機(jī)。②功率在 74~147kw 為中型裝載機(jī) ③功率在147~515kw 為大型裝載機(jī);④功率大于 515kw 為特大型裝載機(jī)。2、傳動(dòng)形式:①液力—機(jī)械傳動(dòng),沖擊振動(dòng)小,傳動(dòng)件壽命長,操縱方便,車速與外載間可自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié),一般在中大型裝載機(jī)多采用;②液力傳動(dòng):可無級(jí)調(diào)速、操縱間便,但啟動(dòng)性較差,一般僅在小型裝載機(jī)上采用;③電力傳動(dòng):無級(jí)調(diào)速、工作可靠、維修簡單、費(fèi)用較高,一般在大型裝載機(jī)上采用。3、行走結(jié)構(gòu):①輪 胎 式:質(zhì)量輕、速度快、機(jī)動(dòng)靈活、效率高、不易損壞路面、接地比壓大、通過性差、但被廣泛應(yīng)用;②履帶式:接地比壓小,通過性好、重心低、穩(wěn)定性好、附著力強(qiáng)、牽引力大、比切入力大、速度低、靈活性相對(duì)差、成本高、行走時(shí)易損壞路面。4、裝卸方式:①前卸式:結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、工作可靠、視野好,適合于各種作業(yè)場地,應(yīng)用較廣;② 回轉(zhuǎn)式:工作裝置安裝在可回轉(zhuǎn) 360O 的轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)上,側(cè)面卸 載不需要調(diào)頭、作業(yè)效率高、但結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、質(zhì)量大、成本高、側(cè)面穩(wěn)性較差,適用于較俠小的場地。③后卸式:前端裝、后端卸、作業(yè)效率高、作業(yè)的安全性欠好。 選 用 原 則1、機(jī)型的選擇:主要依據(jù)作業(yè)場合和用途進(jìn)行選擇和確定。一般在采石場和軟基地進(jìn)行作業(yè),多選用履帶式裝載機(jī);2、動(dòng)力的選擇:一般多采用工程機(jī)械用柴 油 發(fā) 動(dòng) 機(jī) ,在特殊地域作業(yè),如海拔高于 3000m 的地方,應(yīng)采用特殊的高原型柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī);3、傳動(dòng)型式的選擇:一般選用液力— 機(jī)械傳動(dòng)。其中關(guān) 鍵 部 件 是變矩器形式的選擇。目前中國生產(chǎn)的裝載機(jī)多選用雙渦 輪 、單級(jí)兩相液力度矩器。4、在選用裝載機(jī)時(shí),還要充分考慮裝載機(jī)的制動(dòng)性能,包括多個(gè)在制動(dòng)、停車制動(dòng)和緊急制動(dòng)三種。制動(dòng)器有蹄式、鉗盤式和濕式多片式三種。制動(dòng)器的驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)一般采用加力裝置,其動(dòng)力源有壓縮空氣,氣頂油和液壓式三種。目前常用的是氣頂油制動(dòng)系統(tǒng),一般采用雙回路制動(dòng)系統(tǒng),以提高行駛的安全性。 主 要 部 件包括發(fā) 動(dòng) 機(jī) ,變 矩 器 ,變速箱,前、后驅(qū)動(dòng)橋,簡稱四大件 。1. 發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。2. 變矩器上有三個(gè)泵,工作泵(供應(yīng)舉升,翻斗壓力油)轉(zhuǎn)向泵(供應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)向壓力油)變速泵也稱行走泵(供 應(yīng)變矩器,變速箱壓力油) ,有些機(jī)型轉(zhuǎn)向泵上還裝有先導(dǎo)泵(供應(yīng)操縱閥先導(dǎo)壓力油) 。3工作液壓油路,液壓油箱,工作泵,多路閥,舉升油 缸和翻斗油缸。4. 行走油路:變速箱油底殼油,行走泵,一路進(jìn)變矩器一路進(jìn)檔位閥,變速箱離 合 器 。 5. 驅(qū)動(dòng):傳動(dòng)軸,主差速器,輪邊減速器。6. 轉(zhuǎn)向油路:油箱,轉(zhuǎn)向泵,穩(wěn)流閥(或者優(yōu) 先 閥 )轉(zhuǎn)向器,轉(zhuǎn)向油缸。7. 變速箱有一體的(行星式)和分體的(定軸式)兩種。 工 作 裝 置裝載機(jī)的鏟掘和裝卸物料作業(yè)是通過其工作裝置的運(yùn)動(dòng)來實(shí)現(xiàn)的。裝載機(jī)工作裝置由鏟斗 1、動(dòng)臂 2、連桿 3、搖臂 4 和轉(zhuǎn)斗油缸5、動(dòng)臂油缸 6 等組成。整個(gè)工作裝置鉸接在車架 7 上。鏟斗通過連桿和搖臂與轉(zhuǎn)斗油缸鉸接,用以裝卸物料。動(dòng)臂與車架、動(dòng)臂油缸鉸接,用以升降鏟斗。鏟斗的翻轉(zhuǎn)和動(dòng)臂的升降采用液壓操縱。裝載機(jī)作業(yè)時(shí)工作裝置應(yīng)能保證:當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)斗油缸閉鎖、動(dòng)臂油缸舉升或降落時(shí),連桿機(jī)構(gòu)使鏟斗上下平動(dòng)或接近平動(dòng),以免鏟斗傾斜而撒落物料;當(dāng)動(dòng)臂處于任何位置、鏟斗繞動(dòng)臂鉸點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)進(jìn)行卸料時(shí),鏟斗傾斜角不小于 45°,卸料后動(dòng)臂下降時(shí)又能使鏟斗自動(dòng)放平。綜合國內(nèi)外裝載機(jī)工作裝置的結(jié)構(gòu)型式,主要有七種類型,即按連桿機(jī)構(gòu)的構(gòu)件數(shù)不同,分為三桿式、四桿式、五桿式、六桿式和八桿式等;按輸入和輸出桿的轉(zhuǎn)向是否相同又分為正轉(zhuǎn)和反轉(zhuǎn)連桿機(jī)構(gòu)等。土方工程用裝載機(jī)鏟斗結(jié)構(gòu),其斗體常用低碳、耐磨、高強(qiáng)度鋼板焊接制成,切削刃采用耐磨的中錳合金鋼材料,側(cè)切削刃和加強(qiáng)角板都用高強(qiáng)度耐磨鋼材料制成。鏟斗切削刀的形狀分為四種。齒形的選擇應(yīng)考慮插入阻力、耐磨性和易于更換等因素。齒形分尖齒和鈍齒,輪胎式裝載機(jī)多采用尖形齒,而履帶式裝開機(jī)多采用鈍形齒。斗齒數(shù)目視斗寬而定,斗齒距一般為 150-300mm。斗齒結(jié)構(gòu)分整體式和分體式兩種,中小型裝載機(jī)多采用整體式,而大型裝載機(jī)由于作業(yè)條件差、斗齒磨損嚴(yán)重,常采用分體式。分體式斗齒分為基本齒 2 和齒尖 1 兩部分,磨損后只需要更換齒尖。 裝 載 機(jī) 技 術(shù) 的 認(rèn) 可1.裝載機(jī)駕駛技術(shù)操作證由各地安監(jiān)局發(fā)證。2.裝載機(jī)維修技術(shù)由技術(shù)監(jiān)督局發(fā)證。 變 頻 器 在 裝 載 機(jī) 上 的 節(jié) 能 改 造 應(yīng) 用裝載機(jī)在啟動(dòng)時(shí),電機(jī)的電流會(huì)比額定高 5-6 倍的,不但會(huì)影響電機(jī)的使用壽命而且消耗較多的電量.系統(tǒng)在設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)在電機(jī)選型上會(huì)留有一定的余量,電機(jī)的速度是固定不變,但在實(shí)際使用過程中,有時(shí)要以較低或者較高的速度運(yùn)行,因此進(jìn)行變頻改造是非常有必要的。變頻器可實(shí)現(xiàn)電機(jī)軟啟動(dòng)、通過改變?cè)O(shè)備輸入電壓頻率達(dá)到節(jié)能調(diào)速的目的,而且能給設(shè)備提供過流、過壓、過載等保護(hù)功能。國內(nèi)比較有名氣變頻器廠家有三晶、英威騰等。 國 內(nèi) 輪 式 裝 載 機(jī) 發(fā) 展 趨 勢國產(chǎn)輪式裝載機(jī)正在從低水平、低質(zhì)量、低價(jià)位、滿足功能型向高水平、高質(zhì)量、中價(jià)位、經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)用型過渡。從仿制仿造向自主開發(fā)過渡,各主要廠家不斷進(jìn)行技術(shù)投入,采用不同的技術(shù)路線,在關(guān)鍵部件及系統(tǒng)上技術(shù)創(chuàng)新,擺脫目前產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)雷同,無自己特色和優(yōu)勢的現(xiàn)狀,從低水平的無序競爭的怪圈中脫穎而出,成為裝載機(jī)行業(yè)的領(lǐng)先者。 (1)大型和小型輪式裝載機(jī),在近幾年的發(fā)展過程中,受到客觀條件及市場總需求量的限制。競爭最為激烈的中型裝載機(jī)更新速度將越來越快。 (2)根據(jù)各生產(chǎn)廠家的實(shí)際情況,重新進(jìn)行總體設(shè)計(jì),優(yōu)化各項(xiàng)性能指標(biāo),強(qiáng)化結(jié) 構(gòu) 件 的強(qiáng)度及剛度,使整機(jī)可靠性得到大步提高。 (3)細(xì)化系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)。如動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)的減振、散熱系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化、工作裝置的性能指標(biāo)優(yōu)化及各鉸點(diǎn)的防塵、工 業(yè) 造 型 設(shè) 計(jì) 等。 (4)利用電子技術(shù)及負(fù)荷傳感技術(shù)來實(shí)現(xiàn)變速箱的自動(dòng)換擋及液壓變量系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用,提高效率、節(jié)約能源、降低裝載機(jī)作業(yè)成本。 (5)提高安全性、舒適性。駕駛室逐步具備FOPS&ROPS 功能,駕駛室內(nèi)環(huán)境將向汽車方向靠攏,方向盤、座椅、各操縱手柄都能調(diào)節(jié),使操作者處于最佳位置工作。 (6)降低噪聲和排放,強(qiáng)化環(huán)保指標(biāo)。隨著人們環(huán)保意識(shí)的增強(qiáng),降低裝載機(jī)噪聲和排放的工作已迫在眉捷,現(xiàn)在許多大城市已經(jīng)制定機(jī)動(dòng)車的噪聲和排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn),工程建設(shè)機(jī)械若不符合排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn),將要限制在該地區(qū)的銷售。 (7)廣泛利用新材料、新工藝、新技術(shù),特別是機(jī)、電、液一體化技術(shù),提高產(chǎn)品的壽命和可靠性。 (8)最大限度地簡化維修盡量減少保養(yǎng)次數(shù)和維修時(shí)間,增大維修空間,普遍采用電子 監(jiān) 視 及監(jiān)控技術(shù),進(jìn)一步改善故障診斷系統(tǒng),提供司機(jī)排除問題的方法。 1、 一 般 安 全 注 意 事 項(xiàng)①駕駛員及有關(guān)人員在使用裝載機(jī)之前,必須認(rèn)真仔細(xì)地閱讀制造企業(yè)隨機(jī)提供的使用維護(hù)說明書或操作維護(hù)保養(yǎng)手冊(cè),按資料規(guī)定的事項(xiàng)去做。否則會(huì)帶來嚴(yán)重重果和不必要的損失。②駕駛員穿戴應(yīng)符合安全要求,并穿載必要的防護(hù)設(shè)施。③在作業(yè)區(qū)域范圍較小或危險(xiǎn)區(qū)域,則必須在其范圍內(nèi)或危險(xiǎn)點(diǎn)顯示出警告標(biāo)志。④絕對(duì)嚴(yán)禁駕駛員酒后或過度疲勞駕駛作業(yè)。⑤在中心鉸接區(qū)內(nèi)進(jìn)行維修或檢查作業(yè)時(shí),要裝上“防轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)桿” 以防止前、后車架相對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。⑥要在裝載機(jī)停穩(wěn)之后,在有蹬梯扶手的地方上下裝載機(jī)。切勿在裝載機(jī)作業(yè)或行走時(shí)跳上跳下。⑦維修裝載機(jī)需要舉臂時(shí),必須把舉起的動(dòng)臂墊牢,保證在任何維修情況下,動(dòng)臂絕對(duì)不會(huì)落下。 2、 發(fā) 動(dòng) 機(jī) 啟 動(dòng) 前 的 安 全 注 意 事 項(xiàng)①檢查并確保所有燈具的照明及各顯示燈能正常顯示。特別要檢查轉(zhuǎn)向燈及制動(dòng)顯示燈的正常顯示。②檢查并確保在啟動(dòng)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)時(shí),不得有人在車底下或靠近裝載機(jī)的地方工作,以確保出現(xiàn)意外時(shí)不會(huì) 危及自己或他人的安全。 ③啟動(dòng)前裝載機(jī)的變速操縱手柄應(yīng)扳到空擋位置。④不帶緊急制動(dòng)的制動(dòng)系統(tǒng),應(yīng)將手制動(dòng)手柄板到停車位置。 ⑤只能在空氣流動(dòng)好的場所啟動(dòng)或運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。如在室內(nèi)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時(shí),要把發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的排氣口接到或朝向室外。 3、 發(fā) 動(dòng) 機(jī) 啟 動(dòng) 后 及 作 業(yè) 時(shí) 安 全 注 意 事 項(xiàng) ① 發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)啟動(dòng)后,等制動(dòng)氣壓達(dá)到安全氣壓時(shí)再準(zhǔn)備起步,以確保行車時(shí)的制動(dòng)安全性。有緊急制動(dòng)的把緊急及停車制動(dòng)閥的按鈕按下(只有當(dāng)氣壓達(dá)到允許起步氣壓時(shí),按鈕才能按下,否則按下去會(huì)自動(dòng)跳起來) ,使緊急及停車制動(dòng)釋放下,才能掛 I 擋起步。無緊急制動(dòng)的只需將停車制動(dòng)手柄放下,釋入停車制動(dòng)即可起步。②清除裝載機(jī)在行走道路上的故障物,特別要注意鐵塊、溝渠之類的障礙物,以免割破輪胎。③將后視鏡調(diào)整好,使駕駛員入座后能有最好的視野效果。④確保裝載機(jī)的喇叭、后退信號(hào)燈,以及所有的保 險(xiǎn) 裝 置 能正常工作。⑤在即將起步或在檢查轉(zhuǎn)向左右靈活到位時(shí),應(yīng)先按喇叭,以警告周圍人員注意安全。⑥在起步行走前,應(yīng)對(duì)所有的操縱手柄、踏板、方向盤先試一次,確定已處于正常狀態(tài)才能開始進(jìn)入作業(yè)。要特別注意檢查轉(zhuǎn)向、制動(dòng)是否完好。確定轉(zhuǎn)向、制動(dòng)完全正常,方可起步運(yùn)行。⑦行進(jìn)時(shí),將鏟斗置于離地400mm 左右高度。在山區(qū)坡道作業(yè)或跨越溝渠等障礙時(shí),應(yīng)減速、小轉(zhuǎn)角,要注意避免傾翻。當(dāng)裝載面在陡坡上開始滑向一邊時(shí),必須立即卸載,防止繼續(xù)滑下 ⑧作業(yè)時(shí)盡量避免輪胎過多、過分打滑;盡量避免兩輪懸空,不允許只有兩輪著地而繼續(xù)作業(yè)。⑨作牽引車時(shí),只允許與牽引裝置掛接,被牽引物與裝載機(jī)之間不允許站人,且要保持一定的安全距離,防止出現(xiàn)安全事故。 4.停 機(jī) 時(shí) 的 安 全 注 意 事 項(xiàng) ①裝載機(jī)應(yīng)停入在平地上,并將鏟斗平放地面。當(dāng)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)熄火后,需反復(fù)多次扳動(dòng)工作裝置操縱手柄,確保各液壓缸處于無壓休息狀態(tài)。當(dāng)裝載機(jī)只能停在坡道上時(shí),要將輪胎墊牢。②將各種手柄置于空擋或中間位置。③先取走電鎖鑰匙,然后關(guān)閉電源總開關(guān),最后關(guān)閉門窗。④不準(zhǔn)停在有明火或高溫地區(qū),以防輪胎受熱爆炸,引起事故。⑤利用組合閥或儲(chǔ)氣罐對(duì)輪胎進(jìn)行充氣時(shí),人不得站在輪胎的正面,以防爆炸傷人。 1本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)開題報(bào)告題目名稱 裝載機(jī)工作裝置結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)生姓名 專業(yè)班級(jí) 學(xué)號(hào) 一、 選題的目的和意義:自 90 年代以來,國內(nèi)外工程機(jī)械進(jìn)入了一個(gè)新的發(fā)展時(shí)期,工程機(jī)械產(chǎn)品以信息技術(shù)為先導(dǎo),在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)燃料燃燒與電控、液壓控制系統(tǒng)、自動(dòng)操縱、可視化駕駛、精確定位與作業(yè)、故障診斷與監(jiān)控、節(jié)能與環(huán)保等方面,進(jìn)行了大量的研究,開發(fā)出許多新結(jié)構(gòu)(或系統(tǒng))和新產(chǎn)品,提高了工程機(jī)械的高科技含量,促進(jìn)了工程機(jī)械的發(fā)展。裝載機(jī)是一種用途十分廣泛得工程機(jī)械,它可以用來鏟裝、搬運(yùn)、卸載、平整散裝物料,也可以對(duì)巖石硬土等進(jìn)行輕度得鏟掘工作,因此,它被廣泛應(yīng)用于建筑、公路、鐵路、水電、港口、礦山及國防等工程中,對(duì)加快工程建設(shè)速度、減輕勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度、提高工程質(zhì)量、降低工程成本具有重要作用,所以裝載機(jī)在國內(nèi)外不論是品種或是在產(chǎn)量方面都得到迅速發(fā)展,成為工程機(jī)械得主要品種之一。而合理的工作裝置結(jié)構(gòu)更能起到事半功倍之成效。二、 主要參考文獻(xiàn)與資料獲得情況:[1] 王國彪·楊力夫·編著·工作裝置優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì):機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社, 1996[2] 吉林工業(yè)大學(xué)工程機(jī)械教研室. 輪式裝載機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)(M) . 北京:中國建筑工業(yè)出版社. 1982. 11:63-85[3] 井下鏟斗式裝載機(jī)·機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社[4] 周復(fù)光. 鏟土運(yùn)輸機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)與計(jì)算(M). 北京:水利水電出版社 . 1988. 6:99-143[5] 張瑞肖. ZL50 輪式裝載機(jī)工作裝置的改進(jìn)(J). 機(jī)械產(chǎn)品與科技 . 2005,1(1):29-30[6] 王玉良. 挖掘裝載機(jī)五合一鏟斗設(shè)計(jì)剖析. 建筑機(jī)械化 .2005,26(3):18-20[7] 曹旭陽, 張衛(wèi)虎, 王國彪. ZL30C 裝載機(jī)工作裝置的改進(jìn)設(shè)計(jì). 建筑機(jī)械. 2005, 1(1) :93-94,103[8] 寧濤·王飛·岳榮剛·中文版 Pro/E4.0 基礎(chǔ)教程,清華大學(xué)出版社[9] 岳榮剛·徐小榮·朱敬, Pro/E3.0 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì) 100 例,電子工業(yè)出版社[10] 王國標(biāo). 裝載機(jī)工作裝置優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)(M). 北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社 . 1998. 5[11] 成大先. 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)(單行本)[M]. 北京:化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社, 2004.5[13] 楊占敏 王智明 張春秋 等. 輪式裝載機(jī). 北京:化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社, 2005.82[14] 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)軟件版 R2.0 . 北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社.[15] 李健成. 礦山裝載機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì). 北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社, 1989.5[16] 其它網(wǎng)絡(luò)檢索到的相關(guān)資料畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)進(jìn)度安排(按周說明)1.調(diào)研、收集資料 4.2~4.12 2.熟悉軟件、擬訂研究方案 4.4~4.25 3.研究方案具體實(shí)施 4.18~5.18 4.撰寫計(jì)算說明書、完成圖紙繪制 5.18~5.28 5.準(zhǔn)備畢業(yè)答辯 5.28~6.2 6.畢業(yè)答辯 6.2三、 指導(dǎo)教師審批意見:指導(dǎo)教師: (簽名)年 月 日 3 本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)中期檢查表指導(dǎo)教師: 職稱: 副教授 所在院(系): 機(jī)械與動(dòng)力工程學(xué)院 教研室(研究室): 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)教研室 題 目 裝載機(jī)工作裝置結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)生姓名 專業(yè)班級(jí) 學(xué)號(hào) 一、選題質(zhì)量:(主要從以下四個(gè)方面填寫:1、選題是否符合專業(yè)培養(yǎng)目標(biāo),能否體現(xiàn)綜合訓(xùn)練要求;2、題目難易程度;3、題目工作量;4、題目與生產(chǎn)、科研、經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)、文化及實(shí)驗(yàn)室建設(shè)等實(shí)際的結(jié)合程度)本題目為裝載機(jī)工作裝置設(shè)計(jì),主要涉及對(duì)零件結(jié)構(gòu)的工藝分析,選材,裝載機(jī)的選擇,利用 PROE 建模等,本設(shè)計(jì)與我本科階段所學(xué)專業(yè)知識(shí)緊密相連,符合專業(yè)培訓(xùn)目標(biāo),題目的難度與工作量都比較適中,本題目與日常生產(chǎn),科研等實(shí)際結(jié)合程度非常大,在做本設(shè)計(jì)時(shí),需要查閱各種資料,完成很多難題。通過這次設(shè)計(jì)的的鍛煉能夠很大程度運(yùn)用綜合的鍛煉我的知識(shí)的能力,為以后在這方面的創(chuàng)新打下結(jié)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。二、開題報(bào)告完成情況:我認(rèn)真分析了選題,通過調(diào)查和親自去工廠里實(shí)習(xí),非常明確自己的課題設(shè)計(jì)方向與內(nèi)容,在實(shí)習(xí)中通過對(duì)裝載機(jī)工作過程認(rèn)真分析,認(rèn)為開題報(bào)告完成的比較順利。三、階段性成果:1.通過查閱有關(guān)資料和文獻(xiàn)對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)的主要內(nèi)容有了一個(gè)系統(tǒng)的了解。2.對(duì)裝載機(jī)工裝裝置原理有了一個(gè)清醒的認(rèn)識(shí)。3.對(duì)涉及的整體思路有個(gè)初步方案。4.各子控制系統(tǒng)正在設(shè)計(jì)中。5.順利完成開題報(bào)告設(shè)計(jì)日志緊隨設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)度進(jìn)行。6.系統(tǒng)控制大體框架基本完成。7.圖形正在繪制過程中。4、存在主要問題:1.對(duì)各工作原理還不是很熟悉,需要進(jìn)一步學(xué)習(xí)。2.對(duì)系統(tǒng)中各元件的選型還沒確定;對(duì)各元件參數(shù)的整體還不確定。3.整體設(shè)計(jì)方案漏洞瑕疵比較多,需要進(jìn)一步改進(jìn)。4.繪圖軟件應(yīng)用不是很熟練,需要加強(qiáng)練習(xí)。5.對(duì)論文格式排版還不能完全符合要求,需要進(jìn)一步細(xì)化。五、指導(dǎo)教師對(duì)學(xué)生在畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)中,勞動(dòng)、學(xué)習(xí)紀(jì)律及畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)進(jìn)展等方面的評(píng)語指導(dǎo)教師: (簽名)年 月 日 LoaderThe loader is a widely used in highway, railway, construction, electricity, ports, mines and other construction projects of earth and stone construction machinery, which is mainly used for loading soil, gravel, lime, coal and other bulk materials, is also available on the rock, hard soil for mild digging operation. Dress up different auxiliary assembly can also be bulldozing, lifting and other materials such as timber loading and unloading operations. On the road, especially in high grade highway construction, the loader for subgrade engineering excavation, asphalt mixture and cement concrete material field of aggregate and loading operations. In addition can also be pushed and transported soil, scrape the ground and traction machinery and other operations. Because the loader is operating speed, high efficiency, good mobility, convenient operation and other advantages, so it becomes the construction of earth and stone construction of one of the main machine.China loader industry developmentChinese modern wheel loader began in the nineteen sixties middle typeZ435.The machine as a whole frame, rear axle steering. After several years of efforts, in the absorption of the world 's most advanced technology on the basis of wheeled loader, the successful development of the power of 162KW shovel type wheel loader, stereotyped as Z450(later ZL50), and in December 18, 1971 officially identified by experts. So the birth of China's first articulated wheel loader, thus inaugurating China loader industry formation and development. Z450 type loading machine with hydraulic mechanical transmission, power shift, double drive, hydraulic control, articulated steering, braking and other modern afterburner gas pushes the wheel loader 's basic structure, then the world's advanced level. Also basically represents the first generation of Chinese basic structure for wheel loader. The machine is in overall performance has good dynamic performance, insertion force a large breakout force, flexible, convenient operation, high operation efficiency and a series of advantages. 1978, day according to the machinery of the request, to formulate a willow labour Z450as a basic type of wheel loader series of standard chinese. When formulate standard, the Z represents loader, replace L with“4“ represents the wheel, Z450for ZL50, then worked out in Liu of type ZL50as a basic type of Chinese ZL wheel loader series standard, this is the Chinese loader history significant turning point. The standard developed by the industry division of labor, industrial engineering, Liu manufacturing ZL40above is large and medium-sized wheeled loaders, as workers, appropriate industry manufacturing ZL30below the small wheel loader, and gradually formed a willow industry, building, as workers and to workers at the time of the loader four backbone enterprises. To 70 time end, at the beginning of 80 time China loader manufacturing enterprises has increased to more than 20, preliminary formed China loader industry. So far, China wheeled loader has been developed to the third generation, but the basic structure remains by Z450( ZL50) evolved. The second generation is not varied greatly, the third generation changes slightly larger number. In 2001 China loader industry total sales have exceeded30000, house world the loader to the forefront of the market. Therefore, at present, China has become the world's loader power production. In 2006China loader industry entire industry total sales of 129793units, more than112527 units in 2005, up 15.3%, a net increase of17266, net increment over China loader industry“ eight five“ any previous year total sales, it can be said that in 2006China loader industry is also a prosperous year. 2007 1-11 month, loader26 major enterprises sold a total of 143794, an increase of 34397(109397), an increase of 31.4%; total exports for8606, accounting for total sales volume 6%, (3234) increase compared to the same period5372, amplitude is amounted to 166.1%. In 2008, China loader industry growth rate reduction,1-7month, accumulative total of countrywide fork-lift truck sales volume is 120449, an increase of 30.5%. China loader industry in development at the same time, some problems also are shown increasingly come out. Especially the industry enters a doorsill low, vicious price competition leads to lower profitability of the business, the marketing idea is missing, the market is expanding, product quality and reliability, moreover, the product structure and the aging and upgrading of services increased cost is difficult to digest and other factors severely restrict the further development of industry and the improvement of quality. Therefore, Chinese loader enterprises must seize new development situation, in the product R the power is more than 515kw for oversize loading machine. In 2, transmission forms: of hydraulic mechanical transmission, small impact vibration, transmission and long service life, convenient operation, speed and load can be adjusted automatically, generally in large loader uses; the hydraulic transmission: stepless speed regulation, between the operation is started, but poor, generally only in small loader on the use of; the power transmission: stepless speed regulation, reliable work, simple repair, high cost, generally in large loaders used. 3, walking structure : 1tire type: light quality, speed, flexibility, high efficiency, not easily damaged pavement, ground pressure, poor through, but are widely used; the crawler: grounding than the small, through the good, low center of gravity, good stability, strong adhesion, large traction force, cutting force, ratio of low speed, flexibility, high cost, relative difference when walking easily damaged pavement. 4, loading and unloading method : 1before unloading type: has the advantages of simple structure, reliable work, good vision, suitable for a variety of operating field, wide application; the rotary: working device is installed on the rotary360O table, lateral unloading without turning, high work efficiency, but the complex structure, quality, high cost, side stability is poor, is applicable to small venues. The unloading type: front-end loaded, unloaded, the operation efficiency is high, the rear safety good.Selection principleType selection of main basis: operation and use to select and determine the. Generally in the quarry and soft base operations, using a crawler loader;2, power selection: the general use of engineering mechanical diesel engine, the special regional operations, such as elevation higher than that of 3000m place, should use the special high prototype diesel engine;3, transmission type selection: selection of hydraulic - General Mechanical transmission. The key components are converter selection form. China now produces loader selects the double single stage, two phase fluid power converter. 4, in the selection of the loader, and fully consider the loader braking performance, including a plurality of the brake, parking brake and emergency brake three. Brake shoe type, a caliper disc and wet type three. Brake drive mechanism generally use the afterburner device, its power source with compressed air, gas cap oil and the hydraulic pressure type three kinds. Currently used is the gas cap oil brake system, generally using a dual circuit brake system, to improve the running safety.Main partsIncludes engine, torque converter, transmission, front, rear drive axle, referred to as the big four. The 1 engine. The 2torque converter with three pumps, pump (the supply of lifting, tipping bucket oil pressure ) steering pump ( power steering oil pressure ) variable speed pump running pump ( also called for strain torque converter, transmission pressure oil ), some models of steering pump is also provided with a pilot pump ( supply control valve pilot pressure oil ). 3. Work hydraulic oil, hydraulic oil tank, pump, valve, a lifting oil cylinder and a bucket oil cylinder. 4 walking path: gearbox sump pump, walk, walk into the converter a road into the shift valve, gearbox clutch. The 5 drive: drive shaft, a main gear, a wheel side speed reducer. 6: steering oil tank, power steering pump, steady flow valve ( or the priority valve ) steering gear, steering cylinder. 7gearbox is one of the ( planetary ) and body ( fixed shaft type ) two.Working deviceLoader shovel and material handling work through its working device movement to achieve. Working device of loader bucket, boom by12,34connecting rod, rocker arm and bucket cylinder5, the arm cylinder6. The working device is hinged on the frame 7. Bucket through the connecting rod and the rocker arm and bucket rotating oil cylinder is hinged, is used for loading and unloading materials. Boom, boom cylinder is hinged with the frame, for lifting bucket. The flip bucket and boom lifting hydraulic control. Loader working device can ensure the operation should be: when the bucket cylinder latch, a boom cylinder lifting or lowering, a linkage that bucket on translational or close to the translation, in order to avoid falling material bucket tilt; when the movable arm is in any position, bucket orbiting arm joint rotation when discharging, bucket tilting angle less than 45 degrees, after unloading boom decline and can make automatic bucket leveling. At home and abroad the loader working device structure, there are seven main types, namely according to connecting rod mechanism component of different number, divided into three bar, four bar, five bar, six bar and eight pole type; according to the input and output rod steering whether the same is divided into positive transfer and inversion of connecting rod mechanism. Earthwork engineering loader bucket bucket body structure, the common low carbon, wear-resistant, high strength steel welded, cutting edge adopts wear-resistant manganese alloy steel material, the side cutting edges and reinforcing corner plate with high strength abrasion resistant steel material. Bucket cutting knife shape divided into four. Tooth shape selection should consider inserting resistance, wear resistance and easy to change and other factors. Tooth profile is divided into a sharp and blunt teeth, wheel loader with pointed teeth, and the crawler device boot with blunt teeth. Bucket tooth number as the bucket and bucket tooth width, apart from the general150-300mm. Bucket tooth structure integral and split in two, small loaders with integral type, while large loader due to poor operation condition, bucket teeth wear serious, often using split. Split bucket tooth is divided into the basic gear2 and a tooth tip1two parts, wear only need to replace the tooth tip.Loader technology acceptance1 loader driving operation certificate from around the Bureau of work safety certification. 2 loader repair technology by the Bureau of technical supervision certification.Frequency converter in the energy saving application of loading machineLoader at startup, the current of the motor rated higher than5-6 times, will not only affect the service life of the motor and consumes more energy. The system was designed in the motor selection will have a certain margin, the motor speed is fixed, but in the actual use of the process, sometimes lower or higher speeds, so the inverter is very necessary. Frequency converter can be realized by changing the motor soft start device, input voltage frequency to achieve energy-saving the purpose of speed, but also can give the device provides overcurrent, overvoltage, overload protection function. Comparison of domestic famous manufacturers such as crystal, British Witten converter.Development trend of domestic wheel loaderHomemade wheel loader from low level, low quality, low price, to meet the functional model to high level, high quality, price, economic and practical type transition. From the imitation of counterfeit to independent development transition, all the major manufacturers continued to carry out technological inputs, using different technologies, the key parts and the system of technical innovation, from product design, without its own characteristics and advantages of the present situation, from the low level of disorderly competition in the circle talent showing itself, become loader industry leader. (1) large and small wheel loader, in recent years the development process, is subject to objective conditions and the total market demand restriction. The most intense competition in the medium-sized loader update speed will be faster. (2) according to the manufacturer of the actual situation, to design, optimize the performance index, strengthen the structural strength and rigidity, so that the reliability is making strides. (3) refinement of the system structure. As power system damping, a radiating system structure optimization, working device performance and the hinge point of dust, industrial design and so on. (4) the use of electronic technology and the load sensing technology to realize the automatic shift gearbox and hydraulic variable system, improve efficiency, save energy, reduce the operating costs of loading machine. (5) to improve the safety, comfort. Cab gradually have FOPS avoid two suspended, does not allow of only two rounds to continue operations. Methods for the tractor, allowing only with traction device hanging, towed and loader is allowed between the station, and should keep a safe distance, to prevent the occurrence of safety accidents.4shutdown safety precautionsThe loader should stay on the ground, and the bucket flat on the ground. When the engine is switched off, to be repeated several times a working device control handle, to ensure that the hydraulic cylinder in the resting state without pressure. When the loader can only stop on the ramp, will tire pad. The various handle put in neutral or intermediate position. The first lock keys away, then turns off the power switch, then closes the doors and windows. The no stop in the open fire or high temperature region, to prevent tire heat explosion, cause an accident. The use of combination valve or storage tank for tyre inflation, people may not stand in the front tires, to prevent an explosion