人文地理學(xué)專業(yè)英語.doc

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引言 Introduction 人文地理學(xué)，作為科學(xué)王國中一支較小的學(xué)科，盡管常常不被人們關(guān)注和重視，然而它卻是一支最具活力的學(xué)科，它的研究主題——社會(huì)的空間組織和人與環(huán)境的關(guān)系——為許許多多形式的研究和朝氣蓬勃的地理學(xué)者提供了機(jī)遇和挑戰(zhàn)。在最近30年來，西方人文地理學(xué)可以說是百家爭鳴、百花齊放。人文地理學(xué)家不斷地接受他們以前很少遇到的其它學(xué)科的新思想、新觀念，這樣就給人文地理學(xué)的發(fā)展帶來無限的生機(jī)。 Human geography is such a subject full of vitalities despite of being neglected sometimes.Its research themes, the social-spatial structure and the relationship between human and environments, have brought opportunities and challenges to both various forms of research and geographers.In recent 30 years, the western human geography has so many variegated theories and ramifications.Human geographers have kept absorbing new ideas and opinions from many other subjects, which gives tremendous vital force to the development of human geography. 一、人文地理學(xué)的性質(zhì) Characters of human geography 1、地理學(xué)形成及分化 Formation and differentiation of geography 地理學(xué)（geography）是希臘語中關(guān)于地球和書寫兩個(gè)詞復(fù)合詞，主要研究人類生活空間的地球表面（Haggett，1990）。 Geography mainly studies the earth sphere that people live in. 大學(xué)地理學(xué)的發(fā)展一開始就受到自然科學(xué)和人文社會(huì)科學(xué)兩大類學(xué)科分化的影響，研究自然環(huán)境的地理學(xué)稱為“自然地理學(xué)”，研究人工環(huán)境的稱“人文地理學(xué)”。 Geography studied in university had ramifications about “physical geography” and “human geography” because its development had been affected by the differentiation of natural science and social science from the beginning. 隨著科學(xué)的進(jìn)步和社會(huì)需求的出現(xiàn)，地理學(xué)的定義也在不斷地發(fā)生變化。通過英國和美國地理學(xué)家學(xué)會(huì)研究組對大多數(shù)地理學(xué)系課程和學(xué)科體系的調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)， 1990年代的地理學(xué)主要由人文地理學(xué)、自然地理學(xué)、混合人文和自然地理學(xué)和其它領(lǐng)域四個(gè)方面所組成 。 With the development of sciences and the emergence of social demands, the definition of geography has been evolving continuously. As shown in a survey about the curriculum and the subject system of geography, in the 1990s, geography was consisted of four branches: human geography, physical geography, human- physical geography together with other geography fields. 2、人文地理學(xué)的發(fā)展 Progress of human geography 18世紀(jì)后期到19世紀(jì)早期，德國和法國的人文地理學(xué)萌芽 From late 1800s to early 1900s, human geography germinated in German and France. 1918－1939，兩次世界大戰(zhàn)之間，處在早期調(diào)查階段 From 1918 to1939, the progress of human geography was in the period of early survey. 二戰(zhàn)后，主要從1960年代起，人文地理學(xué)與其他社會(huì)科學(xué)互動(dòng)與接軌，實(shí)現(xiàn)了從區(qū)域描述到詮釋人與社會(huì)、人與環(huán)境、及人與地點(diǎn)或地方關(guān)系的轉(zhuǎn)變。 After the world War II, especially from the 1960s, human geography had interacted and linked up with other social sciences. It changed into interpreting the relationship between human and society, human and environment, human and site or place, while in the early time, it mainly aimed to describe region and place. 20世紀(jì)60-70年代，地理學(xué)的數(shù)量革命涉及到 “社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)”的諸多主題，為后來的諸如人口、社會(huì)、城市、經(jīng)濟(jì)、工業(yè)和農(nóng)業(yè)地理學(xué)等一些專門人文地理學(xué)學(xué)科的發(fā)展奠定了基礎(chǔ)。 From 1960s to 1970s, quantitative revolution in geography stepped into many themes of social sciences.It contributed to the development of many human geography specialties such as population geography,social geography,urban geography,economic geography,industrial geography and agricultural geography. 20世紀(jì)70-80年代，世界人文地理學(xué)出現(xiàn)了兩個(gè)主要趨勢：內(nèi)部的專門化和哲學(xué)上的多元化。 From 1970s to 1980s, two important trends of the world human geography, inner specialization and philosophical diversity, had come into being. 20世紀(jì)80年代，實(shí)證主義地理學(xué)、人文主義地理學(xué)和激進(jìn)地理學(xué)成為人文地理學(xué)三種非常不同的學(xué)科方法。 In the 1980s, positivistic geography, humanist geography and radical geography had become three distinct subject methods. 在過去20年里，其它學(xué)科思想給人文地理學(xué)科帶來了新的增長點(diǎn)。人種地理學(xué)、人口地理學(xué)、聚落地理學(xué)、文化地理學(xué)、政治地理學(xué)、商業(yè)地理學(xué)、經(jīng)濟(jì)地理學(xué)、工業(yè)地理學(xué)、農(nóng)業(yè)地理學(xué)、交通運(yùn)輸?shù)乩韺W(xué)等都是在此階段形成并發(fā)展壯大起來。 In the past 20 years, various thoughts from other sciences have brought new growth points to human geography. Ethnic geography, population geography, settlement geography, cultural geography, political geography, commercial geography, economic geography, industrial geography, agricultural geography, transportation geography and so on have developed during the time. 二、當(dāng)代人文地理學(xué)研究內(nèi)容 當(dāng)代人文地理學(xué)的基本理論主要涉及空間、全球化、城市化、人口、遷移、文化、景觀、發(fā)展和地緣政治等。 The basic theories of contemporary human geography refer to space, globalization, urbanization, population, migration, culture, landscape, development, geopolitics and so on . 其內(nèi)容主要包括：（1）社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的全球化特征與地區(qū)差異之間的關(guān)系；（2）人類與其周圍生活環(huán)境之間的相互關(guān)系;（3）不同空間尺度(包括世界、國家、地區(qū)和城市)的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)演化特征與趨勢；（4）與民族、種族、性別、年齡、階級(jí)等因素相聯(lián)的社會(huì)文化特征及其對空間發(fā)展的影響。 The main contents include: (1)the relation between globalization and regional differences; (2)the relation between human and circumstances; (3)the political and economic evolution of different-scale space(including the world, state, region and urban). (4)the social-cultural characters of factors relating to nationality, race, gender, age, class, and their effects on spatial development . 1、經(jīng)濟(jì)地理學(xué) Economic geography 以闡釋人類生產(chǎn)和生活資料的生產(chǎn)、流通和消費(fèi)分配等人類經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的地域分布和空間組織為主要任務(wù)。 Main task: study the spatial distribution and arrangement of human economical activities, such as production, circulation and consumption. 傳統(tǒng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)地理學(xué)關(guān)心各種資源、生產(chǎn)及商業(yè)的分布同自然環(huán)境的關(guān)系，以生產(chǎn)布局、區(qū)位分析為研究核心。 Traditional economic geography was concerned with the connections between natural environment and the arrangement of resources, production and commerce. Its research highlighted production distribution and location analysis. 現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)地理學(xué)的研究開始注意政府決策以及人們的行為決策對經(jīng)濟(jì)布局的影響，出現(xiàn)了國土經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)，重視國土整治問題。 The contemporary economic geography has began to focus on the effects that the decision of government and people imposed on economic distribution and then territory renovation has been regarded. 2、城市地理學(xué) Urban geography 許多國家重建城市的需要、新的城市的迅速增加、城市規(guī)模日益擴(kuò)大的趨勢，促使城市化進(jìn)程加快，使城市地理學(xué)在人文地理學(xué)中逐漸居于重要的地位。 Many factors,such as demands of urban reconstruction in many countries, the emergence of more and more new cities as well as growth of the urban scale, have accelerated the urbanization. Hence, urban geography is becoming more and more important in human geography category. 3、旅游地理學(xué) Tourist geography 第二次世界大戰(zhàn)以后，旅游業(yè)蓬勃發(fā)展，旅游收入對于國民經(jīng)濟(jì)收入的重要性日益提高，使得旅游地理學(xué)發(fā)展很快，成為人文地理學(xué)的一個(gè)新分支。 After the second world war, tourism industry developed vigorously and tourist income became increasingly important to the national income. Then, tourist geography developed quickly and became a new branch of human geography. 4、政治地理學(xué) Political geography 1897年拉采爾出版的《政治地理學(xué)》，將國家當(dāng)作附著于地球上的有機(jī)物，并提出“生存空間”的概念。以后，麥金德于1904年提出陸心說。由于他們及其他學(xué)者的努力，政治地理學(xué)成為人文地理學(xué)的重要分支。 In 1897,拉采爾 published POLITCAL GEOGRAPHY, in which the state was regarded as organism attached to the earth, he also proposed the concept of EXIETENCE SPACE. After that 麥金德 raised the concept of “陸心說” in 1904. With their and other scholars’ efforts,political geography became an important branch of humanity geography. 5、人口地理學(xué) Population geography 很早以來，地理學(xué)的著作中已注意到種族和民族的分布，以及自然環(huán)境對人類的影響。第一次世界大戰(zhàn)后，鮑曼分析了中歐的人口地域分異現(xiàn)象，瑞典地理學(xué)家德耶爾深入研究瑞典人口分布并制出人口分布圖。據(jù)此，人口地理學(xué)成為人文地理學(xué)的一門分支學(xué)科。人口普查、人口分布、遷移、人口問題等都是人口地理學(xué)研究的重要內(nèi)容。 The distribution of race and folk, together with the effects nature took on human had been referred to in early geography works. After the first world war, 鮑曼analyzed the phenomena about population distribution differences. Sweden geographer 德耶爾 drew maps of population distribution pattern. From then on, population geography has become a ramification of human geography. the Census，population migration and distribution，population problems are all included in the categories of population geography. 6、社會(huì)地理學(xué) Social geography 社會(huì)地理學(xué)分析空間中的社會(huì)現(xiàn)象，研究各種社會(huì)類型的區(qū)域分布并分析比較它們之間的相互關(guān)系。 Social geography analyzes the social phenomena in the space, studies regional distributions of kinds of social forms and compares the relationship among them. 研究內(nèi)容包括人口、聚落、民族、宗教、語言行為和感應(yīng)等方面的地理問題，并致力于解決社會(huì)問題。 It studies such geography issues as population, settlement, nationality, religion, language behavior and response, and aims to resolve social problems 7、文化地理學(xué) Cultural geography 從人類文化的空間組合的角度，解釋各種文化要素如何使不同地區(qū)具有各種區(qū)域特征。 From the aspect of cultural-spatial combination, explain how various cultural factors generated different regional characters. 不同于社會(huì)地理學(xué)研究人類不同社會(huì)集團(tuán)的地域特征及其與環(huán)境的關(guān)系，文化地理學(xué)主旨是研究人類創(chuàng)造的文化地域。 Contrast to social geography studying the spatial characters of different social groups and their relation to environment, cultural geography aims to study cultural region human creates. 8、行為地理學(xué) Behavioral geography 70年代，行為研究在地理學(xué)中十分盛行，通過研究不同人類社會(huì)集團(tuán)、階層、階級(jí)對不同環(huán)境的反應(yīng)和行為決策這一過程，使地理學(xué)為解決實(shí)際問題的決策發(fā)揮更大的作用。 During 1970s, behavioral study was prevailing in geography. By studying responding and behavior-deciding of different social groups, hierarchies and classes to different environments, geography has exerted better effects in solving practical problems. 9、區(qū)域地理學(xué) Regional geography 傳統(tǒng)的人文地理學(xué)以小區(qū)域研究、經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)劃和文化景觀類型為其主要論題，現(xiàn)在則轉(zhuǎn)向分析解決現(xiàn)實(shí)社會(huì)問題為主，涉及國土整治、環(huán)境保護(hù)、貧窮和饑餓、種族歧視、資源合理利用以及改善人民生活等問題。 Traditional human geography’s main issues are research of small areas, economic zoning and cultural landscape types. Now it has changed to analyze and solve realistic social problems, concerning about territory renovation, environmental protection, poverty and hunger, racial discrimination, rational use of the resources and improving people’s life. 10、歷史地理學(xué) Historical geography 人文地理學(xué)的研究與歷史學(xué)關(guān)系密切。英國的學(xué)者達(dá)比等自20世紀(jì)30年代以后，開始研究歷史自然地理，使歷史地理學(xué)不僅研究歷史時(shí)期人文地理現(xiàn)象的變化，也研究歷史時(shí)期自然地理現(xiàn)象的變遷，從而成為地理學(xué)的一門獨(dú)立分支。 After 1930s, English scholar 達(dá)比 began to study historical physical geography. From then on, historical geography studied not only changes of human geography phenomena but also physical geography phenomena in history. Hence it became a independent ramification of geography. 11、應(yīng)用地理學(xué) Applied geography 人文地理學(xué)同經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、人口學(xué)、政治學(xué)以及環(huán)境科學(xué)、生態(tài)學(xué)、區(qū)域科學(xué)、行為科學(xué)結(jié)合，可以為解決世界性的資源短缺、人口危機(jī)、自然災(zāi)害、環(huán)境污染和生態(tài)平衡以及城市問題等作出貢獻(xiàn)，尤其是對于國家和地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展規(guī)劃起到重要作用。 Human geography combined with economy, demology, politics, environment science,ecology, regional science and behavior science can contribute to solve world resource shortage, population crisis, natural disasters, pollution,ecological balance and urban problems, especially useful to the the planning of state and regional economic development. 人文地理學(xué)的主要應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域有：（1）城市與區(qū)域規(guī)劃；（2）制圖與遙感；（3）工業(yè)區(qū)位與市場營銷；（4）公共設(shè)施規(guī)劃與管理；（5）土地開發(fā)與管理（6）公共衛(wèi)生與疾病生態(tài)研究。 Main application areas: (1)Urban and Regional Planning; (2) Cartography and Remote Sensing; (3) Marketing and Location of Industry; (4) Location and Management of Public Facilities; (5) Land development and management；(6) Disease Ecology 三、當(dāng)代人文地理學(xué)研究方法 Contemporary human geography research approaches (一)研究方法論 Research approaches 人文地理學(xué)是研究社會(huì)、空間、地方和環(huán)境相互關(guān)系的科學(xué)，在不長的時(shí)間內(nèi)形成了很多思想學(xué)派，尤其當(dāng)代人文地理學(xué)的十分多元化，不僅在調(diào)查研究課題上，而且在探索的方法上也十分多樣，概括起來，主要有如下12種地理思想中常用的方法。 Human geography is the science studying the relationship between society, space, place and environment. It hasn’t taken long time to form various theory-ramifications. Contemporary human geography is very diverse both in research themes and approaches. There are 12 kinds of common approaches in geographic thoughts, as shown below: 1、經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義方法 Empirical approach 經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義者堅(jiān)持科學(xué)只能關(guān)心世界的客觀事物并尋求其本來的真實(shí)面目。人們的價(jià)值觀和意圖的規(guī)范問題被排除在科學(xué)研究之外，因?yàn)樗J(rèn)為我們無法對此進(jìn)行測度。術(shù)語“經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義”是一種思想學(xué)派，認(rèn)為事實(shí)會(huì)為自己說話，而無需理解進(jìn)行解釋（梅爾，1993） Empiricist insists that science can only care for impersonal matter in the world and seek its original features. Human values and purposes are excluded from scientific research because they can’t be measured. The term “empiricism” refers to such a school which believes that reality speaks itself and we need not to understand and explain it (May,1993). ２．實(shí)證主義方法 Positivistic approach 實(shí)證主義認(rèn)為，通過詳細(xì)和客觀的收集與社會(huì)現(xiàn)象有關(guān)的數(shù)據(jù)，我們能夠確定一些規(guī)則來預(yù)測和解釋人類行為的原因和效用。當(dāng)代實(shí)證主義主要可分為兩類思想：以證實(shí)為基礎(chǔ)的邏輯實(shí)證主義和以證明為基礎(chǔ)的批判理性主義。在人文地理學(xué)研究中，與實(shí)證主義最接近的方法是數(shù)量分析方法的應(yīng)用。 Positivism believes that we can make sure some principles to forecast and explain the reasons and effects of human behavior through objectively collecting detailed data about social phenomena. Contemporary positivism can be divided into two branches: logical positivism and critical rationalism. The application of quantitative statistical approach is most close to positivism. 3、行為主義方法 Behaviorist approach 行為主義者尋求通過解釋空間選擇來模擬空間行為，通過對人類記憶能力、處理和評(píng)價(jià)地理信息的測度模擬決策過程。行為主義研究方法的原始數(shù)據(jù)的來源是有確定答案的調(diào)查表和專門的以知識(shí)為基礎(chǔ)的心理學(xué)測試為主體。1970年代，行為地理學(xué)具有兩種形式：（1）在空間模式中綜合入行為的變量，稱為分析行為主義；（2）徹底放棄空間分析，對價(jià)值、心理和現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行探索。 Behaviorists sought to simulate space behavior through explaining spatial choices and decision-making process through measure of human memory capacity and handling and valuing geographic information. Throughout the 1970s, there were two forms of behaviorist geography: (1) analytical behaviorism, which introduced the factor of behavior into spatial mode; (2) the one which entirely abandoned spatial analysis and explored values, mentalities and phenomena instead. 4、現(xiàn)象學(xué)方法 Phenomenological approach 現(xiàn)象學(xué)拒絕實(shí)證主義和行為主義的科學(xué)的數(shù)量分析的方法。現(xiàn)象學(xué)認(rèn)為，我們應(yīng)該集中理解而不是解釋客觀世界。現(xiàn)象學(xué)的目的是重新構(gòu)建個(gè)體及其行為以及客觀世界中的現(xiàn)象的意義，以便認(rèn)識(shí)個(gè)體的行為，不必提出假設(shè)的理論。在本質(zhì)上，該方法強(qiáng)調(diào)“地方的社會(huì)構(gòu)建、考慮了感情、審美的和象征主義的感覺等方面”，并尋求反應(yīng)個(gè)體與環(huán)境之間的關(guān)系。 Phenomenology refused the quantitative analytical approach empiricist and behaviorist science employed. Phenomenology thought that we should focus on understanding the world instead of explaining it. The purpose of phenomenology is to reconstruct the meaning of individuals and their behavior as well as phenomena in the objective world, thus understanding individual behavior without proposing assuming theories. 5、存在主義方法 Existentialist approach 存在主義方法主要關(guān)注個(gè)體如何產(chǎn)生和支配他們的世界的意義，以及如何認(rèn)同客體和其它事物的價(jià)值。存在主義研究的原始數(shù)據(jù)來源是深入的訪談、人種志、以及參與觀測?，F(xiàn)象學(xué)主要考慮意義，而存在主義則考慮價(jià)值觀。薩繆爾（1981年）是人文地理學(xué)中最著名的采用存在主義方法的學(xué)者。 Existentialist approach was mainly concerned with the meaning of how individuals form and control their world and how did they identify with the values of object and other things. The original data of existentialist research came from penetrating interviews, ethnics records and observation. It focused attention on VALUES. Samuel(1981) is the famous human geographer to utilize it. 6、理想主義方法 Idealist approach 理想主義本體論假定，真實(shí)世界不外于個(gè)體的觀察和表達(dá)而存在。不同于存在主義關(guān)注的是真實(shí)世界的存在，理想主義認(rèn)為真實(shí)世界是心靈的構(gòu)建。理想主義通過認(rèn)識(shí)隱藏于行為背后的思想而解釋行為的類型。其研究的原始數(shù)據(jù)來源于深入的訪談和人種志。吉爾科（1974年，1981年）是地理學(xué)中應(yīng)用理想主義研究方法的主要倡議者。 Idealist assumed that the real world wasn’t beyond individual observation and expression. Different from existentialism, idealism regarded the real world as construction of mind and explained behavioral types through cognizing thoughts beneath behavior. Its original data came from profound interview and ethnical records. Guelke (1981) is the primary advocator to employ idealist approach in geography. 7、實(shí)用主義方法 Pragmatist approach 實(shí)用主義的創(chuàng)始者是北美作家沛爾斯（1839—1914年），杜威（1859—1952年）以及詹姆斯（1842-1910年），這個(gè)學(xué)派提倡通過實(shí)踐活動(dòng)來構(gòu)建對現(xiàn)實(shí)世界的認(rèn)識(shí)。實(shí)用主義提出不應(yīng)關(guān)注個(gè)體，而應(yīng)該關(guān)注社會(huì)和個(gè)體在社會(huì)中的相互作用。并認(rèn)為，認(rèn)識(shí)必須從根植于經(jīng)驗(yàn)的行為中獲得，而不是從知識(shí)中獲得。 The father of pragmatism is沛爾斯（1839—1914），杜威（1859—1952）and 詹姆斯（1842-1910）. They suggested understanding the real world by practice. Pragmatism proposed that we should focus on the interrelationship between society and individuals and that cognition should be gained from behaviors embedded in experience instead of knowledge. 8、馬克思主義方法 Marxist approach 地理學(xué)中馬克思主義方法是為了反對空間科學(xué)的實(shí)證主義而出現(xiàn)的。馬克思主義者認(rèn)為：空間科學(xué)不能認(rèn)識(shí)到社會(huì)運(yùn)作強(qiáng)加在空間類型上的經(jīng)濟(jì)和政治的約束。馬克思主義地理學(xué)家尋求辨別空間和時(shí)間上的社會(huì)關(guān)系，以便重新產(chǎn)生和維持生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)方式，提出其替代模式。 In geography, Marxist approach was first used to oppose pragmatism of spatial science. Marxists believed that spatial science couldnt recognize the economical and political restraint that the society forced on spatial types. Marxist geographers sought to distinguish temporal and spatial social relationships in order to reproduce and maintain producing and consuming patterns and propose their substitution. 9、唯物主義方法 Materialist approach 唯物主義者關(guān)心社會(huì)關(guān)系之下的機(jī)制和結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)查研究，以及辨識(shí)真實(shí)世界的“建筑方塊”。唯物主義者不是研究人與人之間的溝通和相互作用，而是尋求政治和實(shí)踐的機(jī)制以及使這些可能性首先發(fā)揮作用。唯物主義關(guān)心事件如何發(fā)生的辯識(shí)（原因機(jī)制）以及現(xiàn)象的擴(kuò)展（經(jīng)驗(yàn)規(guī)則）。塞耶爾（1985，1992年）是地理學(xué)中唯物主義方法的積極倡導(dǎo)者。 the “constructing blocks “ to recognize the real world. Materialists, not studying the communication and interaction among people, searched for the mechanism of politics and practice and tried to make the possibility work immediately. Materialism concerned more about the mechanism of an occurrence and expanding or generalizing the phenomena and regulations. 10、后現(xiàn)代主義方法 Postmodernist approach 后現(xiàn)代主義以沒有任何一個(gè)答案，任何一個(gè)論述是超越于眾的或?qū)α硗庖粋€(gè)占統(tǒng)治地位的，以及沒有一種聲音必須排除在對話之外這種觀點(diǎn)為基礎(chǔ)。后現(xiàn)代主義者認(rèn)為沒有絕對的真理，沒有任何真理是不可以解釋的。后現(xiàn)代主義，提供“解讀”而不是“觀察”，提供“解釋”而不是“發(fā)現(xiàn)”，尋求相互的關(guān)系而不是因果聯(lián)系。 Postmodernism held it essential that neither one answer nor one argument could surpass anything else or took an overwhelming position and no one sound must be excluded. Postmodernist held that there was no absolute truth and every truth was explainable. Postmodernism provided not “observation”but “read”, concerned more about not “discovering” but “explanation”, and sought for not causality but interrelation. 11、后結(jié)構(gòu)主義方法 Poststructuralist approach 后結(jié)構(gòu)主義者認(rèn)為，社會(huì)與空間之間的關(guān)系通過語言文化性加以調(diào)解。與后現(xiàn)代主義相反，后結(jié)構(gòu)主義比較關(guān)注個(gè)體，方法論和認(rèn)識(shí)論的問題，而不是社會(huì)文化批判（羅素諾，1992年）。后結(jié)構(gòu)主義者認(rèn)為，認(rèn)識(shí)是形成我們的生活環(huán)境因素的方式，是解構(gòu)我們所遇到的客觀事物的多種信息。 Poststructuralist held that the correlation between society and space was mediated by language culture. Contrast to postmodernism, post structuralism attached more attention to individual, methodology and epistemology, nor social-culture criticism（ Rosenau,1992）. Poststructuralist also thought that it was cognition that helped form our living circumstance and analyze what we meet. 12、女性主義方法 Feminist approach 女性主義者認(rèn)為：地理學(xué)研究極大地忽視了婦女的存在和社會(huì)的父權(quán)制。在現(xiàn)階段，女性主義方法，其觀念和實(shí)踐正運(yùn)用于從事其它受壓迫群體如殘疾人及精神障礙的少數(shù)人的研究工作中。 Feminist held that the research of geography greatly overlooked the female being and the patriarchy in society. Recently the opinion and practice from feminist approach has been adopted by the research of the minorities such as the underdog and handicapped and so on. （二）分析方法 Analysis approach 1. 宏觀分析方法 Macro analytical approach 該方法注重于對全國范圍和區(qū)域范圍的國民生產(chǎn)總值和國民收入的增長率以及它們的國際、區(qū)際的差異同工業(yè)區(qū)位形成的關(guān)系的考察，重點(diǎn)分析全國范圍和區(qū)域范圍資本形成的特征和投資率的差異，失業(yè)率和通貨膨脹的地區(qū)差異，從而探討這些因素對區(qū)位移動(dòng)的影響。同時(shí)，它還注意諸如環(huán)境經(jīng)濟(jì)、生態(tài)平衡等問題。 Contemporary macro analytical approach paid attention to study the growth ratios of GNP and national income in national and regional dimension, investigate the correlation between international & interregional differences and the forming of manufacture location. It mainly analyzes the character of the capital’s engendering and the investment-ratio gaps in the national & regional areas, the regional differences of unemployment and inflation. It thus discusses these factors’ effects on the location’s shift. Besides, environmental economy and ecological balance are also included in its research 2.微觀分析方法 Micro analytical approach 微觀分析方法經(jīng)歷了從工業(yè)區(qū)位研究到成本因素分析的發(fā)展，以及對信息成本分析的重視。除了傳統(tǒng)的關(guān)于供給彈性、需求彈性分析、關(guān)于平均成本、平均收益、邊際成本、邊際收益和規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)的分析；關(guān)于不同收入水平下家庭消費(fèi)支出的形式以及市場上商品價(jià)格波動(dòng)條件下家庭消費(fèi)結(jié)構(gòu)變化的分析仍在作進(jìn)一步的深入研究。 Traditionally, micro analytical approach mainly analyzed supply elasticity, demand elasticity, average cost and profit, marginal cost and profit as well as scale economy. Nowadays, the research about expenditure’s patterns of different families at every level of income and the changing expenditure structure caused by price’s change in the market is being further scrutinized. 3.計(jì)量方法 Quantitative approach 數(shù)學(xué)方法在觀察和分析方面的應(yīng)用促進(jìn)了人文地理學(xué)的發(fā)展。地理學(xué)者對一些空間規(guī)律的研究采用新的統(tǒng)計(jì)方法和技術(shù)手段，進(jìn)行精確的度量，并用數(shù)字形式表達(dá)人地關(guān)系，說明區(qū)域差異及其變化。國外現(xiàn)代區(qū)位已采用投入產(chǎn)出分析、成本效益分析、經(jīng)濟(jì)增長模型、最優(yōu)化模型、仿真模擬模型等數(shù)學(xué)方法。計(jì)量研究方法，實(shí)質(zhì)上是宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)分析和微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)分析的共同手段之一。 The quantitative application in the areas of observation and analysis greatly contributed to the progress of the human geography. By means of new statistic methods and techniques, geographers can measure with greater precisions and present man-land relationship with formula, explaining the regional differences and transformations. 結(jié)語 Epilogue 中國的人文地理學(xué)與西方國家相比要遜色許多?？傮w水平始終停留在西方國家60-70年代人文地理學(xué)的發(fā)展水平上。中國需要發(fā)展人文地理學(xué)，而且也已具備了人文地理學(xué)發(fā)展的肥沃土壤。 在過去的20多年里，人文地理學(xué)并沒有明確表現(xiàn)出標(biāo)志其時(shí)代來臨所應(yīng)具有的成熟特征，與此相反，代之而起的是它所展示的旺盛的生命力和科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的異常活躍。 可以肯定地說，近幾十年來，世界人文地理學(xué)發(fā)生了許多變化，而且這種變化還將繼續(xù)下去。 Compared with western countries,human geography is less developed in China. The overall level of human geography in China is at the stage of 1960-1970’s of western countries .China needs to develop human geography and the environments here are good enough to develop human geography. The past twenty years failed to see the mature characters which could mark the age of human geography was coming. Nevertheless, human geography showed strong vitality and the other scientific areas were also very active. In recent years, many changes have taken place i