《跨文化交際》名詞解釋.doc

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Introduction 1. Globalization is considered as a process of increasing involvment in international business operations. 經(jīng)濟學視角中的全球化表現(xiàn)為不斷增加的國際商務往來過程。 2. Macroculture :The term macroculture implies losing ethnic differences and forming one large society. 宏觀文化意味著種族差異的消失和一個大社會的形成。 3. Melting pot means a sociocultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationlities. 熔爐:不同背景和國籍的人們之間的社會文化的同化。 4. Microcultures:cultures within cultures 微觀文化：文化中的文化 5. Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose culture perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event. 跨文化交際:指擁有不同文化認知和符號體系的人文之間進行的交際。 Chapter 1 6. Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs,values,and norms,which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people. 文化是習得的一套關于信仰，價值觀，規(guī)范的公認的解釋，這些信仰，價值觀，規(guī)范對相當大人類群體的行為產(chǎn)生影響。 7. Culture identity refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group. 文化身份：指有意識地把自己歸為某一特定文化或種族群體。 8. Subculture are formed by groups of people possessing characteristic traits that set apart and distinguish them from others within a larger society or dominant culture. 亞文化:具有能在更大的一個社會范圍內(nèi)或主流文化中使自己有別于他人的特點的人類群體所形成的文化。 9. Subgroup are groups with the dominant culture does not agree and with which it has communication problems. 亞群體:與主流文化不一致，并與主流文化有交際障礙的交際群體。 10. Rules may refers to socially agreed-on behavior or to individual guidelines for behavior. 規(guī)則:社會認同的行為或行為的個體原則。 11. Norms are culturally ingrained principles of correct and incorrect behaviors which, if broken carry a form of overt or covert penalty. 規(guī)范指的是正確和不正確行為根深蒂固的文化原則，這種不正確的行為一旦發(fā)生，就意味著一種顯性或隱性的處罰。 Chapter 2 12. Enculturation is the socialization process you go through to adapt to your society. 社會文化適應：人們學習適應自己所在社會的文化的社會化過程。 13. Acculturation refers to an individual’s learning and adopting the norms and values of the new host culture. 文化適應：人們學習適應新文化的社會規(guī)范和價值觀的過程。 14. 分隔和隔離separation and segregation refer to maintaining one’s original culture and not participating in the new culture. 在文化適應過程中保留了原有文化，完全沒有接受和習得新文化。 15. 融合Integration takes place when individuals become an integral part of the new culture while maintaining their cultural integrity integration ensures a continuity of culture. 在文化適應中人們成為新文化的一部分，同時又保留了自己文化的完整性。 16. 同化Assimilation is the degree to which an individual relinquishes an original culture for another .when individuals are assimilated into a mainstream culture,they lose their previous culture. 人們放棄原有文化，接受新文化的程度一旦被主流文化同化，人們就失去了原有的文化。 17. 邊緣化Marginalization or deculturation, refers to losing one’s cultural identity and not having any psychological contact with the larger society.人們不僅失去自己原有的文化身份，而且與廣大社會失去了心理聯(lián)系。 18. 文化震蕩Culture shock refers to the traumatic experience that an individual may encounter when entering a different culture.人們在進入一種新文化環(huán)境時，遭遇的痛苦和難忘的經(jīng)歷。 Chapter 3 19. 信息源source is the person with an idea he orshe desires to communicate. 是具有交際需要和愿望的具體的人。 20. 編碼encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol. 是指將思想轉(zhuǎn)換成代碼的行為過程。 21. 信息message is the resulting object. 是交流的內(nèi)容，編碼的結果。 22. 渠道channel 是信息傳遞的手段。 23. 干擾noise指任何會曲解信息源所要表達的信息的事情。 24. 解碼decoing信息接收者在積極參與交流的過程中對所接收到的符號信息賦予意義的過程。 25. 反饋feedback 指信息接收者的反應被信息源所了解的那一部分反應。 26. 情境context交際發(fā)生的環(huán)境并且有助于解釋交際內(nèi)容的含義。 Chapter 4 27. 人際交際interpersonal communication: a small number of individuals who are interacting exclusively with one another and who therefore have the ability to adapt their messages specifically for those others and to obtain immediate interpretaions from them.指少數(shù)人之間的交往他們既能根據(jù)對方調(diào)整自己的信息，又能立即從對方那里獲得解釋。 28. 內(nèi)文化交際intracultural communication is defined as communication between and among members of the same culture .指同一文化內(nèi)某成員之間的交際，總的來說，同一種族，政治傾向宗教，或者具有同樣興趣的人們之間的交際。 29. 國家間交際internation communication指國家和政府而非個人之間的交際，此種交際非常正式和儀式化。 30. 跨民族交際interthnic communication ：refers to communication between people of the same race ,but different ethnic backgrounds . 指同一種族，不同民族背景的人們之間的交際。 31. 跨種族交際interracial communication:occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are from different races that pertain to different physical characteristics.指信息源和信息來自不同的種族，種族具有不同的身體特征。 32. 跨地區(qū)交際interregional communication:refers to the exchange of messages between members of the dominant culture within a country.指一個國家內(nèi)主流文化成員之間的信息交換過程。 Chapter 5 33. 世界觀worldview :is the belief that we hold explaining the cosmos God,the nature of humanityand nature.指我們持有的對宇宙，神，人本質(zhì)及自然的最根本的看法。 34. 宗教religion refers to belief in and reverence for a supernatural power or powers regarded as creator and governor of the universe. 對超自然力量宇宙創(chuàng)造者和控制者權力的相信與崇敬。 35. 個人主義individualism:個人利益勝于集體利益，集體主義collectivism：個人融入集體。 36. 對不確定因素的回避態(tài)度：uncertainty avoidance deals with a society’s tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity ;it ultimately refers to man’s search for truth.是關于一個社會對不確定性和模棱兩可的容忍程度。 37. 權利距離power distance：組織或機構里邊，沒有權力的成員對于權力不均等分配接受和期望的程度。 Chapter 6 38. 感覺sensation：is the neurological process by which people become aware of their environmnent .人們意識到周圍環(huán)境的神經(jīng)過程。 39. 低語境low context：交際過程中所產(chǎn)生的信息量的大部分由顯性的語碼負載，只有少量的信息蘊含在隱性的環(huán)境和情景中。 40. 高語境high versus：在人們交際時，有較多的信息量蘊含在社會文化環(huán)境和情景中，明顯的語碼負載較少的信息量。 Chapter 7 41. 焦慮Anxiety occurs because of not knowing what one is expected to do, and focusing on that feeling and not be totally present in the communication transaction.在新環(huán)境下人們不知如何應對，過多關注自己的情緒，不能全身心投入到交際中。 42. 假定一致性：(1) To assume people know how someone else is thinking based on how they see things is called projected cognitive similarity. 從自己看待事物的角度來判斷別人的想法。 (2)Assuming similarity instead of difference refers to the assumption that people are more similar to you than they actually are or that another persons situation is more similar to you own situation than it in fact is. 43. 定勢stereotypes：refers to negative or positive judgment made about individuals based on any observable or believed group membership.針對目標群體成員所特有的正面或方面的判斷。 44. 偏見Prejudice refers to the irrational dislike,suspicion,or hatred of a particular group,race,religion,or sexual orientation. 偏見是指對于某一特定群體，種類，宗教或性取向的無端的憎惡和懷疑。 45. 種族主義是基于種族Racism isany policy,practice,belief,or attitude that attributes characteristics or status to individuals based on their race.把性格特點或地位歸因于個人的任意政策、做法、信仰或態(tài)度。 46. 語言絕對論：Linguistic determinist is that language structure controls thought and cultural norms.語言結構控制思維和文化。 47. 語言相對論：Linguistic relativity holds that culture is controlled by and controls language.文化由語言來決定，同時也決定語言。 Chapter 8 48. 言語交際Verbal intercultural communications happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.當來自不同文化背景的人們用語言進行交流時言語交際就發(fā)生了。 49. 禁忌語：Taboo refers to some words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people，or in certain for religious or social reasons.在特定文化中出于宗教或社會原因被一特定群體所避免使用的一些詞語或行為。 50. 委婉語：Euphemism means the act of substituting a mild,indirect,or vague term for one considered harsh,blunt,or offensive.指用溫和的，間接的方式來代替嚴厲的，生硬的或冒犯的言語。 Chapter 10 51. 非言語信號：（狹義）noverbal communicate refers to intertional use of nonspoken symbol to communicate a specific message .運用非言語符號傳達特定信息的交際行為。（廣義）refers to elements of the environment that communicate by virtue of people’s use of them.人們交際時運用的環(huán)境因素。 52. 副語言：Paralanguage refers to the rate ,pitch and volume qualities of the voice,which interrupt or temporarily take the place of speech and affect the meaning of a message是與口語交際有關，指說的速度，音高，和質(zhì)量，這些要素會打斷或臨時取代語言并影響信息的語意表達. 53. 時間行為：Chronemics is the study of how people perceive and use time.是指研究人們?nèi)绾慰创褪褂脮r間。 54. 時空行為：proxemics refers to the perception and use of space including territoriality and personal space.指對空間的認知和使用時空進行溝通，包括地盤性和個人空間。 55. 目光語：The study of communications sent by the eyes is termed oculesics.研究目光傳遞的交流信息。 56. 氣味行為Olfactics：The study of communication via smell is called Olfactics對通過味道進行交流的研究。 57. 觸覺行為Haptics:refers to communicating through the use of bodily context .通過身體接觸來進行交流。 58. 身勢語行為Kinesics：is the term used for communicating through various types of body movements including facial expressions,gestures,posture and stance ,and other mannerisms that may accompany or replace oral messages. 指交際時所使用的不同類型的動作，包括表情，手勢，姿勢，和其他代替語言傳達信息的行為舉止。 59. 色彩學Chromatics:refers to the study of color use in affecting people’s mood,emotions,and impression of others.指影響你的情緒，情感和對他人的印象的顏色的研究。 Chapter 11 60. 禮節(jié)Etiquette:refers to manners and behaviors considered acceptable in social and business situation .在社會或商務往來中被認為可接受的行為舉止。 Chapter 12 61. 良好的交際Competent communication：as interaction that is perceived as effective in fulfillingcertain rewarding objectives in a way that is also appropriate to the context in which the interaction occurs.指的是以一種適合交際發(fā)生場景的方式來完成一定的有回報的目標的有效交際。 62. 跨文化能力intercultural competence:refers to the ability to understand and adapt to the target culture;in another word,it refers to the sensitivity to cultural diversity,i.e,the ablity to behave in an appropriate way and to regulate one’s communication and interaction according to the context.指理解和適應目標文化的能力，指對文化多樣性的敏感性，也就是根據(jù)具體的交際環(huán)境選擇恰當?shù)牡皿w行為調(diào)整交際與交往的能力。 63. 跨文化交際能力包括：involves cognition affect and behavior ,which are inseparable in reality.認知能力，情感能力，行為能力，事實上他們是密不可分的。 64. 認知Cognition:The cognitive aspects of intercultural communication competence are the mental capacities of comprehension and ability to understand the meaning of various verbal and nonverbal codes.指的是思維的理解力和理解各種言語和非言語交際的能力。 65. 情感Feelings:refers to the emotional or affective states that you experience when communicating with someone from a different culture.當你和來自其他文化的人進行交際的時候，你所經(jīng)歷的情感狀態(tài) 66. 目的Intentions:are what guide your choices in a particular intercultural interaction.指引你如何進行一個特定的跨文化交際。 67. 行動Action:refer to the actual performance of those behaviors that are regarded as appropriate and effective.指交際的適當而有效的行為表現(xiàn)。 68. 移情Empathy:being able to see and feel things from other people’s points of view能夠以他人的觀點看待和感受事情。