杯形件拉深模具的設(shè)計(jì)【說(shuō)明書+CAD】

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山 西 農(nóng) 業(yè) 大 學(xué) 本科生畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）選題審批表 畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）題目 杯形件拉深模具的設(shè)計(jì) 指 導(dǎo) 教 師 邢澤炳 職 稱 副教授 學(xué)生具備條件 修完教學(xué)計(jì)劃要求課程內(nèi)容及學(xué)時(shí) 選題完成形式 開(kāi)題報(bào)告 內(nèi) 容 簡(jiǎn) 要：本論文應(yīng)用本專業(yè)所學(xué)課程的理論和生產(chǎn)實(shí)際知識(shí)進(jìn)行一次冷沖壓模具設(shè)計(jì)工作的實(shí)際訓(xùn)練從而培養(yǎng)和提高獨(dú)立工作能力，鞏固與擴(kuò)充了冷沖壓模具設(shè)計(jì)等課程所學(xué)的內(nèi)容，掌握冷沖壓模具設(shè)計(jì)的方法和步驟，掌握冷沖壓模具設(shè)計(jì)的基本的模具技能懂得了怎樣分析零件的工藝性，怎樣確定工藝方案，了解了模具的基本結(jié)構(gòu)，提高了計(jì)算能力，繪圖能力，熟悉了規(guī)范和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，同時(shí)各科相關(guān)的課程都有了全面的復(fù)習(xí)，獨(dú)立思考的能力也有了提高。采用拉深模模具設(shè)計(jì)制造簡(jiǎn)便易行。拉深效果好，能極大地提高生產(chǎn)效率。本設(shè)計(jì)共分5章，分別論述了產(chǎn)品工藝分析，工藝計(jì)算，模板及零件設(shè)計(jì)，模具組立等問(wèn)題。了解產(chǎn)品用途，并進(jìn)行沖壓件的工藝性及尺寸公差等級(jí)分析，對(duì)于一些沖壓件結(jié)構(gòu)不合理或工藝性不好的進(jìn)行改進(jìn)并繪制模具總圖和非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件零件圖。 系主任簽字： 年 月 日 院長(zhǎng)簽字： 年 月 日 2 山西農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué) 本科生畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì)) 開(kāi)題報(bào)告 題 目 杯形件拉深模具的設(shè)計(jì) 學(xué) 院 信息學(xué)院 專 業(yè) 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化 年 級(jí)  機(jī)制信052 姓 名 田 陽(yáng) 學(xué) 號(hào) 2005151211 指導(dǎo)教師  邢澤炳 職 稱  副教授 2009年06月15日 選題的依據(jù)及意義 隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展需要，模具已成為現(xiàn)代化不可缺少的工藝裝備，模具設(shè)計(jì)是機(jī)械專業(yè)一個(gè)最重要的教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié),是一門實(shí)踐性很強(qiáng)的學(xué)科，是我們對(duì)所學(xué)知識(shí)的綜合運(yùn)用，通過(guò)對(duì)專業(yè)知識(shí)的綜合運(yùn)用，對(duì)模具從設(shè)計(jì)到制造的過(guò)程有個(gè)基本上的了解，為以后的工作及進(jìn)一步學(xué)習(xí)深造打下了堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。模具制造技術(shù)現(xiàn)代化是模具工業(yè)發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)。計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)、信息技術(shù)、自動(dòng)化技術(shù)等先進(jìn)技術(shù)正在不斷向傳統(tǒng)制造技術(shù)滲透、交叉、融合形成了現(xiàn)代模具制造技術(shù)。其中高速銑削加工、電火花銑削加工、慢走絲切割加工、精密磨削及拋光技術(shù)、數(shù)控測(cè)量等代表了現(xiàn)代沖模制造的技術(shù)水平。高速銑削加工不但具有加工速度高以及良好的加工精度和表面質(zhì)量（主軸轉(zhuǎn)速一般為15000~40000r/min）,加工精度一般可達(dá)10微米，最好的表面粗糙度Ra≤1微米），而且與傳統(tǒng)切削加工相比具有溫升低（工件只升高3攝氏度）、切削力小，因而可加工熱敏材料和剛性差的零件，合理選擇刀具和切削用量還可實(shí)現(xiàn)硬材料（60HRC）加工；電火花銑削加工（又稱電火花創(chuàng)成加工）是以高速旋轉(zhuǎn)的簡(jiǎn)單管狀電極作三維或二維輪廓加工（像數(shù)控銑一樣），因此不再需要制造昂貴的成形電極，如日本三菱公司生產(chǎn)的EDSCAN8E電火花銑削加工機(jī)床，配置有電極損耗自動(dòng)補(bǔ)償系統(tǒng)、CAD/CAM集成系統(tǒng)、在線自動(dòng)測(cè)量系統(tǒng)和動(dòng)態(tài)仿真系統(tǒng)，體現(xiàn)了當(dāng)今電火花加工機(jī)床的技術(shù)水平；慢走絲線切割技術(shù)的發(fā)展水平已相當(dāng)高，功能也相當(dāng)完善，自動(dòng)化程度已達(dá)到無(wú)人看管運(yùn)行的程度，目前切割速度已達(dá)到300mm/min,加工精度可達(dá)±1.5微米，表面粗糙度達(dá)Ra=01~0.2微米;精度磨削及拋光已開(kāi)始使用數(shù)控成形磨床、數(shù)控光學(xué)曲線磨床、數(shù)控連續(xù)軌跡坐標(biāo)磨床及自動(dòng)拋光等先進(jìn)設(shè)備和技術(shù);模具加工過(guò)程中的檢測(cè)技術(shù)也取得了很大的發(fā)展,現(xiàn)在三坐標(biāo)測(cè)量機(jī)除了能高精度地測(cè)量復(fù)雜曲面的數(shù)據(jù)外,其良好的溫度補(bǔ)償裝置、可靠的抗振保護(hù)能力、嚴(yán)密的除塵措施及簡(jiǎn)單操作步驟，使得現(xiàn)場(chǎng)自動(dòng)化檢測(cè)成為可能。此外，激光快速成形技術(shù)（RPM）與樹脂澆注技術(shù)在快速經(jīng)濟(jì)制模技術(shù)中得到了成功的應(yīng)用。 本課題研究?jī)?nèi)容 本課題研究的是杯形件拉深模具的設(shè)計(jì)。拉深是主要的沖壓工序之一，應(yīng)用很廣，象汽車、拖拉機(jī)的一些罩件、覆蓋件，電器儀表的殼體件及眾多的日用品等都是應(yīng)用拉深成型的。本課題主要研究的是拉深的工藝性。包括分析零件的工藝性，確定工藝方案，了解了模具的基本結(jié)構(gòu)、尺寸公差等級(jí)的確定以及拉深時(shí)毛坯起皺、斷裂等現(xiàn)象，并提出解決方案。 本課題研究方案 我國(guó)當(dāng)前拉深技術(shù)發(fā)展受到限制，主要的問(wèn)題表現(xiàn)在： （1）模具故障，模具故障是沖壓生產(chǎn)中最容易出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題，常常造成停產(chǎn)，影響產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)周期。 　　 （2）模具損壞，模具損壞是指模具開(kāi)裂、折斷、漲開(kāi)等，處理模具損壞問(wèn)題。 鑒于上述分析，本課題主要是從模具的設(shè)計(jì)、制造工藝和模具使用方面尋找原因。首先要審核模具的制造材料是否合適 ，相對(duì)應(yīng)的熱處埋工藝是否合理。模具使用時(shí)，零件位置、方向等安裝錯(cuò)誤或螺栓緊固不好。工作高度調(diào)整過(guò)低、導(dǎo)柱潤(rùn)滑不足。送料設(shè)備有故障，壓力機(jī)異常等，都會(huì)造成模具的損壞。本課題針對(duì)以上缺陷提出了解決方案。 研究的創(chuàng)新之處 本課題的難點(diǎn)以及重點(diǎn)在于解決拉深時(shí)起皺現(xiàn)象。拉深過(guò)程中，凸緣材料由扇形擠壓成矩形。材料間產(chǎn)生很大的切向壓力，這一壓力猶如壓桿兩端受壓失穩(wěn)似的似凸緣材料失去穩(wěn)定而形成皺折，鑒于以上情況分析，我解決的方法是： （1）模具改進(jìn)，在流量大的地方設(shè)加強(qiáng)筋 （2）改善材質(zhì)，降低延伸率等 研究過(guò)程(含完成期限) 第一周與指導(dǎo)老師確定設(shè)計(jì)題目并制定詳細(xì)的設(shè)計(jì)要求； 第二周調(diào)查、收集、研究現(xiàn)有資料，根據(jù)課題的要求，明確整個(gè)論文的任務(wù)和方向； 第三周提出多種研究方案，通過(guò)分析對(duì)比，確定出最優(yōu)方案； 第四和第五周以確定的初步方案繪制出工作示意圖或機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)動(dòng)簡(jiǎn)圖，確定機(jī)構(gòu)組成和各種參數(shù)計(jì)算； 第六和第七周詳細(xì)書寫論文正文內(nèi)容及經(jīng)濟(jì)效益分析 第八周交由指導(dǎo)老師批改； 第九周修改并完善論文。 指導(dǎo)教師意見(jiàn) 指導(dǎo)教師簽名： 年 月 日 教研室意見(jiàn) 教研室主任簽名： 年 月 日 院系意見(jiàn) 主管領(lǐng)導(dǎo)簽名： 年 月 日 畢業(yè)論文中文摘要 杯形件拉深模具的設(shè)計(jì) 摘要 本論文應(yīng)用本專業(yè)所學(xué)課程的理論和生產(chǎn)實(shí)際知識(shí)進(jìn)行一次冷沖壓模具設(shè)計(jì)工作的實(shí)際訓(xùn)練從而培養(yǎng)和提高學(xué)生獨(dú)立工作能力，鞏固與擴(kuò)充了冷沖壓模具設(shè)計(jì)等課程所學(xué)的內(nèi)容，掌握冷沖壓模具設(shè)計(jì)的方法和步驟，掌握冷沖壓模具設(shè)計(jì)的基本的模具技能懂得了怎樣分析零件的工藝性，怎樣確定工藝方案，了解了模具的基本結(jié)構(gòu)，提高了計(jì)算能力，繪圖能力，熟悉了規(guī)范和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，同時(shí)各科相關(guān)的課程都有了全面的復(fù)習(xí)，獨(dú)立思考的能力也有了提高。。采用拉深模模具設(shè)計(jì)制造簡(jiǎn)便易行。拉深效果好，能極大地提高生產(chǎn)效率。本設(shè)計(jì)共分5章，分別論述了產(chǎn)品工藝分析，工藝計(jì)算，模板及零件設(shè)計(jì)，模具組立等問(wèn)題。了解產(chǎn)品用途，并進(jìn)行沖壓件的工藝性及尺寸公差等級(jí)分析，對(duì)于一些沖壓件結(jié)構(gòu)不合理或工藝性不好的進(jìn)行改進(jìn)并繪制模具總圖和非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件零件圖。 關(guān)鍵詞 工藝分析 工藝設(shè)計(jì) 模具組立 畢業(yè)論文外文摘要 Cup form a deep drawing die design Abstract In this paper, the application of the professional courses of theoretical and practical knowledge of the production of a cold stamping die design of the practical training of students so as to nurture and enhance the ability to work independently, Consolidation and expansion of the cold stamping die design, the content of classroom teaching, master of cold stamping die design methods and steps. Cold stamping die design to master the basic skills to understand how to mold parts of the process of analysis and how to determine the technology program to understand the basic structure of the mold to enhance the computing power, graphics capability, familiar with the norms and standards, At the same time, there are various courses related to a comprehensive review, the ability to think independently improved. . The use of drawing die design and manufacture of simple mold. Drawing effective and can greatly improve the production efficiency. The design is divided into 5 chapters on analysis of the product technology, technical computing, design templates and components, mold legislation and other issues group.We should understand the product uses, and the process of stamping parts and dimension tolerance level analysis, some unreasonable or stamping process of the bad ones, and we need to mapping tool to improve the overall map and non-standard Parts items. Keywords Process Analysis Process Design Mold Group Characteristics and Sheet Metal Forming 'b FEhQ ? 1．The article overview 1pWz~3e)o ? Stamping is a kind of plastic forming process in which a part is produced by means of the plastic forming the material under the action of a die. Stamping is usually carried out under cold state, so it is also called stamping. Heat stamping is used only when the blank thickness is greater than 8~100mm. The blank material for stamping is usually in the form of sheet or strip, and therefore it is also called sheet metal forming. Some non-metal sheets (such as plywood, mica sheet, asbestos, leather)can also be formed by stamping. )O 4~lE7/ ? ? Stamping is widely used in various fields of the metalworking industry, and it plays a crucial role in the industries for manufacturing automobiles, instruments, military parts and household electrical appliances, etc. 2
E[?( ? ? The process, equipment and die are the three foundational problems that needed to be studied in stamping. o r]j&LW ? ? The characteristics of the sheet metal forming are as follows: #\A%}B, j` ? (1)? ? High material utilization Zm0Je1u.% ? (2)? ? Capacity to produce thin-walled parts of complex shape. hn R-Umy ? (3)? ? Good interchangeability between stamping parts due to precision in shape 8:Ho*jo ? and dimension. v$M_cO =c ? (4)? ? Parts with lightweight, high-strength and fine rigidity can be obtained. /b*( y@{ ? (5)? ? High productivity, easy to operate and to realize mechanization and? ? automatization. R;2r&r~ ? ? ? The manufacture of the stamping die is costly, and therefore it only fits to mass production. For the manufacture of products in small batch and rich variety, the simple stamping die and the new equipment such as a stamping machining center, are usually adopted to meet the market demands. O2QzX]t;W ? ? The materials for sheet metal stamping include mild steel, copper, aluminum, magnesium alloy and high-plasticity alloy-steel, etc. T3


NM ? ? Stamping equipment includes plate shear punching press. The former shears plate into strips with a definite width, which would be pressed later. The later can be used both in shearing and forming. pb"8]LFUuH ? 2．Characteristics of stamping forming m{IkZ~%D ? There are various processes of stamping forming with different working patterns and names. But these processes are similar to each other in plastic deformation. There are following conspicuous characteristics in stamping: dl4jgw)% ? （1）．The force per unit area perpendicular to the blank surface is not large but is enough to cause the material plastic deformation. It is much less than the inner stresses on the plate plane directions. In most cases stamping forming can be treated approximately as that of the plane stress state to simplify vastly the theoretical analysis and the calculation of the process parameters. '%%Q[o- ? （2）．Due to the small relative thickness, the anti-instability capability of the blank is weak under compressive stress. As a result, the stamping process is difficult to proceed successfully without using the anti-instability device (such as blank holder). Therefore the varieties of the stamping processes dominated by tensile stress are more than dominated by compressive stress. Km!HlKdy| ? （3）．During stamping forming, the inner stress of the blank is equal to or sometimes less than the yield stress of the material. In this point, the stamping is different from the bulk forming. During stamping forming, the influence of the hydrostatic pressure of the stress state in the deformation zone to the forming limit and the deformation resistance is not so important as to the bulk forming. In some circumstances, such influence may be neglected. Even in the case when this influence should be considered, the treating method is also different from that of bulk forming. HvL
H
L? ? （4）．In stamping forming, the restrain action of the die to the blank is not severs as in the case of the bulk forming (such as die forging). In bulk forming, the constraint forming is proceeded by the die with exactly the same shape of the part. Whereas in stamping, in most cases, the blank has a certain degree of freedom, only one surface of the blank contacts with the die. In some extra cases, such as the forming of the blank on the deforming zone contact with the die. The deformation in these regions are caused and controlled by the die applying an external force to its adjacent area. E_J)wzM@ ? Due to the characteristics of stamping deformation and mechanics mentioned above, the stamping technique is different form the bulk metal forming: Is `A{Uw} ? （1）．The importance or the strength and rigidity of the die in stamping forming is less than that in bulk forming because the blank can be formed without applying large pressure per unit area on its surface. Instead, the techniques of the simple die and the pneumatic and hydraulic forming are developed. ".k!Z$,X ? （2）．Due to the plane stress or simple strain state in comparison with bulk forming, more research on deformation or force and power parameters has been done. Stamping forming can be performed by more reasonable scientific methods. Based on the real time measurement and analysis on the sheet metal properties and stamping parameters, by means of computer and some modern testing apparatus, research on the intellectualized control of stamping process is also in proceeding. ZfpI>#? ? （3）．It is shown that there is a close relationship between stamping forming and raw material. The research on the properties of the stamping forming, that is, forming ability and shape stability, has become a key point in stamping technology development, but also enhances the manufacturing technique of iron and steel industry, and provides a reliable foundation for increasing sheet metal quality. QeXUoR'VF2 ? 3．Categories of stamping forming (]U,<Z"
. ? ? ? Many deformation processes can be done by stamping, the basic processes of the stamping can be divided into two kinds: cutting and forming. N0y9=& ? ? ? Cutting is a shearing process that one part of the blank is cut from the other. It mainly includes blanking, punching, trimming, parting and shaving, where punching and blanking are the most widely used. Forming is a process that one part of the blank has some displacement from the other. It mainly includes deep drawing, bending, local forming, bulging, flanging, necking, sizing and spinning. VmO=.1Wa ? In substance, stamping forming is such that the plastic deformation occurs in the deformation zone of the stamping blank caused by the external force. The stress state and deformation characteristic of the deformation zone are the basic factors to decide the properties of the stamping forming. Based on the stress state and deformation characteristics of the deformation zone, the forming methods can be divided into several categories with the same forming properties and be studied systematically. GHM7rWF~ ? ? The deformation zone in almost all types of stamping forming is in the plane stress state. Usually there is no force or only small force applied on the blank surface. When is assumed that the stress perpendicular to the blank surface equals to zero, two principal stresses perpendicular to each other and act on the blank surface produce the plastic deformation of the material. Due to the small thickness of the blank, it is assumed approximately the two principal stresses distribute uniformly along the thickness direction. Based on this analysis, the stress state and the deformation characteristics of the deformation zone in all kinds of stamping forming can be denoted by the points in the coordinates of the plane principal stresses and the coordinates of the corresponding plane principal strains. ONCSGa$` ? Wrinkling that occurs in the stamping of tapered square cups and stepped rectangular cups is investigated. A common characteristic of these two types of wrinkling is that the wrinkles are found at the draw wall that is relatively unsupported. In the stamping of a tapered square cup, the effect of process parameters, such as the die gap and blank-holder force, on the occurrence of wrinkling is examined using finiteelement simulations. The simulation results show that the larger the die gap, the more severe is the wrinkling, and such wrinkling cannot be suppressed by increasing the blank-holder force. In the analysis of wrinkling that occurred in the stamping of a stepped rectangular cup, an actual production part that has a similar type of geometry was examined. The wrinkles found at the draw wall are attributed to the unbalanced stretching of the sheet metal between the punch head and the step edge. An optimum die design for the purpose of eliminating the wrinkles is determined using finite-element analysis. The good agreement between the simulation results and those observed in the wrinkle-free production part validates the accuracy of the finite-element analysis, and demonstrates the advantage of using finite-element analysis for stamping die design. OpFyd^mlr ?Wrinkling is one of the major defects that occur in the sheet metal forming process. For both functional and visual reasons, wrinkles are usually not acceptable in a finished part. There are three types of wrinkle which frequently occur in the sheet metal forming process: flange wrinkling, wall wrinkling, and elastic buckling of the undeformed area owing to residual elastic compressive stresses. In the forming operation of stamping a complex shape, draw-wall wrinkling means the occurrence of wrinkles in the die cavity. Since the sheet metal in the wall area is relatively unsupported by the tool, the elimination of wall wrinkles is more difficult than the suppression of flange wrinkles. It is well known that additional stretching of the material in the unsupported wall area may prevent wrinkling, and this can be achieved in practice by increasing the blank-holder force; but the application of excessive tensile stresses leads to failure by tearing. Hence, the blank-holder force must lie within a narrow range, above that necessary to suppress wrinkles on the one hand, and below that which produces fracture on the other. This narrow range of blank-holder force is difficult to determine. For wrinkles occurring in the central area of a stamped part with a complex shape, a workable range of blank-holder force does not even exist.uXqw&+P(8d 沖壓成形與板材沖壓 x?Hv ? ? ? 分離工序是使胚料的一部分與另一部分相互分離的工藝方法，主要有落料、沖孔、切邊、剖切、修整等。其中又以沖孔、落料應(yīng)用最廣。變形工序是使胚料的一部分相對(duì)于另一部分產(chǎn)生位移而不破裂的工藝方法，主要有拉深、彎曲、局部成形、脹形、翻邊、縮徑、校形、旋壓等。 0D}zj yoLX ? ? ? 從本質(zhì)上看，沖壓成形就是毛胚的變形區(qū)在外力的作用下產(chǎn)生相應(yīng)的塑性變形，所以變形區(qū)內(nèi)的應(yīng)力狀態(tài)和變形特點(diǎn)景象的沖壓成形分類，可以把成形性質(zhì)相同的成形方法概括成同一個(gè)類型并進(jìn)行體系化的研究。 WC]2(s~-w= ? ? ? 絕大多數(shù)沖壓成形時(shí)毛胚變形區(qū)均處于平面應(yīng)力狀態(tài)。通常認(rèn)為在板材表面上不受外力的作用，即使有外力作用，其數(shù)值也是較小的，所以可以認(rèn)為垂直于板面方向上的應(yīng)力為零，使板材毛胚產(chǎn)生塑性變形的是作用于板面方向上相互的兩個(gè)主應(yīng)力。由于板厚較小，通常都近似地認(rèn)為這兩個(gè)主應(yīng)力在厚度方向上是均勻分布的?；谶@樣的分析，可以把各種形式?jīng)_壓成型中的毛陪變形區(qū)的受力狀態(tài)與變形特點(diǎn)，在平面應(yīng)力的應(yīng)力坐標(biāo)系中與相應(yīng)的兩向應(yīng)變坐標(biāo)系中以應(yīng)力與應(yīng)變坐標(biāo)決定的位置來(lái)表示。 )qWKd9 ? 5．板材沖壓性能及其鑒定方法 n(|A1( ? ? ? 板材是指對(duì)沖壓加工的適應(yīng)能力。對(duì)板材沖壓性能的研究具有飛行重要的意義。為了能夠運(yùn)用最科學(xué)與最經(jīng)濟(jì)合理的沖壓工藝過(guò)程與工藝參數(shù)制造出沖壓零件，必須對(duì)作為加工對(duì)象的板材的性能具有十分清楚的了解，這樣才有可能充分地利用板材在加工方面的潛在能力。另一方面，為了能夠依據(jù)沖壓件的形狀與尺寸特點(diǎn)及其所需的成形工藝等基本因素，正確、合理地選用板材，也必須對(duì)板材的沖壓性能有一個(gè)科學(xué)的認(rèn)識(shí)與正確的判斷。 Km{H kJk ? ? ? 評(píng)定板材沖壓性能的方法有直接試驗(yàn)法與間接試驗(yàn)法。 q`{ MdF@ ? ? ? 實(shí)物沖壓試驗(yàn)是最直接的板材沖壓性能的評(píng)定方法。利用實(shí)際生產(chǎn)設(shè)備與模具，在與生產(chǎn)完全相同的條件下進(jìn)行實(shí)際沖壓零件的性能評(píng)定，當(dāng)然能夠的最可靠的結(jié)果。但是，這種評(píng)定方法不具有普遍意義，不能作為行業(yè)之間的通用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行信息的交流。 ^27%[6 ? ? ? 模擬試驗(yàn)是把生產(chǎn)中實(shí)際存在的沖壓成形方法進(jìn)行歸納與簡(jiǎn)單化處理，消除許多過(guò)于復(fù)雜的因素，利用軸對(duì)稱的簡(jiǎn)化了的成形方法，在保證試驗(yàn)中板材的變形性質(zhì)與應(yīng)力狀態(tài)都與實(shí)際沖壓成形相同的條件下進(jìn)行的沖壓性能的評(píng)定工作。為了保證模擬試驗(yàn)結(jié)果的可靠性與通用性，規(guī)定了私分具體的關(guān)于試驗(yàn)用工具的幾何形狀與尺寸、毛胚的尺寸、試驗(yàn)條件（沖壓速度、潤(rùn)滑方法、壓邊力等）。 B']7Xb ? ? ? 間接試驗(yàn)法也叫做基礎(chǔ)試驗(yàn)法。間接試驗(yàn)法的特點(diǎn)是：在對(duì)板材在塑性變形過(guò)程中所表現(xiàn)出的基本性質(zhì)與規(guī)律進(jìn)行分析與研究的基礎(chǔ)上，進(jìn)一步把它和具體的沖壓成形中板材的塑性變形參數(shù)聯(lián)系起來(lái)，建立間接試驗(yàn)結(jié)果（間接試驗(yàn)值）與具體的沖壓成形性能（工藝參數(shù)）之間的相關(guān)性。由于間接試驗(yàn)時(shí)所用試件的形狀與尺寸以及加載的方式等都不同于具體的沖壓成形過(guò)程，所以它的變形性質(zhì)和應(yīng)力狀態(tài)也不同于沖壓變形。因此間接試驗(yàn)所得的結(jié)果（試驗(yàn)值）并不是沖壓成形的工藝參數(shù)，而是可以用來(lái)表示板材沖壓性能的基礎(chǔ)性參數(shù)。 mJKl4\Q ? 在沖壓臺(tái)階方盒形件、錐形方盒形件中發(fā)生的褶皺現(xiàn)象（的原因）已經(jīng)被調(diào)查出。兩種褶皺的共同特點(diǎn)是褶皺都出現(xiàn)在相對(duì)無(wú)支撐的拉延壁上。沖壓錐形方盒形件時(shí)，工藝參數(shù)如凸凹模間隙和壓邊力等對(duì)產(chǎn)生褶皺的影響可以用有限元分析檢查出來(lái)。（有限元分析的）模擬結(jié)果顯示凸凹模間隙越大,褶皺就越嚴(yán)重,并且這種褶皺不能通過(guò)增加壓邊力來(lái)消減.在對(duì)沖壓臺(tái)階方盒形件中產(chǎn)生的褶皺的分析中,對(duì)一個(gè)有相似結(jié)構(gòu)(臺(tái)階結(jié)構(gòu))的實(shí)際生產(chǎn)中的零件進(jìn)行檢查.在拉延壁上發(fā)現(xiàn)的褶皺歸因于在沖頭和臺(tái)階之間的金屬板材受到的拉伸力的不平衡.通過(guò)有限元分析能夠確定最合理的可以減小褶皺的模具的設(shè)計(jì).模擬結(jié)果和對(duì)不發(fā)生褶皺產(chǎn)品的觀察結(jié)果的吻合驗(yàn)證了有限元分析的精確性,并且證明了對(duì)沖壓模具設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)行有限元分析的優(yōu)勢(shì)所在. 起皺是金屬板料成型中常見(jiàn)的失效形式之一。 由于功能的和視覺(jué)效果的原因, 起皺通常不能為零件制品所接受。在金屬板料成型加工中通常存在三種類型的起皺現(xiàn)象：法蘭起皺，側(cè)壁起皺，和由于殘余壓應(yīng)力在未變形區(qū)產(chǎn)生的彈性變形。在沖壓復(fù)雜形狀之間時(shí)，拉伸壁起皺就是在模具型腔中形成的起皺。由于金屬板